SCADA SYSTEMS

As s o c. Pr o f . Tr u o n g D i n h N h o n
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Content
Introduction of SCADA system
ASi network
Historical Overview
Profibus network
Hierarchical Levels in ICN
EtherNet network
Transmission methods
Hands-on
Network Topology
Report
ISO/OSI Introduction

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 References

[1]. Industrial Networks for Communication and Control

[2]. References from vendors like Siemens, Allen

Bradley.

[3]. RealPars website

P re s entat ion Tit le 3

 - TIA Getting start
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- Lecture

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Assessment

Formative (50%)
Online homework

Paper test

Summative (50%)
Project
 Introduction Buildings, facilities and
environments: Facility
Electric power generation, managers use SCADA to
transmission and distribution: control HVAC,
Electric utilities detect current flow refrigeration units, lighting
and line voltage, to monitor the and entry systems.
operation of circuit breakers, and
to take sections of the power grid
online or offline.

Manufacturing: manage parts

inventories for just-in-time
manufacturing, regulate industrial
automation and robots, and
monitor process and quality
control.
 Introduction

Mass transit: regulate electricity to

subways, trams and trolley buses; to
automate traffic signals for rail systems;
to track and locate trains and buses;
and to control railroad crossing gates.

Water and sewage: State and

municipal water utilities use
Traffic signals: regulates traffic lights, controls traffic flow and
SCADA to monitor and regulate
detects out-of-order signals.
water flow, reservoir levels, pipe
pressure and other factors.
Introduction
 Three types of basic SCADA systems:

 Basic SCADA
 One machine process
 One RTU and MTU

SCADA system types  Integrated SCADA

 Multiple RTUs
 DCS

 Networked SCADA
 Multiple SCADA
 Basic SCADA

- Car manufacturing robot

- Room temperature control
 Basic SCADA Integrated SCADA

- Car manufacturing robot

- Room temperature control - Water systems
- Subway systems
- Security systems
Networked SCADA

- Power systems
- Communication systems
DPS TELECOM SCADA SYSTEMS

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 Introduction
These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA
components:

1. Sensors (either digital or analogue) and control relays that A SCADA system performs four
directly interface with the managed system.
functions:
2. Remote telemetry units (RTUs). These are small computerized
units deployed in the field at specific sites and locations. RTUs
serve as local collection points for gathering reports from sensors 1. Data acquisition
and delivering commands to control relays.
2. Networked data communication
3. SCADA master units. These are larger computer consoles that 3. Data presentation
serve as the central processor for the SCADA system. Master units
provide a human interface to the system and automatically regulate 4. Control
the managed system in response to sensor inputs.

4. The communications network that connects the SCADA master

unit to the RTUs in the field.
 Introduction
SCADA Company Country
FactoryTalkView Rockwell USA
InTouch Wonderware USA
GeniDAQ Advantech Taiwan
Genesis32 Iconics USA
Trace Mode AdAstra Russia
Vijeo Look Schneider Electric France
Citect Ci Technologies Australia
Factory Link United States DATA Co. USA
RSView Rockwell Software Inc. USA
LabView National Instruments USA
iFIX Intellution USA
WinCC Siemens Germany
Master SCADA InSAT Russia
CIMPLICITY GE Fanuc USA
Contour Obedinenie Uig Ucraina
Wizcon Axeda USA
Crug-2000 Crug Russia
Elipse SCADA Elipse Software USA

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 Levels of SCADA
Four levels of SCADA system

 Level IV - Enterprise
 Corporate LAN/WAN
 World Wide Web
 Virtual Private Network
 Firewall for remote users

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 Levels of SCADA
Level III – SCADA / MTU
 Operator Workstations
 Control
 Engineering Workstations
 Servers – Data logging

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Levels of SCADA
 Level II – Telecommunication  Level I – Field
 Fiber  Devices
 Radio  RTUs / PLCs
 Telephone leased line  Sensors
 Protocols

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SCADA

 Water SCADA system

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SCADA

 Power SCADA system

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Structure of the modern SCADA
Structure of the modern SCADA
Structure of the modern SCADA

Work Station

Distributed Control Systems - DCS

PLC Motor

RTU

Operator
Panel
Analog I/O

Discrete I/O
Structure of the modern SCADA
Sensors measure:

1. Inputs and outputs e.g. water

flowing into a reservoir (input),
valve pressure as water is
released from the reservoir
(output).

