PGT- Physics

Units and Measurements

Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and
derived units, significant figures. Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and
its applications.
Motion in a Straight Line
Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line, Elementary concepts of differentiation and
integration for describing motion, uniform and non- uniform motion, and instantaneous
velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity - time and position-time graphs, Relations for
uniformly accelerated motion.
Motion in a Plane
Scalar and vector quantities; position and displacement vectors, general vectors and their
notations; equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and
subtraction of vectors, Unit vector; resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular components,
Scalar and Vector product of vectors. Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform
acceleration, projectile motion, uniform circular motion.
Laws of Motion:
Intuitive concept of force, Inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum and Newton's
second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear
momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces, Static and kinetic friction,
laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal
force, examples of circular motion- vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road.
Work, Energy and Power:
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem,
power, Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces: non-
conservative forces, motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two
dimensions.
Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body & System of Particles and Rotational Motion
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and Centre of mass motion,
Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of a uniform rod, Moment of a force, torque,
angular momentum, law of conservation of angular momentum and its applications,
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion,
comparison of linear and rotational motions. Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of
moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects.
Gravitation:
Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal law of gravitation, Acceleration due to gravity
and its variation with altitude and depth. Gravitational potential energy and gravitational
potential, escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite.
Mechanical Properties of Solids
Elasticity, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear
modulus of rigidity, Poisson's ratio; elastic energy.
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications -hydraulic lift and hydraulic
brakes, effect of gravity on fluid pressure, Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline
and turbulent flow, critical velocity, Bernoulli's theorem and its simple applications, Surface
energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface,
application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.

Thermal Properties of Matter

Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases,
anomalous expansion of water; specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv - calorimetry; change of state -
latent heat capacity. Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, thermal
conductivity, qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation, Wein's displacement Law, Stefan's law.

Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat,
work and internal energy, First law of thermodynamics, Second law of thermodynamics:
gaseous state ofmatter, change of condition of gaseous state -isothermal, adiabatic, reversible,
irreversible, and cyclic processes.
Behavior of Perfect Gases and Kinetic Theory of Gases :
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done in compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases -
assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature; rms speed of gas
molecules;degrees of freedom, law of equi-partition of energy and application to specific heat
capacities of gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro's number.
Oscillations and Waves:
Periodic motion - time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time, periodic
functions and their application, Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equations of motion;
phase; oscillations of a loaded spring- restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M.
Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum -its time period. Transverse and longitudinal
waves, speed of travelling wave, displacement relation for a progressive wave, principle of
superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes,
fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats.
Electric Charges and Fields:
Electric charges, Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-force between two point charges,
forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution,
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric
field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field. Electric flux, statement of
Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly
charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell-field inside and
outside.
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance:
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and
system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two-point
charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, free charges
and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and
capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a
capacitor
Current Electricity:
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their
relation with electric current; Ohm's law, V-I characteristics (Linear & Non-Linear), electrical
energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, temperature dependence of resistance,
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and
in parallel, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge.
Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism:
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment, Biot - Savart law and its application to
current carrying circular loop, Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight
wire. Straight solenoid, force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
Force on a current- carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two
parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current
loop in uniform magnetic field; Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole
moment, moving coil galvanometer - its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and
voltmeter.
Magnetism and Matter
Bar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field
intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
(qualitative treatment only), torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic
field (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field lines. Magnetic properties of materials- Para-
, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances with examples, Magnetization of materials, effect of
temperature on magnetic properties.

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Self and
mutual induction, Alternating Current Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of
alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance, power
in AC circuits, powerfactor, wattless current, AC generator, Transformer.
Electromagnetic Waves
Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their
transverse nature (qualitative idea only). Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves,
microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts
about their uses.

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Ray Optics:

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal
reflection and optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens
maker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact,
refraction of light through a prism. Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical
telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics:
Wave front and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface
using wave fronts, Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle.
Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent
sources and sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central
maxima.
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter:
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's
photoelectric equation-particle nature of light, Experimental study of photoelectric effect
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation.
Atoms & Nuclei:
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model of hydrogen
atom, Expression for radius of nth possible orbit, velocity and energy of electron in its orbit,
hydrogen line spectra, Composition and size of nucleus, nuclear force Mass-energy relation,
mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission,
nuclear fusion.
Semiconductor Electronics:
Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators, Intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors- p and n type, p-n junction Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in
forward and reverse bias, application of junction diode -diode as a rectifier.