{CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC FIELD. Magnitude of electric field at P due to charge qu is ns Magnitude of electric field at P due to charge a2 is k b= at and $0 0n Net magnitude: of electric field at P due to n-charges by using superposition principle” ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY OF CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION “The electric charge is quantized. The collection of large number of charges develops into continuous charge distribution. The continuous charge distribution has three types, © Linear charge distribution @ Surface charge distribution © Volume charge distribution. ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO LINEAR CHARGE DISTRIBUTION Consider a Finear charge distribution. Take « small length clement dz of this distribution having charge dg as shown in fig. dz length element of linear charge distribution has charge = dq Unit length element of linear charge distribation has charge = a Charge per unit length is called linear charge density “ _% + ae Blectric field intensity dE at P due to charge dq is pw EA ag = * _ Wadeee 24 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (B.Sc. & BS Program) ——— TEA MAGNETISM (B.S. && BS Program) Net electric force in vector form on test charge tp when placed at P is F=f Amd» ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO SURFACE CHARGE DISTRIBUTION Consider 4 surface charge distribution, Take a small area clemem da of this distribution having charge dq as shown in fig. din area element of surface charge distribution has charge = dq Unit area element of wirface charge distribution has charge = $4 Charge per unit urea is called surfitce charge density “o”, and mathematically defined as Electric field intensity at P due to charge dg is ap = ESA | dE = ko da , Net cloctrie field intensity at Ca entire surface charge distribution is { e- | ee Net electric force in vector form on charge qa when placed at P is FE #- | gies ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO VOLUME CHARGE DISTRIBUTION Consider a volume charge distribution. Take x small yolume element dV of this distribution having charge dq as shown in fig. : V volume element of volume charge distribution has charge = dq |[CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC FU Unit volume element of volume charge distribution has charge = a Charge per unit volume is called volume charge density and denoted by p. = & Pp av Electric field intensity at P due to charge dq is wi ae - ast Net electric field intensity at P due to entire volume charge disteibution is e~ | ‘Pay Net electric force in vector form on charge qy when placed at P is ELECTRIC DIPOLE ‘A pair of positive charge and negative charge of same magnitude having constant distance between them is called electric dipole. Tt is a useful concept in atoms and molecules where the effects of charge separation are measurable, It is also a useful concept in dielectrics and other applications in solid and liquid materials. ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT The product of magnitude of charge an dipole moment and written as id separation between them is called electric P= qd ‘The electric dipole moment is a vector quantity. The direction of electric dipole moment vector is from negative charge to positive charge. Feo -o—o- ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO ELECTRIC DIPOLE Consider a +q and —q charge having distance d between them. This is called electric dipole, The dipale moment is given es P= qd16 ELECTRICITY AND MAGN! (B.Sc. & BS Ps Take # point P having distance *x’ which is perpendicular bisector of distance d as shown in fig. wie. via Oo 4 goat ame ey ‘The direction of E, is from +q charge to towards P. Magnitude of electric field at P due to ~q charge having distance ris p= oe @) ‘The direction of E - is from P to towards ~q charge. Comparing eq(1) and eg(2) we can write as E, = E- Now resolve the ¢lectric field E, & E — into rectangular components to calculate net electric field at P duc to dipole. Rectangular components of E, Ex=E.Cos@ , Ey = E.Sind Rectangular components of E— E,-E-Co@ , Ey = E-Sind Resultant x-component of electric ficld is Ex = (En) +(-B a) ~ Ey = E. Cost - E.Cos8 E, = E.Cos8 — E,Cos@ = 0—_—__ — — ==&£_ }°. jenarrenapmueermic em ‘Resultant y-component of electric field is E, = (Ey) + CE-9) E, = -E, Sind -B. Sind , = -E. Sind - B. Sind = -2E, Sind Magnitude of resultant electric field E is B= E+ £ B= 0+ (2E: Sind? E = 2E, Sind B= 2 4 Sind a2: goa 5-2 982 ( Frm ie sive“? ) rae ‘a e- E B= kPr? vi B= kP eet) a Where fiom fig, P=3"+ 2 p= et (1 +32) wp ty ae (i +43) [Expand the term in bracket by binomial theorem e- #-6 8+ sere | ‘Neglect the higher order terms e - x ‘Thies the cletre field at P due to eletie dipole, Where "x" is ditence berween point P and bisceting point “O” of +a and 4.ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO RING OF CHARGE Consider a positively charged sing having radius R on which positive charge q is : Sistributed uniformly, This is linear charge distribution, Take a small length cleneny de of ring having charge da. The linear charge density 2. is defined ag = 44 cae Now consider two length elements ds denoted by “L” and “M” at opposite ends of adiameter of ring. It is required ta evaluate electric field at P ‘which lics on perpendicular ‘xis at distance z from plane of ring From fig. Po g+R? Magnitude of clectrie field at P due to charge element “L.” is. dE, = in aes a Magnitude of electric field at P duc to charge element “M” is ke ay ee cares @ Comparing eq(1) and 04/2) we get aE, = dey Now resolve the cleciric field dE, and dEm into rectangular components to ‘aleulaie electric fleld dE at P dye to both length clements,CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC FIELD A Rectangular components of dEy, dEix= dE, Cos, dy = GE Sind Rectangular components of dEx dEay = dE Cos, — dEnjy = dE Sind Resultant x-component of electric field dE, = (+ dE.) + (- dE) dE, = dE, Cosf = dEx Cost dE, = dE, Cost ~ dE, Cost dE, = 0 ‘Resultant y-component of electric field Ey = (7 dE1y) + dEmy) dEy = dEy Sind + dEq Sind dE, = dE, Sind + dé, Sind di, = 2dE, Sind Magnitude of electric field dE aE? = dBi +dE} « = (07 + (2.4E: Sino)? = 2dE;, Sind Netelectric field at P due to tel ring of charge = 245, Sind c= i288 G) [romaesee-(3] e~ f2i() * p = [228 22kr | E- Girt fas * (fds aR) Length of circumference of half ring because length elements are taken at both sides of diameter. 2akd Tees As 2% = daids so q = hids=AQnR) eS me30 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (B.Sc. & BS Program) z This is electric field at point P due to ring of charge. When point P lies at large distance z >> R, The term R? can be neglected as compared to 2” zk B= @ +0 ee Tt means ring behaves as a point charge which is concentrated at center of ring whenz>>R. ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO DISK Consider © positively charged circular disk of radius R having surfuce charge density o. Divide the disk into small rings. Now consider a small ring having radius o and with do. Take a pair of small urea element “L” and “MI at opposite ends of diameter of ving, Width of area clement da = deo Length of area element da = de Area of element is da = @ dado ‘The area element da has charge dq. The charge per unit area is called surface charge density, dg dA dq = oda dq = oftoda doo) The evaluation of electric field is required at point P. The point P. has distance x from the plane of the disk along its axis as shown in fix, oat| | \CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC FIELD. aL Electric field at P due to area element L d= *$2 === a) Electric field at P due to area element M ay = KH .-----@) Comparing eq(1) and eq(2), we get Resolve electric field dE, and dE into components to calculate electric field dE at P due to both area elements. ‘Rectangular components of dE. dEuy = dE, Cos & diy = dE, Sind Rectangular components of dEy Exe = dEy Cos) & = dEny = dEq Sin? Resultant x-component of electric field dE, is aE, = (+ dBi.) + (- dE dE, = dE, Cosd -dEy Cost dE, = dE, Cosd - dE, Cos@ “dE = 0 Resultant y-component of electric field dF, is aE, = (+ dELy) + (+ dEsy) dE, = dB, Sind + dey Sind aE, = dE; Sind + dE; Sind dE, = 2dE, Sind Magnitude of eleetrie field dE is ae = dE} +dE} dE = (oP + @dE. Sin)’ ae = 2dF; Sind a - 248 (¢) (From fg, Sino =? ) dE = 2heeaSe st haa |. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (B.Sc. 4: BS Program) Use dq = o(mdade) and from fig? = 27+ a" zkwodo de (etary Resultant electtic field due to entire disk B= Jae - . [k2mo2de da =f to dE = 2 ® ® 2 0 do ck E al ray fa ‘The limit for radius of disk is from 0 to R. This R must be rotated through 2x for complete contribution of charge of disk. The limit for da is taken from 0 1 m ie, for half circle because contribution of other half circle is already added as area element is taken at both ends of diameter. . B= boxe i +o "Goda = ‘ ~ qa x = ae pies + & E= 2geeatn| $ TRE] | eo enrerd Its the electie fleld for 2> 0. When Re >>, the term P= goes to zero. Then the value of electric field becomes, +6 : EF ay ‘ This is electric field set up by uniform sheet of charge of infinite extent.ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO INFINITE LINE OF CHARGE Consider infinite line: of positive charge of linear charge density 1. Take a small tength element dy, having charge dq, The linear charge density is hte Now consider a pair of small length element each of length dz on the lin. Take « point P having distince x from the line joining the two length elements. Evaluation of electric field at from the infinite charged line is required. Electric field at P due to length element of bottom side _ Kea =o k a= AS we wo Electric field at P due to length element at top side oe ee ee Comparing eq(1) and eq(2) dE, = dE; Resolve electric field dE, and dE) into rectangular components to calculate electric field dE at P due to both length elements. Rectangular components of dE dE, = dE, Cos0 & dEiy = dE; Sind Rectangular components of dE: dEy, = dE, Cos® & Ex = dE; SindSS O———“—C——T ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (B.Sc. & BS Program) Resultant 1-component of electric feld dB, = (hd) + (+ dE ax) dE, = By Cos + dEi Cost dE, = dE) Cos0 + dE; Cos@ [As dE, =dE,] dE, = 2.4E) Cos8 Resultant y~component of electric field dEy = (+ dE1,) + (-dEa) dE, = dE; Sin® ~ dE; Sind 45, = dE) Sind — dB, Sind [As aE, =dEs] dE, = 0 Magnitude of electric field ae? = dE} +dE; dE = (248) Cosoy’ +00)" dE = 2dE, Cosd Total electric field due to entire length +2 Spr o ‘The limit is taken from 0 to 2 because length clement is taken at bottom side and top side of horizontal. te J 2a, Cosa . 