"ROC_Volume_1_Civil SPh-t Rowmosn, Shawna: es +, ost v ) vu ~ “ v v v Ay ACE MT Sa Sar’ « Engineering Publications (A Sister Concern of ACE Engineering Academy, Hyderabad) Hyderabad | Delhi | Bhopal [Pune | Bhubaneswar | Bengaluru | Lucknow | Patna | Chennai | Vijayawada | Vizag | Tirupati | Kukatpally | Kolkata Reinforced Cement Concrete Volume - 1: Study Material with Classroom Practice Questions GATE - Civil Engineering ACE is the leading institute for coaching in IES, GATE & PSUs HO: 204, II Floor, Rahman Plaza, Opp. Methodist School, Abids, Hyderabad-500001, Ph: 040-23234418, 040-23234419, 040-23234420, 040 - 24750437 6 All India 1* Ranks in ESE 39 All India 1* Ranks in GATECopyright © ACE Engineering Publications 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, digital, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Published at: ‘” >, vl ACE Engineering Publications jaar Aaa Tt AP v My ‘G 2nd Floor, Rahman Plaza, Opp. Methodist School, Near Taj Mahal Hotel, Abids, Hyderabad - 500 001 Phones : 040- 23234419 /20, www.aceenggacademy.com Email: info@aceenggpublications.com hyderabad@aceenggacademy.com Authors : Subject experts of ACE Engineering Academy, Hyderabad While every effort has been made to avoid any mistake or omission, the publishers do not owe any responsibility for any damage or loss to any person on account of error or omission in this publication. ‘The publishers will be obliged if mistakes are brought to their notice through email, for correction in further editions. Email: info@aceenggpublications.com Printed at : Karshak Art Printers, ‘Hyderabad.Foreword. Reinforced Cement Concrete for GATE ‘The Study material for Reinforced Cement Concrete is thoroughly revised this year to meet the requirements of all categories of students, It consists of ‘Volume - I; Study Material with classroom Practice Questions «Brief synopsis covering the entire syllabus ‘© Worked out examples, concept-wise © Classroom Practice Questions (Covering all essential Concepts) The students are advised to go through the theory duly understanding the worked out examples to the extent possible and bring the booklet to the class. By doing so, the students will get familiarized with some of the concepts and can really enjoy the lecture in the class. Also, the students can interact with the faculty in a better way. ‘Volume- II; Student practice booklet - Work Book: It has two levels Level 1 : Basic Level Level 2 : Advanced Level ‘After attending the classes and understanding the typical questions explained by the professors, the student will be in a position to solve these questions in work book. However, for verifying the correctness, Hints / Solutions are also given wherever required. The student is advised to struggle to get the solution for the problems in the work book by self analysis and not to refer the solution first. Thanks to all Professors who extended their valuable services in the preparation of this Booklet. It is believed that this volume is also a valuable aid to the students appearing for competitive exams like ESE, ISRO, State service Commissions and other PSUs. With best wishes to all the Students Y.V. Gopala Krishna Murthy, M Tech. MIE, Managing Director, ACE Engineering Academy ACE Engineering PublicationsReinforced Cement Concrete Syl! Concrete Structures: Working stress, Limit state and Ultimate load design concepts; Design of beams, slabs, columns; Bond and development length; Prestressed concrete; Analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads. Design Of Concrete And Masonry Structures: Limit state design for bending, shear, axial compression and combined forces; Design of beams, Slabs, Lintels, Foundations, Retaining walls, ‘Tanks, Staircases; Principles of pre- stressed concrete design including materials’ and methods; Earthquake resistant design of structures; Design of Masonry Structure.Reinforced cement concrete 01 | Materials, Workmanship, Inspection and Testing 02_ | Limit State Design Method - Fundamentals 03_| Limit State Design - Singly Reinforced Beams 04. | Limit State Design - Doubly Reinforced Beams 05 _| Limit State Design - Flanged Beanis. ” 06 | Limit State of Collapse - Shear 07 | Bond 08 | Limit State of Collapse - Torsion 09 | Slabs 10 | Limit State of Collapse - Compression 11 | Footings 12_| Limit State of Serviceability Prestressed Concrete Fundamentals of Prestressed Concrete Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Members Losses in Prestressed Concrete Concrete Technology Cement ‘Aggregates Concrete Cement MortarCOACHING OFFERED e ESE e GATE e PSUs > Class Room Coaching > Postal Coaching > Online Test Series > Postal Test Series > Interview GuidanceMaterials, Workmanship Inspection and Testing Chapter 1. MATERIALS: a) Cement: (i) orc IS 269 - 1976 General construction Low heatcement 1S 269-1976 Massive construction Rapid hardening cement 188041 -1990 For quick removal of form work Pozzolana Cement TS 14891991 Chemical resistance High strength cement 1S 8112-1989 Prestressed concrete Hydrophobic cement IS 8043 -1991 Water-proof construction ii) Grades of Cements: Gr43- specific surface area is minimum Grades of Cement is based on Crushing Strength of a Gement mortar cube’ of size deem 70.71 mm ( surface area of 50 cm?) cured and tested at 28 days. They basically differ in terms of fineness of cement which in turn is expressed as specific surfacwaread Specific surface is the surface area of the particles in 1 gram of cement (unit: cm’/ gram). Chemically all the three grades of cement viz. grade 33, grade 43 and grade 53 are almost similar. (IS: 516-1959) Their characteristics are listed below: Gr33- specific surface area is minimum 2,250.cm?/ (IS: 269) 3400 om’/ gram (IS : 8112-1989) Gr53- specific surface area is much greater thani 3400 cm’/ gram (IS: 12269-1987) Grade 53 cements have more shrinkage compared to other grades, but having higher early strength. Therefore preferred for high strength coneretes, prestressed concretes etc. b) Aggregates: As per IS: 383 - 1970 Generally Hard Blasted granite chips (HBG) ( Coarse aggregate: «Nominal aggregate for RCC is 20 mm, maximum size of coarse + In no case greater than one-fourth of minimum thickness of member '4i"* [RRR phat Lara Bt Ce VeVi ew | Rap Kaa Reinforced Cement Concrete + In heavily reinforced members 5 mm less than the minimum clear distance between the main bars or 5 mm less than the minimum cover to the reinforcement which ever is smaller. (i Fine aggregate: Generally medium sand, zone Il sand as per IS: 456 ¢) Reinforcement: i) Mild steel and medium tensile'steél bars — IS: 432 ii) Hot rolled deformed bars=1S;.1139 iii) Cold twisted bars - IS; 1786 iv) Hard drawn steel wire fabric — IS: 1566 { Note: + All reinforcement shall be free from loose mill scale, loose’ rust, oil eto. Modulus of elasticity of steel is) 2x10° N/mm’, irrespective of grade of steel since the linear part of the stress-strain curve of almost all the stee! is the same, * Conceptually the increased strength of deformed bars viz. tor steel compared to mild stee! is because of the twisting given to the plain bars resulting in more dense crystalline structure. + The increase of carbon content increases the strength of steel but ductility decreases 4) Admixtures: These are the chemical compounds used for improving the characteristics of concrete. suchas workability, setting etc. with out affecting the strength of the concrete. Types: Retarders: Delays the setting of cement particularly in hot climates for certain minimum time. Gypsum is one such compounds. Aéeclerators; Aecelerates the setting process ~ particulatly in cold climates. Ex:- CaCl, Plasticisers: ‘These: are air entraining agents _ improve the workability of concrete in case ‘of rich mixes and congested reinforcement. ¢) Water : Potible water pH value generally not Tess than 6 as per IS: 456-2000 Permissible Limits of solids: Organic 200 ppm; Sulphates (asSO;) 400 ppm; Suspended matter 2000 ppm Inorganic 3000 ppm; Chlorides (as C2) 2000 ppm; RGR) st pea] Lact Pam Bera | Cea Vr Ving [ipa | Kakapa] Kalan]2. CONCRETE: (a) Characteristic Strength: sch (® The strength of material below which not more than 5 % of test results are expected to fall Materials, Workmanship, Inspection and Testing 150 Yow (ii) The compressive strength of a 15 cm cube, cured for 28 days, expressed in Nimm* (iii)Individual variation in the compressive strength of three cubes in the sample should not exceed + 15% (b) Minimum grades of concrete for various