Elements in and boj cerm sl

available for
aroundhe case olella
orbitals also electons observedin valeme
valence theit
eght ruleis in
Violation of octeteight elecrons
have more tha C C
14eleotonsaiGund
|aom
DipOUnds

10elecons AnUd
12elecn
AI

a
of to)
Mlinale
umber lohloride, his
storm has Sulphur \Of te, ,
H,S0,Ad Insulphur
the Patom
PE,. obeyod
more examples are rule is
Some Octet
Compounds in which the
around it.
borndirng and
of xenon
partin
and Krlako XoOF, Krf,otc.
{orm cornpou
Formation of compounds but Xe
3
gases areinert, Xef, Xof, XoOF,,
Octet rule says that noble such as
Oxygen
elements like fluorine and have odd
Fomation of odd-electron
molecules moloculos which
4.
allthe aloms in certain
The octet rule is not satisfied
for (NO):
and nitrogen dioxide
e.g., nitric oxide (NO)
N=0
formation.
during the bond
5 Inability to predict energy changes
stability of the molecules.
6 Itdoes not explain the relative
shape of molecules.
7 This theory does not account for the

EXERCISE
1. Which of the followingmolecule has no dative bond?
(1) CO (2) co
(3) sO (4) All of these
2 In which of the following molecule, central atom has more than 8
electrons in outermost orbit?
(1) SO, (2) sO,
3 Molecule which follows octet rule
(3) P,0, (4) All of these
(1) CIO, (2) NO
(3) NO, (4) N,o,
4. The number of lone pair present in
N-atom in NH# ion is
(1) Zero
(2) 1
5 The formal charge on carbon (3) 2
atom in carbonate ion is (4) 3
(1) +1
(2) -1
6 The total number of lone pair (3) +4
present in XeF, is (4) Zero
(1) 10 (2) 12
7. Which of the following molecule has (3) 14
triple bond? (4) 16
(1) Oz (2) N,
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011-4
 Competitive Exams (Level-l)
Board &
bonds in
Maximum number of
8
(1)CO,
(2) H,o
(3) H,S
allare triatomic molecule
IA) Allhave same number of bonds because
Formal charge on central Oxygen atom in O, is (4) -2
(1)Zero (2) +1 (3) -1
present in
1) Expanded octet is (4) All of these
(1) SF% (2) PCl5 (3) IF,

BOND
IONIC OR ELECTROVALENT
electrons from one aton to the other. This type of
lonic bond is formed by the transference of one or more
non-metal atom.
bond usually comes intoexistence between a metal and a
The formation of ionic bond primarily depends upon
respective neutral atoms.
1 The ease of formation of positive and negative ions from their
the solid, that is, the lattice of the crystaline
2 The arrangement of the positive and negative ions in
compound.
understand the ionic bond.
Let us study the formation of sodium chloride to
Formation of sodium chloride
electron to acquire the configuration of Neon.
Sodium atom has one electron in its valence shelland lose one electron to acquire the configuration of
Similarly chlorine has 7 electrons in its valence shell and need one
form Na* and C respectively. The electrostatic
Argon gas. So Natransfers its valence electrons to Cl and both
The above changes can be represented as:
force of attraction holds these oppositely charged ions together.
OR NaCI
Na +ci:
(2, 8, 1) (2, 8, 7) (2, 8) (2, 8, 8)

ionic bond is called its electrovalency.

The number of electrons which an atom loses or gains while forming an
the atom which gains electrons is called
The atorn which loses electrons is called electropositive atom while
electropositive atom while negative
electronegative atom. The positive (+) sign is put before the valency of
e.g., electrovalency of Na is +1 and that of CI is
() sign is put before the valency of electronegative atom.
-1. In short, electrovalency is equal to the unit
charges on the ion.
AlF3 etc.
Some examples of ionic compounds are : K,O, CaF, Na,S, Na,P,
bond is non-directional is nature.
lon has a uniform field of influence around it, hence, ionic
Sodiumatom, Na lgrine atom, CI
metallicelement netallic element

