Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Independent University, Bangladesh BAETE Accredited

LAB REPORT
Course Code: EEE 222 L
Course Title: Electrical & Electronics Circuit Simulation Lab
Summer 2023

Grade/Mark Student Name Alif khan

Student ID 2022246
Section 01
Due Date 22/6/23
Submission Date 22/6/23
Remarks

Experiment No. 02

Study on Passive High Pass and Low Pass filters

Experiment Name
using PSIM.
• Objective: Simulate and analyze HPF and LPF

• Theory:

Passive filter: Passive filters are electronic circuits that are used to filter or attenuate
certain frequencies from an electrical signal without requiring an external power
source. They are composed solely of passive electronic components such as resistors,
capacitors, and inductors. These filters are commonly used in various applications,
including audio systems, telecommunications, power supplies, and signal processing.
Passive filters have the advantage of being simple, reliable, and cost-effective.
However, they have limitations in terms of their roll-off characteristics (the rate at
which they attenuate frequencies beyond their cut-off points) and their ability to
provide precise control over the filter characteristics. For more advanced filtering
requirements or for applications that demand higher performance, active filters
incorporating operational amplifiers are often employed.

Low-pass filter: This filter allows low-frequency signals to pass through while
attenuating higher frequencies. It is commonly used in audio systems to eliminate
high-frequency noise or to smooth out signals. A low-pass filter is an electronic
circuit or signal processing technique that allows signals with frequencies lower than
a certain cutoff frequency to pass through while attenuating or blocking signals with
frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.The basic principle of a low-pass filter
is to create a frequency-dependent impedance or attenuation, which reduces the
amplitude of higher-frequency components in a signal. This can be achieved using
various electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

High-pass filter:
A high-pass filter is an electronic circuit or digital signal processing technique used
to allow higher frequency components of a signal to pass through while attenuating
or blocking lower frequency components. It is the opposite of a low-pass filter, which
allows lower frequency components to pass while attenuating higher frequencies.

The high-pass filter is typically characterized by its cutoff frequency, which is the
point at which the filter begins to attenuate the signal. Frequencies above the cutoff
frequency are passed through with minimal attenuation, while frequencies below the
cutoff are progressively attenuated.
High-pass filters find applications in various areas, including audio signal processing,
image processing, telecommunications, and control systems. Some common uses of
high-pass filters include:

Removing low-frequency noise: High-pass filters can be used to eliminate unwanted

low-frequency noise from audio signals or sensor measurements, allowing the desired
higher-frequency components to remain.

Sharpening an image: High-pass filters can enhance the edges and details in an
image by amplifying the high-frequency components responsible for fine details.
This technique is often used in image processing and computer vision applications.

Speaker protection: In audio systems, high-pass filters can be used to protect

speakers by blocking low-frequency signals that can cause distortion or damage to
the speakers. This helps to ensure that only the appropriate range of frequencies is
delivered to the speakers.

Signal analysis: High-pass filters are used in various scientific and engineering
applications to isolate specific frequency bands for analysis or to extract specific
features from a signal.

High-pass filters can be implemented using analog circuits with passive components
such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, or with active components like
operational amplifiers. Digital high-pass filters are implemented using algorithms or
digital signal processing techniques in software or hardware.

The specific design and characteristics of a high-pass filter depend on the desired
cutoff frequency, the level of attenuation, the signal bandwidth, and other application-
specific requirements.

Cut-off frequency: The cutoff frequency of a filter is the frequency at which the
filter begins to attenuate or block a signal. In the case of a low-pass filter, the cutoff
frequency is the point below which the filter starts attenuating the higher frequency
components of a signal. Conversely, for a high-pass filter, the cutoff frequency is the
point above which the filter starts attenuating the lower frequency components of a
signal.

In practical terms, the cutoff frequency is defined as the -3 dB (decibel) point on the
filter's frequency response curve. At the cutoff frequency, the output power of the
filter is reduced to approximately 70.7% (or 1/sqrt(2)) of the input power. This
corresponds to a 3 dB decrease in the amplitude of the signal.