structures: 1. Lean concrete bases MS and M7.5 2. Plain concrete (P.C.C.) M10 — 3. R.C.C. (General construction) M20 ~ 4, Water tanks, domes, ‘folded pilates, shell roofs » M20 5.R.C.C. in sea water (General construction) M30 for RCC & M20 for PCC 6. Post tensioned prestressed concrete M30 7._ Pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete M40 Types of concrete As per IS: 456-2000 Ordinary concrete : M10 toM20 £ Standard concrete M25t0M55 > High strength concrete), M60:to M80_$| ©) Properties of concrete: i) Increase in strength with age (Age factors): Imonth=1.0, 3months - 1.10 6 months —1.15, 12months - 1.20 ii) Tensile strength of Concrete (fer): Tests conducts are + Flexural (modulus of rupture) test & «Split tensile strength test mort pefiewel + Emperical formula given by IS 456-2000 is f, =0.7)/f, N/mm? fil) Modulus of elasticity of concrete: Short term modbilus of elasticity E, =5000/F, N/mm? Long term modulus of elasticity E, “7146 iv) Creep coefficient (0): Ultimate creep strain / Elastic strain at age of loading. . “0? values at 7 days ~2.2, 28 days ~ 1.6, 1 year 1.1 [RR pe 0p tLe Pant Ce Vert Vg Teo | at Kai. ‘Engineering Publications ¥) Approximate value of shrinkage strain of concrete = 0.0003 vi) Workability of concrete : Slump test (field test) and the other tests are Compacting test and Vee-bee consistometer test. dad , Wells bal) Fea vii)Durability: The property by which concrete possesses same strength through out its life time. Without much of shrinkage and cracking. , Reinforced Cement Concrete — ——— Factors effecting durability are w/c. and maximum cement content Maximum cement content as per IS: 456- 2000 is (without fly ash and slag) = 450 kg/m? Minimum cement content is based on exposure conditions @ M 8) i) Mild #055 M20 ii) | Moderate 0.50 M25 iii) | Severe 0.45 M30 iv) | Very severe 0.45 M35 v) | Extreme 0.40 M40 4d) Proportions for concrete mixes: ( Nor : M5, M75, MIO, MIS, 20 (i) Design mixes for higher grades. Approximate nominal proportions: 45 | MIS~1:2:4,M20-1:11/2:3) \.\S3 iii)Quantity of water required per one bag of cement for M15 mix is 32 liters, for M20 mix is 30 liters. (iv) Weight Batching is preferred compared to nominal (volume) batching (SRR 02m ps reer “Lackow|Pusa| Benga | Chennai Viarawada| Vig | Tirupati | Kubatplly| Kelas:5: Materials, Workmanship, Inspection and Testing” i. “Engineering Publications ©) Optional test requirement of concrete: For example if compressive strength of a After 7 days the strength should be atleast two thirds of 28 days cube strength, 2a 5 5 OA 3 Factors affecting crushing strengths of cubes: 1, Size factor: As the size of the cube decreases strength increases because of better homogeneity, For example, cube of 100 mm size will have S%gffiore strength than 150mm cube. r 2, Shape factor: Stafidard «ylinder of 15 cm diametet and; 30/cm height will have strength of /80% of that of a standard cubgof 150mm, Slenderness ratio: As slenderness ratio of a specimen increases, strength decreases. , AG ay + Sip 3. init standard cylinder of 15 om diameter’ and 30 om height (slendemess ratio 2) is 0.8fx, the strength with slendemess ratio 3 is about 0.7 to 0.75 and with slendemess ratio 4 is about 0.67 fx. Further it is observed that with increased slendemess ratio beyond 4, the strength is about 0.67 fu only. This is one of the mai ramon why strength of concrete is considered as})0.67f.x instead of fy in limit state eho ) Expansion inte, structures more than 45 m length shotld be designed with one or more ‘expansion joints (REMIND) en et cpa Pine tanerr| Lahn Pana Bene] Chennai Viera Vig [Tp | Kaka Kola]Limit State Design Method Chapter -Fundamentals 1) Philosophy: Limit state design is a method of (i) Deflection designing structures based on a statistical il) Cracking concept of safety and the associated statistical ii) Vibration probability of failure. The method of design for a structure must ensure an acceptable probability that the structure during its life vill not become unfit for its intended se, 3) Design loads: The design loads for various limit states are obtained as the product of the characteristic loads and partial safety factors 2 Principle limit states: states are (ii) Shear (iv) Torsion (b) The limit