2f EAS cost Put z= xTanO,then dz= xSec'dd0 When z=0, 0= 0° & when z=, 090° 7 x Sec Cost d8 = ona | GP eter)ES [CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC E= hn ei ae Ine, X (Sin})*— Sind") i. ‘Itty k ee acu ina uniform ¢ TM ELECTRIC DIPOLE A pair of positive charge and negative charge of same magnitude having constant distance between them is called electric dipole. ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT ‘The product of magnitude of charge and separation between them is called electric dipole moment. P= ad It is a vector quantity, The direction of dipole moment veetor is from negative charge to positive charge. P= 4 -o—o- <> MOTION OF ELECTRIC DIPOLE IN ELECTRIC FIELD Consider a + and —@ charge having distance d between, It defines an electric dipole, Place this dipole in extemal electric field E in such a way that electric dipole moment vector P makes angle 6 with electric field E as shown in fig. dee36 ‘The electric force Fy acts on charge +g and electric force F; acts on charge ~q. This eouple tends to rotate the electric dipole moment vector about its center of mass in clockwise direction. ‘The electric torque % generated due to couple tends to align the P vector with E vector. Magnitude of net electric torque acting on dipole moment is r=u+h «= F{G) sino+F(3) sino t= FdSi += qEdSind IF=9El 1 = PESinO Electric torque in vector form is n= PKE ‘The direction of electric torque is given by right hand rule which is directed into plane of paper, When P is aligned with B, Rowse vector P through angular displacement 40 " anticlockwise to give some angular displacernent: The direction of d@ is out of plane of oper according to right hand rule. Now veetor P when teleased rotaies clockwise due to forque and again tends to align with E, Hence angle between electric torque and angular displacement ix 180°. ‘e Electric dipole is in sufble equilibrium in uniform electric field when angle between * Pand Bis 0°.[CHAPTE! ELECTRIC FIELD a * Electric dipole is in unstable equilibrium in uniform electric field when angle pies between P and Eis 180°. * The net force on electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field is zero, * There exists a net force and torque on clectric dipole when placed in non-uniform electric field. DERIVATION OF ANGULAR WORK DONE Consider a rigid body is rotated through"an angle dO from A to B under the influence ofa force F as shown in fig. The external force F is applied to point P whose position vector is r. The rotational axis is fixed so that vector r moves in a circle of radius “r”, The vector For angular motion rat aa s=Oxr ds = dOxr+Oxdr ds = dixr Where dr is zero because ris fixed. The angular work done is given ag dW = Feds Se act om dW = I Gi.) aw = a6 - “Ex, Whncran) «fice ie “exa) - a: is perpendicular to r ot dW = ++a0 WORK DONE The electric field produces a torque on an electric dipole which tends to take it to its low energy configuration, Therefore, its rotation from the low energy state against the field requires work. ‘The amount of work done by electric torque in electric field in turning the electric dipole through small angle d6 is dWe + dé The net work done in turning the dipole from initial position 0, to final position 0 is given as‘The direction of torque and anguiar displacement is given by right band rule, Both are anti paraliel to each other. ‘ w = -J PE sino da Be 6 W = PE |Cos0 | Oy W = PE(Cosé ~ Cos8,) ‘This is work done in rotating the electric dipole from 8, to 8 ‘The work done in totating the dipole from the position of stable equilibrium to unstable equilibrium, i.¢, when 9, = 0° to 0 = 180° W = PE(Cosl80° = Cos0°) W = -2PE ‘The work done in rotating the dipole from the position of stable equilibrium to the position 0= 90°. W = PE (Cos90? - Cos0") b= =PE POTENTIAL ENERGY : : According to work energy theorem, change in potential energy is equal to work lone. AU = -w AU = —PE (Cos ~ Cos0,) Aubitvarily define reference angle @ = 90°. Choose that potential energy U(8,) at this position is zero.[CHAPTER 7) ELECTRIC FIELD 39 ‘The potenti energy al any position 0 is (8) — Ulex} = — PE (Cos — Cos) U(0) - 0 = -PE(Cos® —Cos90°) U@) = -PECos? im U®) = Por The potential enegefMWill be minimum when electric field E and dipole moment veetor P are parallel i.e @ = 0° Unn = - PE Cost” : Unin = —PE ‘The potential energy will be maximum when eléetric field E and dipole moment vector P are anti parallel i.e. © = 180° Unix = —PE Cosi80” Una = +PE SHORT QUESTIONS Q:1 A positively charged ball hangs from a long silk thread, We wish to measure E ata point in the same horizontal plane as thai of the hanging charge, To do 40 We put m positive fest charge q, at that point and measure F/qo. Will F/go be less than, equal to or greater than E at that point. ‘Ans: The electric field E at,a point is given as E = F/ge. Hence Fig, is equal to E. Q:2 In exploring electric fields with a test charge, we have often assumed, for convenience that the test charge was positive, Does this really make any difference in determining the field? ‘Ans: ft makes no difference on magnitude of electric field while exploring electric ficlds with positive test.charge but direction is given as. If test charge is positive the direction of electric field lines is given as “electric field lines