Chlorine gas, CI, Each Na atom Each CIl atom

loses one electron gains one electron
Sodtumnae and gets smaller and gels larger
Na
Sodium ion, Na' Chloride ion, CI
metallic cation
non-metallic anion
lonic bond, an attraction
between a cation and an anion
Formation of ionic bond in NaCI
8. Pusa Road Ne
 OXygen bonds Obond (121
this cannot be equal and the Cule
are
bondshOuld exhibit two bond pm) should be
shorter than O-0
by length (128 pm) is lengths.
represented either of the two Lewis intermediate of singleexperiments
But
order to explain the and doubleshow that both the
According to the conceptstructure of sSuch structures shown above. bonds. Obviously.
of types of
mnolecules the concept of
occurately,
lactrons
a
number of
are taken as the
resonance,
structures whenever
with similar energy,
a single resonance was introduced.
Lewis structure cannot
ehe actual
structure of 0Zone canonical structures of the positions of nuclei, bonding and describe a molecule
ctructure Iand Ware is hybrid which describes the non-bonding pairs of
calledintermediate structure | and Il and is called molecule accurately. So,
resonating
of
nhenomnenon known as resonance. The structures, contributing
is
headed arow (t’). orresonance hydrid. The
Althugh it is not resonance between structures
canonical forns canonical forms. This
structure llrepresents possible to draw can be
t may be borne
the structure of O,
in
more
the Lewis
accurately.structures for therepresented by a double
resonance hybrid, but
mind that actual
individual identity. structure does not oscillate between the
resonating forns and has its

11 Most favourable EXERCISE

conditions for electrovalent bonding are
(1) Low ionisation
potential of one atom and high electron
(2) High electron affinity and affinity of the other atom
high ionisation potential of both the
(3) Low electron affinity and low atoms
ionisation potential of both the atoms
(4) High ionisation potential of
one atom and low electron affinity of the
12. The crystal lattice of other atom
electrovalent compound is composed of
(1) Atoms
(2) Molecules
(3) Oppositely charged ions (4) Both molecules and ions
13. Which of the following elements has the strongest
tendency to form electrovalent compound?
(1) Li (2) Na
(3) Be (4) Mg
14. Lattice energy of an ionic compound depends on
(1) Charge on the ion only (2) Size of the ion only
(3) Packing of the ion only (4) Charge and size of the ion
. Multiple covalent bonds exist in a molecule of
(1) F2 (2) N,
(3) CH, (4) H,
16. Which of the following statements is not true about covalent compounds?
() They may exhibit isomerism (2) They have low melting and boiling points
(4) They showmolecular reactions
(3) They show ionic reactions
17.
Element Xis strongly electropositive and Yis strongly electronegative. Both are univalent. The compounc
formed would be
(1) X*Y (2) X- Y
(3) XY* (4) X’Y
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68 Chemical Bonding nd Molecular Stnucture Board & Competitive Exams
18
Element Ahas 3 electrons in the outerost orbit and elèment Bhas 6electrons in the outermost (Leve
fomula of the
(1) A.B,
oompound formed A and B woukd be orbil. The
(2) A,B,
(3) A.B
19
(4) A,B,
The tomuia of the
oomyound is A,B, The number of electrons in the outernost orbits of Aand B
(1) 6 and 3
(3) 5 and 2
(2) 5 and 6
respectvel,
(4) 2 and 3
Which shows the highest attice
(1) RF
energy?
(2) CsF
(3) Naf
(4) KF
Characteristics of Resonance
Resonance structures are hypothetical and do not have real
2 The actual molecule has a single existence.
as such t cannot be structure which is resonance hybrid of variousS
depicted by a single Lewis structure. canonicai forms ans
Bond lengths in hybrid structures are
exampie. C-Cbond length in benzeneintermediate
is 139 pm
of the bond lengths in
various resonating forms. For
(134 pm). which is intermediate of C-C (154 pm) and C =C
Resonance hybrid is the most stable, i.e., least
is resonance energy, more will be the stability energetic than any of the resonating
of the molecule. forms. Hence, higher