2. Discrete inputs (or digital input)

e.g. whether equipment is on or
off, or tripwire alarms, like a
power failure at a critical facility.
Structure of the modern SCADA
Sensors measure:

3. Analogue inputs: where exact measurement is

important e.g. to detect continuous changes in a voltage
or current input, to track fluid levels in tanks, voltage
levels in batteries, temperature and other factors that can
be measured in a continuous range of input.
• For most analogue factors, there is a normal range
defined by a bottom and top level e.g. temperature in a
server room between 15 and 250C. If the temperature
goes outside this range, it will trigger a threshold alarm.
• In more advanced systems, there are four threshold
alarms for analogue sensors, defining Major Under,
Minor Under, Minor Over and Major Over alarms.
 • TREND: put SCADA data on Ethernet and IP over
SONET.
Data Communication • SECURITY: Keep data on closed LAN/WANs without
exposing sensitive data to the open Internet.

• Encode data in protocol format (use open, standard

A communications network is protocols and protocol mediation)
required to monitor multiple
systems from a central location. • Sensors and control relays can’t generate or interpret
protocol communication - a remote telemetry unit (RTU) is
needed to provide an interface between the sensors and
the SCADA network.

• RTU encodes sensor inputs into protocol format and

forwards them to the SCADA master;

• RTU receives control commands in protocol format from

the master and transmits electrical signals to the
appropriate control relays. 26
 Data Presentation

SCADA master station has several different

functions:
• continuously monitors all sensors and alerts the
operator when there is an “alarm”
• presents a comprehensive view of the entire
managed system,
• presents more detail in response to user
requests
SCADA systems report to • performs data processing on information
human operators over a gathered from sensors
master station, HMI (Human-
• maintains report logs and summarizes historical
Machine Interface) or HCI
trends.
(Human-Computer Interface).
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 Selection of RTU’s
RTUs need to:
• communicate with all on-site equipment
• survive an industrial environment. Rugged construction
and ability to withstand extremes of temperature and
humidity (it needs to be the most reliable element in your
facility).
• have sufficient capacity to support the equipment at a
site (though should support expected growth over a
reasonable period of time).
• have a secure, redundant power supply for 24/7
working, support battery power and, ideally, two power
inputs.
• have redundant communication ports e.g. secondary
serial port or internal modem to keep the RTU online even
if the LAN fails.
 Selection of RTU’s
RTUs need to:

• have non-volatile memory (NVRAM) for storing

software and/or firmware. New firmware downloadable
over LAN to keep RTU capabilities up to date without
excessive site visits
• control local systems by themselves (Intelligent control)
according to programmed responses to sensor inputs
• have a real-time clock to accurately date/time stamp
reports
• have a watchdog timer to ensure that the RTU restarts
after a power failure.
 Selection of SCADA Master

A SCADA master should display information in the most useful ways to human
operators and intelligently regulate managed systems. It should:

• have flexible, programmable soft controls to respond to sensor inputs

• allow programming for soft alarms (reports of complex events that track combinations
of sensor inputs and date/time statements).

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 Selection of SCADA Master

A SCADA master should display information in the most useful ways to human
operators and intelligently regulate managed systems. It should:

• automatically page or email directly to repair

technicians and provide detailed information
display in plain English, with a complete
description of what activity is happening and
how to manage it.

•have tools to filter out nuisance alarms (to

prevents operators from loosing confidence
and stop responding even to critical alarms). 31
Selection of SCADA Master

• support multiple backup masters, in separate

locations (primary SCADA master fails, a second
master on the network automatically takes over,
with no interruption of monitoring and control
functions)

• support multiple open protocols to safeguard

the SCADA system against unplanned
obsolescence.

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 Historical Overview
In the early 20th century, the process control systems
and the manufacturing systems were designed based
primarily on the mechanical technology and with
analogue devices.

The pneumatic control technology made it possible to

control remote systems by a centralized control system.
These technologies are still very common.