state of serviceability: Values of partial safety factor “y? loads DL + LL 1S DL+WL |isor09/—[15] 10, [ = 10 DL+LL+WL | 12, [12/12] 10,] 08 | 08 1 | 10 | = Note: applicable for short term effects. While 1. While considering earthquake effects, assessing the long term effects due to substitute EL for WL. creep the dead load and that part of the 2. For the limit states of serviceability, the live load likely to be permanent may only values of ‘y;’ given in this table are be considered. (RR ie tetera Ta | Kapa] Kata]Bevan Limit State Design Method - Fundamentals « This value is to be considered when stability against overtuming or stress Teversal is critical. 4) Design Strengths: The design strength of the material ‘f,‘ is given by fa= fhm Where, f= Characteristic strength of the material = Partial safety factor appropriates to the ee and the limit state beings. Values of partial safety factor ‘ytl! for material strength: _f. 1, Limit state of ¢ollapse jm (a) Steel-1.15 (b) Concrete - 1.50 2. Limit state of serviceability (a) Steel-1.00 | (b) Concrete =1.00 5) Assumptions in the Limit-State‘method of design in flexure: (i Plane sections\normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending (ii) The tensile strength ofieonerete fs ignored (iii)The maximum strain in concrete. at the outermost compression fiber is 0.0035 (iv)The compressive stress strain curve may be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabola or any other shape which results in the prediction of strength in substantial agreements with the results of tests. + An acceptable stress strain curve (rectangular- parabolic) is shown aside. © Compressive strength of concrete in the structure is assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength of concrete, + The partial strength of concrete in addition to it. + Therefore, the design strength of concrete is 0.67 fax/ 1.5 ive, 0.446.f = 0.45 fax WpThe, design stress in reinforcement is derived from the stress strain curves given below for mild steel and cold worked deformed bars respectively. The partial factors Of Safety *Ym’ equal to 1.15 is applied to ‘the strength of reinforcement. “Therefore the design strength of “reinforcement is f,/'1.5. ie. 0.87 fy ‘i Parabolic 6} ———— f,, Curve a4 067 " " & 0.67 falYn a 0.002 0.0035, STRAIN [RMR pai aterm enema Voc Ving Te Ao—e curve for concrete fy i t y/1AS £3=200000 N/mm?» Strain +» ‘Steel Bar with Definite Yield Point GPATH, maximum strain in ‘the teasion i |; it in the section at failure BT |3 Limit state Design-Singly omen Reinforced Beams 1. Definition: A beam reinforced on tension side « The failure in concrete, causes a in the direction of bending. brittle/sudden failure without any prior 2. Types of Sections: ‘warning or sign 2.1. Balanced section: The stresses in concrete and steel reach maximum values at the same time Concrete and steel theoretically fail at the same time Practically it difficult to-have a balanced section Theoretically all the’ sections designed are balanced sections The failure is by ptimary compression Cy Mim 2) 2.2 Under-reinforced sectic + The steel in the section is less than that required for a balanced seetion + The failure is in steel,\\causes a ductile Xu =X umax failure and gives cléar,warning before failure + Most of the practical sections are under reinforced sections © The failure is by primary tension 2X Agi * Aw sections: (a) MR ofa DRB= balanced moment of resistance of S.R.B. + additional moment of resistance due to additional steel in tension and compression ive, Mu =Mutin +Maa () Marin = 0.148 fx be? for Fe 250 138 fy bd? for Fe 415 .133 fy bd” for Fe 500 = 0.87 fy Awe(d-d’) (or) = Ase (foe — fee) (d= d') = Ache (dd)... if “fee is neglected. OM, Note: f, = stress in compression steel which depends up.on strain at its level for Tor. Steel ‘(for both the grades.of Fe 415 and Fe 500), a we, the following, table depending up on (@ Reinforcements: @)Aa= Agi t Av ‘A= afea of tensile reinforcement fora S.R beam for Myin Aq) additional tension steel for My2 M, = based on equation M,,= 0.87 fy Ayo (d-4') (ii) Ase= compression steel for additional momentM,, , based on, My = Awe fe (4’) or 087 fy Ag,™ Aw fe (Re psn one acs Pan Bex | Chena Vsroada Vig [Tropa | Koka] Kalan29... LSM- Doubly Reinforced Beams ‘Example: 1. A rectangular section 300 mm x 700 mm overall dimensions. 