come out from positive charge and enter into negative charge. If test charge is negative the direction of electric field lines is given as “electric field lines come out from negative charge and enter into positive charge. Q:3 Electric lines of force never cross each other why. ‘Ans: The concept of electric lines of force was given by Faraday. He assumed that +q charge is placed at the center of a circle, When test charge +qo 1s placed at any point on circumference of circle, the test charge moves outward along radius direction due to repulsive force. Therefore electric field lines act along radius ofOd Amst ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM & BS! ) circle. The two radii of a circle never eross:cach other so electric field lines also never cross each other. ‘The electric field lines are unidirectional. For curved ficld lines, the tangent to a ficld fine at any point gives the direction of the electric field line at that point. No y one direction at any point. If the lines cross, E could have more than one diico\iony, A point charge is moving in am electric field #f right angles to the electric lines of force. Docs any force act om it, The electrostatic force acts on charge when a point charge is moving in an electric field at right angle to the electric lines of force because the clectric force is given as Fe=q E. Itdaes nat depend upon angle. What is the origin of electrostatic cling “a phenomenon that some times affects clothes as they are removed from a dryer? ‘The origin of electrostatic cling is the charges which are produced on a body due to sharing of electrons. The charges are produced due to friction. ‘Twe-point charges of unknow itude and sign are at a distance d apart. ‘The electric field is zero at one between them on the line joining them. ‘What can you conclude about the charges? ‘The electric filed vanishes at one point on the line joining two point charges q1 and q2 Which are of the same sign irrespective of theit magnitudes. It reveals that lines in the region between two like charges seem to repel each other, The middle tegion shows the neutral zone. ~ Two-point charges of unknown magnitude and sign are at a distance d apart, (a) Is possible to have E = 0 at any point not between the charges but on the " line joining them, what arc the necessary conditions and where is the point located. (b) Is it possible for any arrangement of two point charges to find two points at which E = 0 if so under what conditions, Consider two point charges qi and —q2 such that ~q is smaller than +q;, These charges are placed ona line and separated by distance d. The electric field lines come out from positive charge towards point P_ The electric field lines enter into negative charge from point P{CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC FIELD Al Os Q:10 Ans: Ql The electric field will be zero at « point P which lies on left side of charge -q2 when E, = E.. This mathematically arrangement will give you a quadratic eq. ‘The solution of this.cq gives distance of point P from charge —q2. A point charge q of mass m is released from rest in non-uniform clectric field. (a) Will it necessarily follow the line of force that passes through the release point? (b) Under what circumstances if any, will charged particle follow the electric field lines? (a) When a point charge q of mass m is released from rest in non-uniform clectric field, it will not follow the line of force that passes through the release point. (b) The charged particle can follow the clectric field Hines that pass through the release point if electric field is uniform. A positive and megative charge of the same magnitude lie on a long straight line. What is the direction of E for points on this line that le between the charges? ‘The direction of F for points hetween a positive and negative charge of the same magnitude fie on a long straight line is from positive charge towards negative charge. Compare the way, E varies with r for (a) « point charge (b) = and (c) quadrupole “The clecvic field due to point change is E =". The electric field due to dipole is E 4. ‘This shows that the electric field varies with 1 for point charge, £7 for dipole. By symmetry ¢* for quadrupole, For what orientations of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field, is the potential energy of the dipole is (a) the greatest (b) the lenst. , The potential energy of dipole is given as a4 U=-P.E U = -PECos® 5 ‘The potential energy of dipole is the greatest when P and E are anti-parallel.Q:4 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM ABS ) Put 0 = 180°, U =-PE Cosi80* U=PE ‘The potential energy of dipole is the leat when PB and E are parallel, Put 0 = 0°, U =-PB Cost" U=-PE ‘An electric dipole is placed in non-uniform electric field, Is there net force act on it? ‘Yes, the net electric force acts on a dipole when an electric dipole is placed in non-uniform electric field, ‘An electric dipole is placed at rest in @ uniform external electric fleld as shown in fig. and released, Discuss its motion. ‘The motion of dipole will be clackwise because dipole moment P tends to align with electri¢ field E. The potential energy of the system tends to a minimum when the dipole moment is aligned with external field. After that dipole may suurt ‘oscillations due to inertia. ‘Am electrie dipole has ity dipole moment P aligned with uniform external + electric field E (a) is the equilibrium stable or unstable (b) Diseuss the nature of the equilibrium if P and E point in opposite direction, 3 (@) The equilibrium will be sable when an electric dipole moment P is aligned with o uniform external electric ficld E. This is low Lmceecyy enérgy configuration.[CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC FIELD. a Ans: Q:6 Q:17 Ans: = (b) When an electric dipole moment P is aligned with uniform external electric field E in opposite direction, the dipole moment vector P tends to rotate towards E through 180°. This is high-energy configuration, The ee equilibrium is unstable. After that P tends-to aligned with Eto get stable equilibrium. Then it starts oscillations between unstable and stable equilibrium positions. Unatebis ‘You turn an electric dipole end for end in a uniform electric field. How does the work you do depend on the initial orientation of the dipole with respect to field. ‘The amount of work done by external electric field in tuming the dipole from an initial angle Q, to a final angle © is W= PE (Cos — Cos0,) Asan electric dipole is tured end for end in a uniform electric field, Pur 6, =180° and 8 =0° W= PE (Cos0* - Cos!80*) W= PE(I4+1) W=2PE Give four properties of electric field lines. The four properties of clectric field lines are @ Electric ficld lines originate from positive charge and end on negative charge. © The tangent to un electric field line at any point gives the direction of the electric field at that point, © The lines are closer where the electric field is strong and the lines are farther apart where the electrie field is weak. @ No two lines cross cach other. This is because E has only one direction at any point. If the lines cross, E could have more than one direction. ‘An atom is normally electrically neutral, Why then should an @ particle be defleeted by the atem under any circumstances? ‘The positive charge of atom is densely concentrated at the center of the stom called nucleus: The electrons are revolving in orbits around mucleus, When positively charged a-particle is bombarded on an atom, it is deflected due to nucleus, ea4 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (B.Se. & BS Program) Q:18 “ABS: QH9 Ans: 0:26 Qitt Mention only the aames of different types of charge densities used te describe continuous distribution of charge. The names of different types of charge densities used to describe continuous distribution of charge are linear charge distribution, surface charge distribution and volume charge distribution. ‘Bo electron tends to go region of high potential or low potential? The electron tends to go from low potential region to high potential region. Low ‘The low potential (-) side pushes negatively charged =" sleciron and high potential (+) side attracts hegatively charged electron, ‘Write im your own words the purpose of Milliken oil drop experiment. The purpose of Milliken oil drop experiment was to measure the charge on electron: Name three types of charge densities used to describe continuous charge distribution? ‘The names of three charge densities used to describe continuous charge distribution are called © LINEAR CHARGE DENSITY ‘The charge per unit length is called linear charge density pos -# ‘The SI unit of linear charge density is called C/m ® SURFACE CHARGE DENSITY The charge per unit area is called surface charge density | oda The SI unit of surface charge density ig called C/m™ © VOLUME CHARGE DENSITY ‘The charge per unit volume is called volume charge density _ aa po av ‘The St unit af volume charge density is called C/m*CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC FIELD a5 uiatinytivccom SAMPLE PROBLEMS P.1. A proton is placed in uniform electric field E. What must be the magnitude and direction of electric field. If electrostatic force is balanced by weight? Sol. m= 167k 107k —— q = 16x10" = E=? CALCULATIONS iia Fe= Fy ab et p= BB E3 5 _ L6Tx 10x98 _ aa = Text tO NIC The electric field E is directed against gravity fore P.2 Iman ionized He atom (one electrow removed) the electron and nucleus are separated by 26.5 pm. What is the field duc to nucleus at the location of electron? Sol. q = 2e= 2x16 107°C r= 265% 107% m E=? CALCULATIONS ' im ka 9x10" x 2 1,6 10 2 ne (26.5 x10 Py = 4.10 x 10° NIC P3 A charge gq: = +15 pC and a charge q: of +2.3 uC. The first charge is at origin of an x-axis and second is at position x= L. Where L = 13 em, At what point P along x —axis is the electric field zero, Sal. qi = 1Spc q@ = 23 pc L = Bem x = 2 zero field location)AND MAGNETISM (B.S¢. & BS: CALCULATIONS Electric fleld at P due to +q; charge z= Age MS e) ae Ey is directed from +g, charge towards P Electric field at P due to +q; charge Cae 423 uC) Es any (L-xy Bis directed from +q7 charge towards P For zero field location at P Ei = Bi k(15 uC) sg ou 15 2.3 pC 7 3-H Wax = 123% 223x = 13 P4 A molecule of water vay electric dipole moment P =6.2 x 10°"C-m. (a) How for apart are the effective centers of positive and negative charge in a molecule of H,O. (b) What is the maximum torque on a molecule of H;0 in electric field of 1.5 x 10* N/C. (c) Suppose that dipole moment of a molecule of H,0 is initially pointing in a direction opposite ta the field. How much work is done by the electrie field in rotating the molecule into alignment with the field. Sal. No, of electrons in H;O = 10 q= Wxt6x1o-%o p= 62x10"C-m E= LSx10“4NIC @ d=? Ob) a=? @ w=?(CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC FIELD. a7 CALCULATIONS . B= qd . 62x10 = 10x16 10d) d= 39x10°%m . (b) 0 = 90° te = PE Sino te = 6.210 1.5 x10) indo” % = 93% 10™N-m (c) = 180° @=0° W = PE (Cos - Cos) W = 62% 107% 1.5% 10~*(Cos0 - Cosl80%) W= 19x10" 3 ——_———_—— Mutt acm BRERCISE PROBLEMS Leee eee ea see eT EEE Bl An electron is accelerated eastward at 1.84 x 10°m/s' by electric Meld. Determine the magnitude and direction of electric fleld? Sol. an a= 1.84 10° m/s" fetes q = 16x 107%C m= 91x10 kg ae oa 9 CALCULATIONS -f oie 4 4 9.1 107 xc 1.84 x 10" Saxige ee Lexi” eatin 0.01 NIC E* E is along westward, P.2 Calculate the magnitude of electric Meld due to electric dipole moment 3.56 x 10°” C-m at a point 25.4 nm away along bisector axis? Sol. P= 356% 10° %C—m x = 254K 10%m E=?48 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (B-Se. & BS Program) CALCULATIONS ke E= x 9 10" x 3.56. 10°* B= “sax toy — = (9ss2Nic P.3 An infinite line of charge produces a field of 4.52 x 10' N/C at a distance of 1.96 m. Calculate the linear charge density. Sol. E = 452 x 10¢NIC x = 196m CALCULATIONS oe ms A = E (ne, x) = (452 x 10'x 2x 8.85 x 10°? 1.96) = 4.14% 10" Cm PA Calculate dipole moment of clectron and proton 4.3 nm apart? Sol. d= 43x10 %m q = 4+16%10°%C = Charge of proton q = -16x10°%C = Charge of electron p=? CALCULATIONS P= 16x10%* 4.30% 10" P = 6.88 = 10"C-m PS Humid air breaks in electric field of 3x 10° N/C. What is the magnitude of the electric force on electron and far ion. Sol. E = 3.0x10°NIC = 16x10" F=? P= ad | 2[CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC FIELD Pb P.7 49 CALCULATIONS For electron. F=qE F = 16x10°%% 3% 10° 4.8% 10° PN For ion F=qE F = 16x10°%x3%10° = 48x107N An o-particle, the nucleus of He atom, has mass of 6.64 x 10 -"" kg and charge +2e. What are the magnitude and direction of electric field that will balance weight? Sol. m= 6.64 x 10°? kg q=2e = 2xl6x1% E=? CALCULATIONS For balanced condition R= Fy gE = me Ee Ee = fete loa =2.03 «10-7 NIC Blectrie field is directed against gravity direction. In uniform electric field near the surface of the Earth, a particle having charge 2 « 10°C is acted on by a downward force 6.64 * 10” N, (a) Find the imagnitude of electric field. (b) What is the magnitude and direction of force ‘exerted on proton placed in that field. (c) What is ratio of electric to gravitational force? Sol. (a) q =-20x10°C F = 664% 10°7N E CALCULATIONS F 6.641007 a i oa q 20x10" 3.32.« LO NIC50 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (B.Se. & BS Program) (b) For proton q = Léxi0%C E = 3322107! Nic R=? F,= qE Fe = 16x 107% 332% 1078 = 5.31 x 100-7 N ‘The free acts along the direction of field. (c) Ratio of electric to gravitational foree (F_ = mg) E, $31 «10-7 7 Teele aoe 7 Sax tor! P.8 What is the magnitude of point charge, chosen so that electric field 75 cm away bas yalue 2.30 N/C? Sol. q-? r= x 10?m E = 230NIC CALCULATIONS a= (9 x 10" 2.30 = Osx 10 q = 14x10°% P.9 At what distance along the axis of charged disk of radius R is the field equals to one-half the field at surface of disk at centre? Sol, Eleciric field at P due to charged disk is 3 z [ere Electric field at surface of disk for which z= 0 Bor 9) a eee B= 3,, 4) ke The given condition is that ] Ey" 38[CHAPTER 2| ELECTRIC FIELD st So. z a slam al = Ge z 1 wre 71-272 42 = 24+R R a AE P.10 Two equal and opposite charges of magnitude 1.88 x 10" 1C are held 15.2 cm apart (a) what is magnitude of electric field at mid point? (b) What force would act on electron placed at there? Sol. que -L88 «107C qe = +1.88 x 10°7C 4 = 152x107 m @eE=? () P=? CALCULATIONS : ‘The clectric field at P(mid) due to (—q1) charge is k Be iy The electric field is directed towards (-q)) from point P, The eleciric field at P.due to q charge is el a2 P aa =e Le 7° (dy = = ‘The net field is E=£,+E 9x 10° « 1,88 10°? 9 x 10? x 1,88 x 107 be asi % E= 4x" Asani + sani" E = 585872N/C E is directed towards +q; to -Qy (b) F= qb = 16x 10° 585872 F = 937% 10° "N °ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. & BSI ) P.11 In Milliken’s experiment a drop of radius 1.64 sm and density p= 0.851 gfem" is balanced when electric field for 1,92 x 10° N/C is applied. Calculate magnitude of charge in terms of e? Sol. o=2 p = 0.851 pfem’ = 851 kgm’ R= 1.64% 10m EB = 1.92% 10°N/IC CALCULATIONS For balanced condition Fe =F QE = mg i-= _ anRi gp _ 4n(1.64 10) x 9.8 x 851 ten ee 3x 192% 10 = 802x107" C Electric field ibid downward hence charge must be negative so that eleciric force acts upward to balance weight. 