JEE Main 2025 Physics Sylabus

Scroll down for a detailed JEE Main 2025 topic-wise physics syllabus.
Units Topics
Unit 1: Physics and Physics, technology, and society, S IUnits, fundamental and derived units, least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Dimensions of
Measurement Physics quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications.
The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position- time graph, speed and velocity; Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly
Unit 2: Kinematics accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion, Scalars and Vectors, Vector. Addition and subtraction, zero vector, scalar and
vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.
Force and inertia, Newton's First law of motion; Momentum, Newton's Second Law of motion, Impulses; Newton's Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum
Unit 3: Laws of Motion and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its
applications.
Unit 4: Work, Energy and Work done by a content force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power.
Power The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and neoconservative forces; Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
Centre of the mass ofa two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion;a moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation
Unit 5: Rotational Motion of angular momentum and its applications; the moment of inertia, the radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular
axes theorems, and their applications. Rigid body rotation equations of rotational motion.
The universal law of gravitation, Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler's law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational
Unit 6: Gravitation
potential. Escape velocity, Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo stationary satellites.
Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column, Pascal's law and its applications.
Unit 7: Properties of Solids Viscosity. Stokes' law. terminal velocity, streanmline, and turbulent flow. Reynolds number. Bernoulli's principle and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of
and Liquids contact, application of surface tension -drops, bubbles, and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat.
Heat transfer-conduction, convection, and radiation. Newton's law of cooling.
Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics. The second law of
Unit 8: Thermodynamics
thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. Carnot engine and its efficiency.
Unit 9: Kinetic Theory of Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases -assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: RMS speed of
Gases gas molecules: Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro's number.
Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation, phase: oscillations of a spring -
Unit 10: Oscillation and restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period: Free, forced and danped
Waves oscillations, resonance. Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, a
reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler Effect in sound
Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge
distribution. Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux: Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin
Unit 11: Electrostatics spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy ofa system of two
point charges in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators: Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and
without dielectric medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor.
Electric current. Drift velocity. Ohm's law. Electrical resistance. Resistances of different materials. V-l characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical energy and
power. Electrical resistivity. Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance. Electric Cell and its Internal resistance,
Unit 12: Current Electricity
potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff's laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge. Potentiometer
principle and its applications.
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a
moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.
Unit 13: Magnetic Effect of Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a
Current and Magnetism current Ioop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-,
dia- and ferromagnetic substances. Magnetic susceptibility and permeability. Hysteresis. Electromagnets and permanent magnets.
Unit 14: Electromagnetic
Induction and Alternating Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current: Lenz's Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating
Current
current/ voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: Quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

Unit 15: Electromagnetic Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X
Waves rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves.
Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula. Total internal reflection and its applications. Deviation and Dispersion of light by a, prism; Lens
Formula. Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics
Unit 16: Optics
wavefront and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent
sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarization,
plane-polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid.
Unit 17: Dual Nature of Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de
Matter and Radiation Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment.

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes,
Unit 18: Atoms and Nuclei isobars: isotones. Radioactivity- alpha. beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon
and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion.

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: 1-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode;
Unit 19: Electronic Devices Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor: transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator.
Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.
JEE Main 2025 Syllabus of Mathematics
Scroll down to the JEE Main 2025 Syllabus of Mathematics,which consists of a total of 16 units covering topics from the standard syllabus of classes 11 and 12.
Units Topics
Unit 1: Sets, Relations Sets and their representation: Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, Type of relations, equivalence relations, functions; one
and Functions one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions

ComplexX numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex number,
Unit 2: Complex Numbers
modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their
and Quadratic Equations
solutions Relations between roots and co-efficient, nature of roots, the formation of quadratic equations with given rOots.

Unit 3: Matrices and

Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices, determinants, and matrices of order two and three, properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using
determinants, Adjoint, and evaluation of inverse ofa square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous Iinear
Determinants
equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices
Unit 4: Permutation and
Combination
The fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as section, Meaning of P (n,r) and C(n,r), simple applications

Unit Binomial Theorem

and its Simple Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients, and simple applications
Applications
Unit 6: Sequence and Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers, Relation between A.M and G.M sum up to n terms of special series; Sn,
Series Sn2, Sn3. Arithmetico-Geometric progression

Real-valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions, inverse function. Graphs of simple functions. Limits,
Unit 7: Limit, Continuity continuity, and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic,
and Differentiability exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order up to two, Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean value Theorems, Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities,
monotonic Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normal.

Integral as an anti-derivative, Fundamental Integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithms functions. Integrations by substitution, by parts, and by partial
Unit 8: Itegral Calculus functions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Integral as limit of a sum. The fundarmental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals,
determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form.