30 mm effective cover to compression and tension steel is reinforced with 4 bars of 20 mm diameter in tension and 2 bars of 20 mm diameter in compression respectively. Grade of steel used is Fe 415 and grade of concrete M25. The actual depth of neutral axis is assuming compression steel also yielded (a) 83 mm. () 74mm, (6) 93 mm (@10Smm Ans: (d) Sol: 0.36 fbx, + 0.87 fyAse=0.87 frag 0.36x20x300xxy + 0.87 x415 x 2 x 7 x 207 87 x AS 4 x 2 Xq= 105 mim ‘A doubly reinforced ‘rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 500 mm. The beam is reinforced with 2200 mm? of steel in tension and 628 mm” of steel in compression. The effective cover for compression steel is 50 mm. Assume that both tension and compression steel yield. The grades of concrete and steel used for M20 and Fe250 respectively. The stress block parameters (rounded off to first two decimal points) for concrete and steel shall be as per IS: 456 - 2000 Determine: (i) The depth of neutral axis is (ii) The moment of resistance of the section is Sol: Given: Width b = 300 mm Effective depth d = 500 mm ‘Area of tension steel Ay= 2200 mm? Area of compression steel Age = 628 mm? Effective cover d’ = 50 mm, M20 , Fe-250 Both-tension and compression steel yield —> Design stress fy. =0.87 f, @ Depth of neutral axis: C=T Ci+Q=T 0.36 fax Xu + fee Asc =0.87 fy At 10,36 x 20 x 300 x, + 0.87 x 250 x 628 = 0:87 «250 x 2200 Xy= 158.29 mm (ii) Moment of resistance: Max depth of N.A, % max = 0.53 d p =0.53 x 500 = 265 mm. Xa0.43 Xy 4.1:Neutral axis lies in flange (% * Dj, The beam behaves like a rectangular beam Flange of T-section has non uniform stress use ‘ys’ in place of Dr in equation (1) 4.2: Neutral axis lies in web (x, > Dj), The Me-0 36s byra(d —0.42n) + 045f(b:— beam behaves like a flanged beam by yd - 24) ot P y02 (on) Pe Bros 2 Where, yr= 0.15x.#0.65 Dr #Dr Flange of T-section has uniform stress of 0.45 fx . use Dy My= 0.36 fax byXu(d — 0.42Xy)+0.45 fax (mee FtrLcioP en Col rlp| pKaLimit State Design - Flanged Beams. AT- beam with effective width of flange 740. mm; effective depth 400 mm;- width of web 240 mm; depth of flange is 100 mm; reinforced with 4 bars of 20 mm dia mild steel bars with M20 concrete i, The ultimate moment of resistance of the above section is Sol: b= 740 mm d= 400 mm by =240 mm Dr= 100 mm Ag:4—20mm > Fe-250, M20 () Ultimate moment of resistance ‘Assume N.A lies with in the flange (ie x SD) 0.36 fax brXy= 0.87 fy Ase 0.36 x 20 740 x5 = 0.87 x 250 x 4 x power Xa = 51.29 mm < De <. Assumption is true Treat the section like rectangle whose size is bexd ‘Max depth of N.A, Xu max= 0.53 d 0.53 x 400 =212mm Xu 4s9 a1 | 326 fr sees) 37 | 476 | 419 | 474 | 386 | 336. [for swale 300) 686 | 576 | 499 | 57 | 466 | 396 6. Anchorage length for main reinforcement: The-anchorage value of a hook or a bend of longing silent eg ati eA hi hue value of ech as Sends alto ee eeeAr 7; Check for Development Length: ly t both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement shall be provided, as given in following steps. Step 3: Longitudinal reinforcement: a) Tensile reinforcement: Longitudinal tensile reinforcement shall be provided to resist equivalent BM (Mey given by, Mei =Ma+M,, Where, Mu = factored Bending moment M.= T,[1+(D/»)] 17 M, =B.M contributed by factored torsion ‘moment (T,) D = Overall depth of beam (RR ph te Ltn Dec Ce Vr Ving [To | aay] KaanG25. 288: Limit State of Collapse - Torsion- b) Compression reinforcement: If M, > Mw longitudinal compression reinforcement shall be provided on flexural compression face to resist an equivalent moment M.z given by. Me = Mr~ Mu Step 4: Transverse reinforcement: The cross sectional area of two legged closed hoops enclosing the comer longitudinal bars is given by, TS, VSy Ay = or b,d,(0.87f,) 2.54, (0.878,) A an = tb, Pe which ever is mére o87f, Where, ‘Sy = Spacing of stirrups, ve = Equivalent shear stress , T= shear strength of concrete by = center to center distance between the comer bars in the direction of width dy = center to centet distance between the ‘comer bars in the direction of depth Note: Maximum spacing of shear stirrups in beams Subjected to Torsion shall be