4 = aie) g.02%10-" = nflex10-") Tes P.12 An electric dipole consists of charges of magnitude 1.48 nC separated by 623 um. It is in electric field of 1100 NIC (a) Calculate the magnitude of dipole moment (b) What is difference in PE corresponding to dipole orientation parallel and anti-parallel to field’? Sol. d = 623x10%m q = 148 10°C E = 1100NIC P=? U = ? (Parallel and anti-parallel) CALCULATIONS P=ad P = 1.48 10? x 6.23 x 10* P= 92x10 C-m e eg RR a ote(CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC FIELD 53 (b) For parallel condition of dipole and field U = PE Cos8 = 92x 10x 1100 x Cos? = -1.012% 107 For anti-parallel condition of dipole and field U = —PE Cos180” U = -92x 10% x 1100 x Cosi80° U= Loz toy P.13 An electric dipole consists of charges +Ze, —2e separated by 0.78 nm. It is in electric field of 3.4 x 10° N/C, Calculate the magnitude of torque om the dipole when dipole moment (a) parallel (b) right angle (c) opposite to field. Sol. ‘ d = 0.78 x10"m q = t2e = 2x1oxle¥C q = -% = -2x16x10%C E = 34% 10°N/C te = ? (parallel, right angle and opposite to field) ‘ALCULATION (a) When dipole moment is parallel (@= 0°) = PESinO = qdESino® = 0 (>) When dipole moment is at right angle 9= 90" te = qd ESin90” te = 206 x JOM) & 0,78 50107 «3.4 x 10" te = 4x10 N-m (¢) When dipole mament is opposite to field (8 = 180°) te = qd Sinl80° = 0 P14 Find the frequency of oscillation of an electric dipole moment P and rotational inertia I for small amplitude of oscillation about its equilibrium position in uniform clectric field E. Sol. +, = PESin@ te = TF Sint ‘Comparing eq. (1) and eq: (2) - PESinO = rF Sin® PE = rma PE = mr(ra) PE=mra — ne(2) = lof PE lo f=ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. aBs tH) On; 02: 03: ‘The concept of electric field was introduced by {a)Coulomh () Faraday (c) Henry (d) Ampere ‘The electric field lines originate from (a)Positive charge (b) Both negative charge and positive charge {c) Negative charge (d) None of these Yet ay metre equal to @), sores (b) re () teed (@) None of these Voltmeter is the unit of (a) Resistively (b) Resistance (c) Electric field (d) Voltage ‘The force per unit charge is called (a)Electric flux (b) Electric field (¢) Electric potential (d) Magnetic lux ‘Charge per unit area is called (a) Volume charge density (b) Surface charge density (ch Linear charge density (@ Au The 51 unit of surface charge density is called {a)Coulomb/second (6) Coulomb/meter” (c) Coulomb/meter® (d) Ampere/ meter The electric field intensity duc to infinite charged sheet is is imate ame =ad WE== WME => @E-2 @E-S The unit of electric field intensity is (a) Newton/coulomb (b) Coutomb/newton (¢) Ampere/coulomb (d) Coulomb The product of magnitude of charge und separation between two +q charge and ~q charge is called electric (a) Dipole moment (b) Field (c) Potential (a) Force ‘The unit of electric dipole moment is (a) C-m (b)A-m (ym? (@)C-m A disk is uniformly charged. This charge distribution is called (a) Linear charge distribution (b) Volume charge distribution (c) Surface charge distribution (a) Quantized charge distribution(CHAPTER 2] ELECTRIC FIELD 58 13: In uniform fields, all points have ficld strength (@ Zero (b) Same (c) Infinity (@ Different 14: An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field. The net electric force on the dipole (a) Isalways zero (b) Depends on the arientation of the dipole (c} Can never be zero. (d) Depends on the strength of the dipole 15: A proton and electron are placed in a uniform eleetrie field. (9) Electric force acting on them will be equal (b) Magnitudes of the forces will be equal (c) Their accelerations wil! be equal (d) Magnitudes of their accelerations will be equal 16: Amelectric field can deflect (a) Gamma-rays —(b) X-rays (c) Alpha particles (a) Neutrons ANSWER KEY rm Te eo [eo 195 To foe Tm To7 | [os | Gi @ [2 Te 13 Te [cay [13] [co P08 Le) | To Tis To] | cMapRigisCHAPTER 3] GAUSS'S LAW. s7 fala 5) GAUSS’S LAW lease ELECTRIC FLUX The total number of electric lines of force passing through certain area of closed Surface is called electric flux. It is denoted by ¢. Consider a small arca clement da of a given surface. The area da is a vector area, Its magnitude is the area of the clement Its direction is outward drawn normal to area element. The scalar product of electric field E and vector area da of a given surface is equal to electric ux dy df, = Eoda ‘The net electric flux through entire closed surface is be PE sda The circle on integral means closed surface, “The $1 unit of electric flux is N-m'/C. MAXIMUM FLUX The electric flux through a surface will be maximum when surface is held perpendicular to electric field lines.ISM (B.Sc, & BS Progra 58 ELECTRICITY AND Mi “The angle between normal is and electric field lines E is zero. = FEede =f Eda Cos oe = § BdaCos0® be = fF Eda MINIMUM FLUX When surface is held parallel io cleciric ficld lines, the angle between normal a and electric field lines is 90*. The electric flux through surface is minimum. o&= § Eda be = f Fda Cos @.= § EdaCos90" = 0 ELECTRIC FLUX FOR GENERAL ORIENTATION The electric flux through a closed surface for any general orientation is given as & = G B-ee it ca be = § Eda Cosd GAUSS'S LAW The electric ux passing through any closed surface is equal to i times charge enclosed by that surface is called Gauss's law for electrostatic charges. pee hse PROOF 5 Consider a +9 charge is placed in a closed: surface. The electric ficld lines come out of the surface, Take small area element da of the surface at point P. da = dan The normal m to area clement makes angle © with electric field line.