At the beginning of 1960, a digital computer was for the

first time really applied as a digital controller. The term
direct digital control (DDC) was used to emphasize that
IBM process computer installed in the control
the computer directly controls the process.
room at American Oil Co.'s Whiting, Indiana,
P r e s e n t a t i o n Ti t l e
refinery 33
 Historical Overview
The numerically controlled (NC) machine tool became
to be controlled by computers and the robot was
developed in this period.

Milwaukee-Matic-II was first machine

In the 1960s, programmable logic controller (PLC) with a tool changer (1959)
was developed, and it replaced the conventional,
relay-based controller, having relatively limited
control functions.

In mid 70s, the first distributed computer control

system (DCCS) was announced by Honeywell as a
hierarchical control system with a large number of
microprocessors.

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Historical Overview
The use of local area
networks to
interconnect computers
and automation devices
within an industrial
automation system has
become popular since
1980.
What is an Industrial Network?

“ An industrial network requires geographical distribution of the physical

measurement I/O and sensors or functional distribution of applications.

”
Most industrial networks transfer bits of information serially.

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 What is an Industrial Network?

With fewer wires, we can send

information over greater distances.
Because industrial networks work with
several devices on the same line, it is
easier to add a new device to existing
systems.

To make all this work, our network

must define a set of rules (a
communication protocol) to determine
how information flows on the network
of devices, controllers, PCs, and so
on. 37
What is an Industrial Network?

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•Field-level networks (sensor,
•Information-level networks
actuator or device buses)

Middle •Title

Low High
•Control-level networks (control
buses)

Hierarchical Levels in ICN

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Hierarchical Levels in ICN

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 Field-level
• The lowest level of the automation hierarchy is the field level, which includes
the field devices such as actuators and sensors.
• The elementary field devices are sometimes classified as the element sublevel.
• The task of the devices in the field level is to transfer data between the
manufactured product and the technical process.
• The data may be both binary and analogue.

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 Field-level
• Measured values may be available for a short period of time or over a long
period of time.
• For the field level communication, parallel, multiwire cables, and serial
interfaces such as the 20mA current loop has been widely used from the past.

• The serial communication

standards such as RS232C,
RS422, and RS485 are most
commonly used protocols together
with the parallel communication
standard IEEE488.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wgKcUDlHuM
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 Field-level
• These networks connect smart devices that work
cooperatively in a distributed, time-critical network.
• They offer higher-level diagnostic and configuration
capabilities generally at the cost of more
intelligence, processing power, and price.
• At their most sophisticated, fieldbus networks work
with truly distributed control among intelligent
devices like FOUNDATION Fieldbus.

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 Field-level
• Nowadays, the fieldbus is often used for information transfer in the field
level.
• Due to timing requirements, which have to be strictly observed in an
automation process, the applications in the field level controllers require
cyclic transport functions, which transmit source information at regular
intervals.
• The data representation must be as short as possible in order to reduce
message transfer time on the bus.

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Field-level

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 Control level
• At the control level, the information
flow mainly consists of the loading of
programs, parameters and data.

• In processes with short machine idle

times and readjustments, this is done
during the production process.

• In small controllers it may be necessary

to load subroutines during one
manufacturing cycle. This determines
the timing requirements.
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 Control level
• It can be divided into two: cell and area
sublevels.
• Cell level operations: machine
synchronizations and event handlings
may require short response times on
the bus. In order to achieve the
communication requirements in this
level, local area networks have been
used as the communication network.
• Area sublevel: The area level consists
of cells combined into groups. Cells are
designed with an application-oriented
functionality.
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 Control level
• Control-level networks for peer-to-peer networks between controllers such as
programmable logic controllers (PLCs), distributed control systems (DCS), and
computer systems used for human-machine interface (HMI), historical
archiving, and supervisory control.

• Ethernet with TCP/IP as a

controller bus to connect
upper-level control
devices and computers.

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 Information level
• The top level of a plant or an industrial
automation system.
• The plant level controller gathers the
management information from the area levels,
and manages the whole automation system.
• There exist large scale networks, e.g. Ethernet
WANs for factory planning and management
information exchange.
• Ethernet networks can be used as a gateway to
connect other industrial networks.

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•The data communication can be analogue or digital. Analogue data takes
continuously changing values. In digital communication, the data can take only
binary 1 or 0 values.
•The transmission itself can be asynchronous or synchronous, depending on the
way data is sent.