Unit 9: Differential Ordinary differential equations, their order, and degree, the formation of differential equations, solution of differential equation by the nmethod of separation of variables, solution of a
Equations homogeneous and linear differential equation

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, sections formula, locus, and its equation, translation of axes, the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular
lines, intercepts of a line on the c0-ordinate axis.
Straight line
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, the distance of a point form a line, equations of
Unit 10: Co-ordinate internal and external by sectors of angles between two lines co-ordinate of the centroid, orthocentre, and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of the family of lines passing through
Geometry the point of intersection of two lines.
Circle, conic sections
A standard form of equations of acircle, the general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and central, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of
intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent, sections of conics, equations of conic sections
(parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition forY = mx +c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency

Unit 11: Three Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section formula, directions ratios, and direction cosines, the angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the
Dimensional Geometry shortest distance between them, and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, the intersection of a line and a plane, and coplanar lines.

Unit 12: Vector Algebra Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space, scalar and vector products, Scalar and vector triple product.

Measures of discretion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and
Unit 13: Statistics and
ungrouped data. Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials,
Probability
and binomial distribution.

Unit 14: Trigonometry Trigononmetrical identities and equations, trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometrical functions, and their properties, heights, and distance
JEE Main 2025 Chemistry Syllabus
The JEE Main 2025 Syllabus is divided into three sections: SectionA - Physical Chemistry, Section B- Inorganic Chemistry and Section C- Organic Chemistry. Check below the topic-wise
JEE Main Syllabus 2025 for Chemistry. The topics are from the class 11 and 12 syllabus.
Units Topics

Unit 1: Some BasIC

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory. Concept of atom, molecule, elerment, and compound: Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision, and accuracy,
significant figures. S.IUnits, dimensional analysis: Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and
Concepts in Chemistry
molecular formulae: Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations, Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Bohr model of a hydrogen
atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radi of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's
Unit 2: Atomic relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features.
Structure Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation ofY and Y2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic
quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for filing electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle. Pauli's
exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled ortbitals.

Kossel - Lewis approach to chermical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.

Unit 3: Chernical
lonic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds, calculation of lattice enthalpy. Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajan's rule,
dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules. Quanturm mechanical approach to covalent bonding Valence bond theory - its
Bonding and Molecular
Structure
important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance. Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding,
antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy. Elementary
idea of metallic bonding Hydrogen bonding and its applications.

Fundarmentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes. The first law of thermodynam1cs -Concept of
Unit 4: Chemical work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, Hess's law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond d1ssociation, combustion, formation,
Thermodynamics atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution. The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes; DS of the universe and DG of the system
as criteria for spontaneity. DG (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's
Unit 5: Solutions Law - ldeal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and nonideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour
pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar
mass, van't Hoff factor and its significance.

Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium. Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law. General
characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes. Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chermical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their
Unit 6: Equilibrium
significance, the significance of DG and DG° in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle.
lonic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base
equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of
sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.

Unit 7: Redox
Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions. Electrolytic and metallic
conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications. Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic
Reactions and
and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement:
Electrochemistry
Nernst equation and its applications, Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.

Unit 8: Chernical Rate of a chernical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, tenperature, pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of
reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of tenperature on the rate of
Kinetics
reactions, Arhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

Inorganic Chemistry
Units Topics
Unit 9: Classification of Elements Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy,
and Periodicity in Properties electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity.
Group -13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chenical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour
of the first element in each group. Groupwise study of thep-block elements
Group-13
Preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminum; Structure, properties, and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, and alums.
Group -14
The tendency for catenation, Structure, properties, and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones.
Group -15
Unit 10: p-block elements
Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine, arnd
phosphorus halides, (PCI3. PCI5); Structures of oxides arnd oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Group-16
Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of ozone: Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial
preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur.
Group-17
Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of
halogens. Group-18
Transition Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and character1stics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements physical properties, ionization
enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties,
Unit 11: d- and f-block elements and uses of K2Cr207, and KMn04.
Inner Transitlon Elements
Lanthanoids Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity. chelation, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds,
Unit 12: Coordination Compounds isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties, Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative
analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systens).

Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Units Topics

Unit 13: Purification and

Purification -Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography - principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens.
Character1zation of Organ1c
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae:
Compounds
Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens,
oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur, Homologous series: lsomerism- structural and stereoisomerism.
Unit 14: Some Basic
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Principles of Organic
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles.
Chemistry
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation.
Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangernent.

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions.
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis
Unit 15: Hydrocarbons and polymerization.
Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides: Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons- Nomenclature, benzene- structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration.
Friedel- Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene.

Unit 16: Organic Compounds General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
containing Halogen Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT.

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.

ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS
Alcohols: ldentification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration. Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration
and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
Unit 17: 0rganic Compounds Ethers: Structure.
containing Oxygen
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=0 group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic
add1tion reactions (addition of HCN. NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent, oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidty of a-hydrogen. aldol
condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it

Unit 18: Organic Compounds

General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character.
containing Nitrogen
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

General introduction and importance of biomolecules. CARBOHYDRATES -Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent
Unit 19: Biomolecules
monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).PROTEINS - Elementary ldea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary, secondary.
tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. VITAMINS - Classification and functions. NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of
DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups, hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl
(aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.
The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
Inorganic compounds; Mohr's salt, potash alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
Unit 20: Principles Related The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises - Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMn04, Mohr's salt vs KMn04
to Practical Chernistry Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis
Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
1. Enthalpy of solution of CuS04
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at roonm temperature.