Try Yourself
9.
Explain the resonance structure of CO,
Explain the structure of CO ion in molecule.
10.
terms of resonance.
Polarity of Bonds
Covalent bond is
of elecrons but informed between the two atoms by mutual
reality no bond or a
Sindar atorms like H,, compound is
sharing of electrons; and ionic bond by
CI, can be either completely covalent or trans
atoms, there is some ionic completely covalent. Even in case of
character.
ionic. The bond betwee
When cOvalent bond is covalent bond between two hydroy
is equaly formed between two similar atoms
nuclei. Theattracted e..g.. H,, O,. Ci,, N, or F, the
by the two atoms. As a electrons
molecular result electron pair is shared pair of
Such a covalent bond orbital
is calledconstituting the covalent bond is situated exactly between the two iden
a
non-polar covalent bond. symmetrically distributed around the atoi
A;A or (A A or
A-A
Incase, the covalent bond is
Symmetrical
electron cloud Non-polar
bond
formed
electronegativity,
the between two dissimilar atoms, one
Words, electron cloudbonding pair of electrons is of which has a value of
 Chemica Bondang and Moecsar Board & Competitive
Structure
Strength of sigma and pl bonds Exans
Basscally the strength of abond depends upon the extent of overtapping.
Sigma bond is
place to a greatestronger than pi bond, it is because of the fact that overlapping of atomic

P bond
extent
extent dring the fomationdurng the tomaion of sxgma bond whereas overlapping of orbitals
of pi bond ocCUrorbitsals
cana s
sma
the atomsbetween the two atoms is formed only in addition to a sigma bond. t isS because of
p bond is constituting a single bond prefer to form a strong sigma bond rather than a weak ni the fad
ahways
single bond cannot present
in molecules havng multiple bonds, i e., double or triple bond. In
Th
ta
bond.
be a pi bond
The shape of molecule is controlled by the other words
atom p bonds are sigma frame work (orientations of sigma bonds) around
superimposed on sigma bonds hence they simply modify the dimensions of the
certrA
the
rmdleoje
EXERCISE
21. Polarisabon is the distortion
comet?
of the shape of an anion by the cation. Which of the

(1) Maximum polarisation is done by a cation of high

following staterment,
(2) Alange catbon is likely to charge
bring large degree of
(3) Asmaller anion is likely to polarisation
(4) Minimum
undergo a high degree of
polarisation
22 The most
polarisation is done by a
cation of small size
cOvalent halide is
(1) AlF;
3) ABr, (2) AICl,
23. A-bond is (4) All,
fomed by the overlap of
(1) ss orbitals
(2) s-p orbitals
(3) pp orbitals in end to
endmanner
(4) pp orbitals in
sidewise manner
24. Which one of the following has
(1) Nt,
pyramidal shape?
(3) Ho (2) SiF 4
25. Which one of the (4) BF,
following molecules are formed by pp
(1) Oy overlapping?
(3) Ho (2) HCI
26. A molecule (4) NH,
possessing dipole moment is
(1) CHe
(3) BF, (2) H,O
27. In which of the (4) CO,
following molecule the bond angle is
(1) CH4 maximum?
(3) NH, (2) H,0
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New
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 Board& Competitive Exams(Level-1)

ah of the Chemical Bonding and

Molecular Structure
28. folloWing compound of group-14 elements
would vou expect to be most ionic in
(1)CCI, character?
(3) PbCI, (2) SiCI,
compound which contains both ionic and (4) PbCi,
29. The covalent bonds is
(1) CH,
(3) KCN
(2) H,
(4) KCI
30. The type of.bonds present in NH,CI are
(1) Electrovalent, covalent and coordinate
(2) Only ionic
(3) Only covalent
(4) Covalent and cOordinate

HYBRIDISATION
As we have discuSsed that the overlapping of orbitals do not account for the directional characteristics of bonds
in CH., NH, and H,0 molecules. In order to explain the characteristic geometrical shapes of polyatomic
molecules like CH, NH, and H,0 etc. a concept called hybridisation was introduced by Linus Pauling
According to him the atomic orbitals combine to form new set of equivalent orbitals known as hybrid orbitals
or hybridised orbitals and the phenomenon is referred to as hybridisation.
redistributed
Hybridisation is the process of intermixing of the orbitals of slightly different energies so as to
equivalent energies and shape.
their energies, resulting in the formation of new set of orbitals of
at the
orbital of 2s-level and three orbitals of 2p-level intermix
For example, in case of carbon atoms, one hybrid orbitals overtap
equivalent sp° hybridised orbitals. These
time of participation in bonding to produce four Details of this
form four equivalent C-H bonds in methane.
axially with ts-orbitals of four H atoms to
hybridisation is explained under sp hybridisation.
1s 2s 2p