•In asynchronous mode

transmission, characters are
sent using start and stop codes
and each character can be sent
independently at a non-uniform
rate.

Transmission methods

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•The data is transmitted in blocks of characters, and the exact departure and arrival
time of each bit is predictable because the sender/receiver clocks are
synchronized.

Transmission methods

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Transmission methods

• The transmission methods in industrial communication networks include

baseband, broadband, and carrier band.
• In a baseband transmission, a transmission consists of a set of signals
that is applied to the transmission medium without being translated in
frequency.
• Broadband transmission uses a range of frequencies that can be divided
into a number of channels.

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Transmission methods

• Carrier transmission uses only one

frequency to transmit and receive
information.

• Digital optical fiber transmission is based

on representing the ones and zeros as
light pulses.

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Transmission methods

• The type of the physical cabling system or the transmission media is a

major factor in choosing a particular industrial communication network.
• The most common transmission media for industrial communication
network is copper wire, either in the form of coaxial or twisted-pair cable.

Single pair Flat ribbon

Twisted-pair cables

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Transmission methods

• Fiber optics and wireless technologies are also being used.

• Coaxial cable is used for high-speed data transmission over distances of
several kilometers.

Optical fiber cables

Coaxial cables

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Today's environment

• Conventional point-to- • Twisted-pair wiring and • Measurement networks and

point wiring using 4-20 mA analog automation systems have
discrete devices and instrumentation used a combination of
analog instrumentation standards work with proprietary and open digital
dominate today's devices from most networks to provide
computer-based suppliers and provide improved information
measurement and interoperability between availability and increased
automation systems other 4-20 mA devices. throughput and
performance.

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 • Repeaters
A repeater, or amplifier, is a device that enhances
electrical signals so they can travel greater distances
between nodes. With this device, we can connect a
larger number of nodes to the network. In addition,
we can adapt different physical media to each other,
such as coaxial cable to an optical fiber.

Industrial Network Components

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• Router
A router switches the communication packets between different
network segments, defining the path.

Industrial Network Components

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• Bridge
Connection between two different network sections can have different
electrical characteristics and protocols.

A bridge can join two

dissimilar networks and
applications can
distribute information
across them.

Industrial Network Components

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• Gateway
A gateway, similar to a bridge, provides interoperability between buses
of different types and protocols, and applications can communicate
through the gateway.

Industrial Network Components

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 Network
Topology

Industrial systems usually consist of

two or more devices. As industrial
systems get larger, we must
consider the topology of the network

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NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
 Benefits of industry-standard networks
• Modern control and business systems
require open, digital communications.

• Industrial networks replace conventional

point-to-point RS-232, RS-485, and 4-20
mA wiring between existing measurement
devices and automation systems with an
all-digital, 2-way communication network.

• Industrial networking technology offers

several major improvements over existing
systems .

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 Benefits of industry-standard networks
• Reduced wiring: resulting in lower overall installation and maintenance
costs.
• Intelligent devices: leading to higher performance and increased
functionality such as advanced diagnostics.
• Distributed control: with intelligent devices providing the flexibility to
apply control either centrally or distributed for improved performance
and reliability.
• Simplified wiring of a new installation, resulting in fewer, simpler
drawings and overall reduced control system engineering costs.
• Lower installation costs for wiring, marshalling, and junction boxes
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Video W1

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zuORxrrDV3jxgzKZV0QYhJO2VL
KSE5J_/view?usp=sharing

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Industrial networks information

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Industrial networks information

Tạo mã CRC

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Industrial networks information

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 Industrial networks information

Cần truyền đi một khung tin 8

bit 11100110 qua đường truyền
số liệu, sử dụng mã CRC để phát
hiện lỗi, đa thức sinh sử dụng là
11001

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Industrial networks information

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The OSI model

Established in 1947, the International

Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international
standards.

An ISO standard that covers all aspects of

network communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It
was first introduced in the late 1970s.

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Seven layers of the OSI model

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Seven layers of the OSI model

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Seven layers of the OSI model

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Seven layers of the OSI model

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Seven layers of the OSI model

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Addressing

Four levels of addresses are used in

an internet employing the TCP/IP
protocols: physical, logical, port, and
specific.

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Addressing

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Addressing

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ASi Network

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Profibus Network

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EtherNet Network

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THANK YOU

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