as follows: @) x Gi A Gp 300mm Where, x1 = shorter dimension of stirrup yi = longer dimension of stirrup Note: Reason: Side Face Reinforcement: (As per IS: 456) is required if (i) Total depth exceeds 450 mm and beam is subjected to torsion. (i) Total depth exceeds 750 mm and beam not subjected to torsion. Side face reinforcement of 0.1% of gross area (for both faces together) shall be Provided with a spacing not more than 300 mm center to center. Beams with greater depth are likely to buckle laterally. To take care of possible tensile forces on sides, side face reinforcement shall be provided. Classroom Practice Questions . An R.C.C beam is of size 300 x 1000 mm. It is subjected to V=150 KN, M = 150 kN-m and T = 30 KN-m, at limiting Conditions. ‘Equivalent bending moment and Equivalent shear force at ultimate loads are respectively (a) 151 kN-m, 310 kN (b) 226.5 KN-m, 206 kN (©) 100.5 kN-m, 310 KN (A) 226.5 KN-m, 310 KN [RR pt Petar] Ln Pa] Bene] Canina Vig [Trp | Kakapa Kai| ‘02. An RC.C beam of size 300 mm x 600 mm is | subjected to factored values of shear force 490 KN, BM. of 100 kN-m and twisting moment of 34 KN-m. Longitudinal tension reinforcement shall be designed for a moment of (@) 100 KN-m (b)120 KN-m. (©) 60kN-m (@ 160 kN-m 03.In the above beam, if ultimate torsional 68 KN-m,“ longitudinal compression steel shallbe designed: moment of___kN-m. @e (a) 20 (b) 30 ~ 04. A rectangular beam of 500 mm x 700 with effective cover‘of 35 mm is subjected to moment is (40 a factored values of shear force 15 kN, a || bending moment’100 KN- m and di torsic ‘moment 10 kN-m the design bending mo for the design in kN-m./Use shear resistance of the cross section tis 1.5 MPa = (a)100 (by 114 | (@ 128 (aad wee Common Data for Questions 05 & 06 At the limit state of collapse, an RCC beam is subjected total flexural moment of 200 kN-m, shear force of 20 KN, torque of 9 kN-m, the beam is 300 mm wide and 425 mm gross depth, with an effective cover of 25 mm. The equivalent nominal shear stress (tye) as calculated using the code turns out to be lesser than the design shear strength (t.) of conereté ‘O5)-The equivalent Shear force is (b) 54 kN (@ 68 KN ~ designing the longitudinal tension steel is (a) 187 KN-m (b) 200 KN-m (@) 213 KN-m (c) 209 KN-m O1.(@) 02.(d) 03.(a) 04.(a) 05.(d) 06. (b) [RRR pa atc Rete Ve Ving Ti | Ker Kia S 9 Slabs | 1) Types of Slabs: (a) Slabs spanning in one direction: Supported at two opposite ends (b) Slabs supporting on all four sides: These are further classified into two types based on aspect ratio ( ly / x) Aye Jong @ One way slabs: If(4)/h:) > 2 oes (ii) Two way slabs: If (ly /k) #2 ae 2) General notes on design of slabs: (a) Control of deflection; (@ Basic values of span to die ratios for spans upto 10 mi: 4s! on Cantilever - 7 Simply supported - 20 Continuous ~ 26 (ii) For two ways slabs of small spans upto (3.5 _m) with mild steel span to over all depth ratios for loading class upto 3kN/m? are , Simply supported slabs - 35 Continuous - 40 (b) Cover requirements: Clear cover for main reinforcement shall be 20 mm as per IS: 456-2000 (© Minimum percentage of reinforcement in any direction: © 0.12% of gross area with HYSD bars “Cor steel) © 0.15% of gross area with Mild steel + @) Spacing: Main Reinforcement: 3xd or 300 mm which ever less lis, Minimum Steel: 5 x d or 450 mm. which ever less 3) Slabs earrying concentrated loads: If a id’@lab supported on two opposite edges, ongenttated loads, the -maximam d bylithe concentrated loads n wv resisted. by an y ih ber = _ effective width of slab aoa ce ling on ratio of width ene span (ler) x = distance of the centroid of the concentrated load from the nearer support. A = width of contact area of the concentrate load measured parallel to the supported edge. (EMM te pat Pe Biber] Lach Puna Benga | heal Viewed] Vg [Tepe | Kup] Kala]b) For cantilever solid slabs: ber=12aita Where, = distance of the concentrated load from the face of the cantilever support. 