Carbon (excited state) TI

One Hatom
1s
Second H atom
is
Third H atom

Fourth H atom 1s

Salient-features of hybridisation properties suc

introduced to explain some structural theories
concept which has been cannot be explained by simple
atheoretical
which
Hybridisationofis molecules or equivalency
as
of bonds, etc.,
shapesSome salient-features ofhybridisation are:
ofthe atomic orbitals
that get hybridised.
1valency.
The number ofhybrid
orbitals is equalto
the
equivalent
number
in energy andshape.
orbitals.
2 orbitals are always stable bondsthan the pure atomic
The hybridised more
effectivein
forming
preferred direction to have minimum
repuls
The hybrid orbitals are directedin spacein some Therefore, thetype of hybridisation indicates
4 arrangement.
orbitals are
These hybrid andthus a
stable
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 geometry of IF,
bipyramidal
Pentagonal

EXERCISE

atom makes use of

molecule, the carbon
31. In the formation of ethylene
(1) sp' hybridisation
(2) sp² hybridisation
(3) sp hybridisation
(4) dsp² hybridisation
32. Incorrect statement is
intermixing of orbitals of nearly equal energies
(1) Hybidisation is
all respect
(2) Hybrid orbitals are identical in
bond and bond
(3) Hybrid orbitals can form o
upon type of hybridisation only
(4) Shape of molecule depends
33. CO, is isostructural with
(1) SO,
(2) NO,
(3) CH
(4) SnCl,
atom of XeOF,
34. Number of o bonds, n bonds and lone pair on Xe
(1) 4, 1, 1
(2) 4, 2, 1
(3) 5, 1, 1
(4) 6,2,0
35. Atomic orbitals involved in hybridisation of SF, molecule
(1) 3s, 3p,,3p,. 3P, 3d ,, 3d,
(2) 3s, 3p, 3p, 3P, 3d ,
(3) 4s, 4p,, 4py 4P, 3d xy
(4) 3s,3P, 3p, 3dy 3dyg 3d,
36. The hybridisation of S in SO, is
(1) sp
(2) sp?
(3) sp³
(4) dsp?
oto Office:Aakash Tower, 8, PUsa Road, New Delhi-110005 Phone 011A7623450
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hybridisation of one s and one p-orbitals, we get

On at 180°
37. Two mutually perpendicular hybrid
orbitals (2) Two equivalent hybrid orbitals
(1)
orbitals directed tetrahedrally (4) Three hybrid orbitals in the plane
(3) Four hybrid
bonding is
in which the central atom uses sp² hybrid orbitals in its
species
The
(2) AsH,
(1)PH,
(4) CH
(3) NH,
moleculethat has linear structureis
The
(2) NO,
(1) CO, (4) Sio,
(3) SO, respectively willbe about
2-tetrachloroethene and tetrachloromethane
40.
The C--Clangle is 1, 1,2, (2) 120° and 109.5°
109.5°and 90°
(1) (4) 109.5° and 120°
109.5°
(3) 90° and

THEORY (MOT) theory assumes

MOLECULAR ORBITAL and R.S. Mulliken in 1932. This
Hund orbi
was put forward by F. molecules are presernt in new
Molecular orbital theory identity and the electrons in molecules
molecules the atomic orbitals lose their particular atom but belong to the
in associated with a
orbitals which are not
called molecular
whole.
of this theory are: of atom
The salient features molecular orbitals as the electrons
molecule are present in the various
electrons in a
() The atomic orbitals. molecular orbita
present in the various symmetry combine to form
comparable energies and proper mnolecular orbital it is
influe
atomic orbitals of nucleus, in a
(0) The
atomic orbital is influenced by
one
molecule. Thus, an atomic ort
electron in an of atoms in the
(In) While an depending upon the number
nuclei polycentric.
by two or more molecular orbital is atomic orbitals. Whe
monocentric while a number of combining
formed is equal to the known as bondingmolecular
molecular orbital formed.One is
of
(M) The number combine, two molecular orbitals are
atomicorbitals molecular orbital.
called antibonding
greater stability than the corresp
while the other is
lower energy and hence
molecular orbital has
bonding atomic
he
" antibonding molecular orbital. atom is given by an
in an
distribution around a nucleus molecule is given by a molecula
probability nuclei in a
(i) Just as the electron distribution arounda group of Aufbau principle
obe
probability accordance with the
ne electron orbitals are filled in
orbitals like atomic
(vi) The molecular Hund's rule.
exclusion principle andthe Atomic Orbital (LCAO)
Pauli's