[CHAPTER 3] GAUSS'S LAW ‘The electric field at point P duc to +q charge having distance ris given as p= Moe Electric flux itebugh sekelemest ak da is Sui do, = E+da ‘Net electric fux through entire surface is ste d= F Ee da on f Pr da deo taf Bea $= bq f do Where 42 is solid angle. tes value is 4x _ alan) te tate ae be ey Hence, Gauss’s law is proved. INTEGRAL FORM Volume chiige density is defined ax 7 po av dq = pdVv a- J pav ¥ The net flux through entire surface is Vee gar eee @ Put eq(1) and eq(2) in Gauss's law -4 Won fi. dn - +f pev This is called integral form of Gauss’s law.60 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (B.Sc. & BS Program) DIFFERENTIAL FORM Integral form of Gauss's law eee i E-da = —[fpdV +2 ares 3) § ia wie 6) Apply Divergence theorem for E ss ee feuds =](V-E)av ------ (4) ‘Compare eq (3) andeq(4) ei 1 [(¥ + E)dv= i Joav Jc? Byav = + Soav I(v.4-2yav =0 dV can not be zero setup «B-f)- ky Ey (0 = 4 5 VerE te ‘This is differential form of Gauss’s law GAUSS'S LAW The Gauss's law states that electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal 1 to; times charge caclosed by that surface. DEDUCTION OF COULOMB'S LAW FROM GAUSS’S LAW Consider a +q charge is placed at the center of a sphere having radius r, The sphere is called Gaussian surface. The electric lines of force are outward and perpendicular to the surface of the sphere,CHAPTER 3] GAUSS'S LAW 61 ‘Tass all a Bement of the sphere, The unit vector # indicates the direction of dn spel perpendicalar ts worfice elenione. Thicenigle betwee hand Ty aesal The flux through surface of sphere is 4 = $ Ear be = § Eda Cos0 4e = § Eda Cost? @ = $ Ede hem Bee) oo eee ee w ‘The Gauss’s law states that electric flux passing through surface of sphere is equal to 2 times charge enclosed by surface of sphere. mie A meee ERC el are @ Comparing ¢q(1)} and eq(2) ne E(4mr) oa ol a 6) in field. Beer ea ates «) Comparing eq(3) and eq(4) RE _k oe ‘This is statement of Coulomb's law. Hence, Coulomb's law is deduced from ‘Gausa’s law.a ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (B.Sc. & BS Program) ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO ENFINITE LINE OF CHARGE Consider a straight positively charged wire having infinite length and negligible thickness. Now take a cylinder called Gaussian surface having radius r and height h. It encloses the some part of charged wire as shown in fig. Take point P on the surface of the cylinder where evaluation of clectric field intensity is required Consider a small length element dz of the line having charge dq. The linear charge density 4 is given as a2 dq = Adz Net charge enclosed by the cylinder having height his qn Asde Nea) ta a) ‘The cylinder has three surfaces © Top circular surface S1 © Bottom circular surface S; © Curved surface Ss The electric field lines will be along radius of cylinder, Take a small area clement da of each surface of the cylinder. * Angle between normal n to area element of curved surface 83 and electric field lines is zero, * Angle between normal a to arca element of top circular surface §; and field lines is 90°, * Angle between normal n to area element of bottom circular surface Sy and field lines is 90°. Electric flux through top circular surface S; 6) = [Eda 6 = JEdaCosa 41 ~ [Eds Cos90° = 0[CHAPTER 3] GAUSS’S LAW Electric flux through bottom circular surface S: = [Eds fo = [Eda Cow t: = [Eda Cos90* = 0 Electric flux through curved surface Sy 4 = Se-ae ts = [Eda Cos8 [ore oF iar gs = [Eda Cos0® = [Eda $3 = E@arh) ‘Net flux throngh entire surface of cylinder he = ht tt de = 040 4 EQxrh) ieee eth) ale RS (2) Gause's law is eos Fb as eee pa @) Put eq(1) and eq(2) in eq(3) ab Bark) = “= a E ~ 3aear In vector form GAUSS’S LAW 1 ‘The electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to > times charge enclosed by that surface is called Gauss’s law.e=— —— ot ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (B.Sc. & BS Program) ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO INFINITE SHEET OF CHARGE Consider # thin positively charged sheet having infinite length and non-conducting surface. Tt is required to calculate electric field B at points near the sheet by using ‘Gauss's law. ’ Imagine a cylindrical Gaussian surface having cross-sectional area A. Now pass this cylinder through sheet. Take small area element da of sheet having charge dq. Surface charge density o is defined as dq = oda Charge of sheet enclosed by the cross-sectional urea'A of cylinder is q = Jada qrick log ay ‘The Gaussian cylinder has three surfaces Top circular surface S, Bottom circular surface 8; Curved surface Sy The end-circular capped surfaces are at equal distance from the sheet so electric field E has the same magnitude at the end circular surfaces, ‘The cylinder has three surfaces so flux through cach surface is given as Electric ux through top-circular surface 5, = [E-an ft = [Eda Cosa by = [Eda Coste = EA _————————— =H3—r lO|CHAPTER 3] GAUSS'S LAW Electric flux through bottom-circular surface 8; = fh as t = [2 dacoso g = JE dacosbe = EA Electric flux through curved surface 8 és = Jean és = | Eda Coso oy = [Eda Cos" &e0 Net flux through entire surface of cylinder heh thee # = 0 + EA +EA Oe 2BA em po esas ee @) Gauss's lawis Gee OS eee 6) Put eq(1) and eq(2) in eq(3) 2a = SH E Ta vector form Fe. as GAUSS'S LAW FOR ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES: 1 ‘The electric flux passing through any closed surface és equal to = times charge enclosed by that surface is called Gauss’s law for electrostatics charges. ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO SPHERICAL CHARGE DISTRIBUTION ‘The elegtric field intensity due to spherical volume charge distribution using ‘Gauss's law is divided into three parts.