4) Two way slabs: a) Advantage over one way slabs: In Two way slabs, the load is transferred to all the four supports and therefore, the bending moments and deflection are considerably small. ny: OP b) IS code method: Cam be used for any type of slab (restrained orinrestrained) (@ Restrained slabs: \ (Comers. are —e from lifting): * Maximum bending moments per ‘unit width in a slab are, 4 My=0n Wwe, My=0y wi Where a and oy are moment coefficients based on boundary conditions, , w= design load per unit area © Slabs are considered’as. divided in each direction into Middle strips and edge Stipsasshown below 3 5, middle strip Ie edge strip k middle strip edgestip | | — ¢ Maximum moments calculated (M, and M, ) apply only to the middle strips and no rédistribution shall be made “Tension reinforcement provided: at mid span in the middle'sirip shall extend in the lower part of the slab to with in 0.25 I of a continuous “edge or 0.15 1 of a discontinuous edge. © Over the continuous edges of a middle strip, the tension reinforcements shall extend in the upper. part of the slab a distance of 0.15 1 from support and at least 30% shall extend a distance of 0:3 1. Torsion reinforcement: Shall be provided where the slab is simply ‘supported on both edges meeting at that comer. It consists of top (reenact Pre decree ‘Tacknor Paine | Chesil Vawadal Veg [Trap | Kalaipaly| Kala~~ ale & ACE ‘Engineering Publications Slabs and bottom reinforcements at extending from edges a minimum distance of one-fifth of shorter span. The area of one-fifth of corners reinforcements in each of these four layers shall be three quarters of the area required for the maximum mid span moments in the slab, * Torsion reinforcement need not be provided at a comer continued by edges over both of which the slab is contintious. © Half the torsion reinforcementiis required at a cover with ong edge discontinuous and the other continuous. Gi) Simply supported slabs: When simply supported slabs do not have adequate provision to resist torsion at comers and’to prevent the comers ffom lifting, the maximum moment per unit width are given by the following equation. M, =o, w 2, My=aywi? * Atleast 50% of tension reinforcement provided at mid span should extend to the supports. The remaining 50% should extend to with in.0.1 or 0.1 J, of the support, as appropriate. 03 03 gst, g5 05h i O54] | Sy | 02st, |, 0251, ee “SY [RRR prc Po eC Vea ng a Raa as]GIS LS om 10 r 1. Definitions: (@) Column: It is a compression member whose effective length is greater than 3 times the least dimension of the member. ice, [Gr 3\ deg — d (b) Pedestal: It is a compression member whose effective length is less than 3ytimes the least dimension of the/member i. wins). es 2. Minimum Eccentricity for axial loade columns: All columns shall be designed minimum eccentricity equal to se peony PE 550" 30 E30 subjected to a minimum of 20mm 3. Short Columns: fee Assumptions: In addition to the assumptions made for flexural members, the following assumptions are made for members in compression. (a) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.0020 (b) The maximum compressive strain at highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected to axial compression Prawns 6.003" Limit State of Collapse -Compression and bending and when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fiber ©.002f- OS y leasJ— . Strain 3.1 Design criteria of short columns (a) All the members in compression shall be (designed for the minimum eccentricity specified in point 2 above 1.) When the minimum eccentricity + 0.05 ‘times the lateral dimension, the members pall be designed the following equation: Pu H 04 fx Agtt 0.67 fy Ase nt with helical forcement: “The ‘permissible load for columns with "helical reinforcement shall be 1,05 times the permissible load for‘similar members with Tateral ties onrings: : 1105,(0.4 fx. Ac + 0.67 fy. Axe) if it that, satisfies the conditions Volume of helical reinforcement Volume of core A 036 Ae -1\fa Ac fy x Where, P, =axial load on the member f= characteristic strength of concrete A. =area of concrete [ERAT ra het Pa Reb Con Tr | Katatpaly| KolaLimit State of Collapse - Compression = characteristic strength of compression reinforcement, 415 Nimm? = area of longitudinal reinforcement for ek 2 columns = ‘Ag = gross area 5 ~'A, = Area of core of columns measured 10 to the out side dia of helix Short column subjected to uni-axial bending A rectangular column 400 mm’x 600 mm is reinforced with 0.8% reinforcement based oti gross area, Fe 415 steel &/M30-€onerete is used. The ultimate oad carrying capacity of column is (2) 2136 kN (b) 2438 KN (©) 4320 kN (8) 3390 KN Ans: (d) Sok Ase= ax a0ti600 = 1920 mm? ‘Ac = 400x 600 =1920.