For example, if a low-pass filter has a cutoff frequency of 1 kHz, it means that
frequencies below 1 kHz will pass through the filter with minimal attenuation, while
frequencies above 1 kHz will be attenuated progressively.
 The choice of cutoff frequency depends on the specific application and the desired
filtering characteristics. Lower cutoff frequencies allow lower-frequency components
to pass through, while higher cutoff frequencies allow higher-frequency components
to pass through. The cutoff frequency is typically specified in hertz (Hz) or kilohertz
(kHz).

It's worth noting that the steepness of the cutoff slope also affects the filtering
characteristics. Filters with a steeper cutoff slope provide better attenuation of
unwanted frequencies beyond the cutoff point. The steepness is often specified by the
filter's order, such as first-order (6 dB per octave), second-order (12 dB per octave),
or higher-order filters.

• Circuit Diagram and graph:

Passive High-Pass Filter

Passive Low-Pass Filter
Calculation:
•
Circuit Parameter:
ID: 2022246
Table 1: Design specification
Input Cut-off
No. Circuit frequency
Signal Noise
(fc)
1320hz
Voltage = First digit of your ID Voltage = First digit of your ID
in volt=2 times (AC)=2/2=1
1 HPF
Frequency = Sum of all the
digits of your ID times 90 in Hz Frequency = Sum of first 4 digits
=18*90=1620 of your ID =6

312hz
Voltage = First digit of your Voltage = First digit of your ID
ID in volt=2 times (AC)=2/2=1
2 LPF
Frequency = Sum of all the digits
Frequency = Sum of last 3
of your ID times 800
digits of your ID in Hz=12
=18*800=14400

• Discussion: In lab 2 we experimented with high-pass and low-pass filters. For the
high-pass filter we assume cut-off frequency of 1320HZ and then find the value of R
by the cut-off frequency equation. For the low-pass filter, we assume cut off
frequency of 312HZ and then find the value of R by the cut-off frequency equation,
for high pass filter the value of r is 12.05ohm.and for the low pass, the value of R is
51.01ohm. By this value, we measure the graph.
 Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Independent University, Bangladesh
BAETE Accredited
LAB REPORT RUBRICS

Student Name Alif khan Student ID 2022246

Course Title Electrical & Electronics Circuit Simulation Lab Course Code EEE222L
Term Spring Summer Autumn Year 2023
Experiment Study on Passive High Pass and Low Pass filters Experiment
02
Name using PSIM. Number
Submission
22/6/23 Due Date 22/6/23
Date
Tick ( ) on the appropriate box (any one from 1 to 5)
Rubrics (weight) Accomplished Intermediate Developing Intermediate Novice
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Including the Write the Intermediate Write the Intermediate Write the
Relevant Theory experimental theory between experimental between novice experimental
(25%) and assume circuit developing theory and and developing. theory and
specifications, if any, and assume circuit assume circuit
if any, properly. accomplished. specifications, if specifications, if
any, moderately. any, poorly.

Building Circuit Conducted Intermediate Conducted Intermediate Conducted

and conducting experiment properly between experiment between novice experiment
experiment (25%) by building developing & moderately by and developing. poorly by
simulation circuit accomplished. building building
using required simulation circuit simulation circuit
specification. using required using required
specification. specification.

Data Collection Collecting the data & Intermediate Collecting the Intermediate Collecting the
and theoretical performing detail between data & between novice data &
Calculation (25%) calculation properly developing performing detail and developing. performing detail
as requirement. and calculation calculation
accomplished. moderately due to poorly due to
incomplete incomplete
simulation. simulation.

Discussion Explaining the Intermediate Explaining the Intermediate Explaining the

/Remarks (25%) simulation & between simulation and between novice simulation and
theoretical result and developing theoretical result and developing. theoretical result
describe the remarks and moderately. poorly.
properly. accomplished.

Sub Total
Deduction for late
submission / any
other issue
Total (100%)
20% of Total

End of Report