= 238080 mm? Pu=0.4fx Ac + 0.678 Ase 0.4 x30x 238080,+ 0.67 x 415 1920 = 3390 KN 3.3 Short columns with uni axial moment: | The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is 0.0035 when the N.A lies ‘thin the section and (a) In the limiting case when the N.A lies along the edge of the section, in the latter case sttain carries from 0.0035 at the N.A out side highly compressed edge to zero at the opposite edge. (b) For purely axial compression, the strain is assumed to be uniform and equal to 0.002 across the section. The strain distribution lines in the above two cases intersect each other at a depth of 3D /7 from the highly compressed edge. This point is assumed to act as a vacuum for the strain 4igtribution line when the N.A lies out side the section, . ‘© ‘his leads to'the assumption that the strain at théshighly compressed edge is 0.0035 minus 0,75 times) the strain at the least compressed edge. a -—?, —4 i OOo 00 oeR si. o ° i 9g la Poa » , -@oobvoa | Ve i NiA i .0035 When N.A lies i inside the section (RM) 2 whpaPne tance Lehn Pa Beg] Ca Vyas Ving Tp | apy] KARWinn Interaction curve 4. Codal Specifications: Slenderness limits for columns: () With both ends restrained: Unsupported length ge 60times the lateral dimension. (i) If one end of¢olumn ae unsupported length # (100 b'/D) Important specifications: () Minimum percentage of longitudinal reinforcement= “0.8%. 8%. Gi) Maximum reinforcement Not greater 5 9 than 6% (preferably,4%) (iii)Minimum % of steel shall be based on paul actual area of concrete to resist direct stress and not upon actual area (iv)Minimum size of longitudinal bar is 12 mm Necessity: To avoid buckling of bars (¥) Minimum number of bars: (vii) Miaimum % of reinforcement for d pedestals = 0.15 % Gross c/s area (for any grade of steel) (viii) Pitch and diameter of lateral ties: Pitch:.. Not more than (a) Least “compression member Cb) lateral dimension of the (b) Sixteen times minimum diameter of JongitudinalWeinforcement 164. c) 300 mm Diameter: Not less than one-fourth of diameter of largest longitudinal bar or 6 mm. ‘(s))Helical reinforcement: 4% 4 ng, , Pitch: Not greater than (@) 75mm (b) one — sixth core diameter of the column = Not less than (c) 25 mm mm (d) three times the diameter of the steel bar forming the helix (x) Cover requirements: The clear cover to longitudinal reinforcement shall .not be less than 40mm for any type of exposure condition. (ai) Effective length of compression members (Table 28 of IS-456) [RRR het Pen Che Vr Ving Tap | Kap a Reinforced Cement Cone For square column = 4, for circular column = 6, for hexagon = 6. (one at each comer) (vi)Spacing of longitudinal bars: Not greater than 300.mmC 8) | iLimit State of Collapse - Compression I1f 0.65L 08L 10L Prt 1. The factored load carrying capacity of a column of 300 mm x 600 mm size with minimum percentage of steel 8 (M20, Fe415) (@) 1840 kN (H)80KN (©) 1829 kN @ 02, The ultimate load canying. ep , circular section of 300 mn diate with helical reinforcement using one percentage of reinforcement and M20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel is (2) 360 KN (b) 1000 kN (©) 100 kN () 794 kN 2S... Al: 03. An RC short column with 300 mm x 300 mm square is made of M20 concrete and has 4 numbers of 20 mm diameter longitudinal bars of fe 415 steel. It is under the action of a concentric axial compressive load. Ignoring the reduction in the area of concrete due to steel bars, the ultimate load carrying capacity of the short column is (@) 1659 KN (L198 KN (b) 1548 kN (@ 1069 kN 04. Ayreinforced ‘concrete column contains longitudinal steel equal to 1 percent of net © cross sectional afea of the column. Assume ‘modular ratio as 10. The loads carried (using “the elastic theory) ‘by the longitudinal steel and the net area of concrete, are Ps and Pe respectively. The ratio Ps/Pc expressed as a percentage is (0.1 1 Ol @l0 O1.(c) 02.(d) 03.(d) 04. (d) (Ro 0 pce te [ecg Vig Tepe | Ra] RaL | \ \ Fe 1 1 Footings | 4. Thickness at the edge of footing: In reinforced and plain concrete footings, the thickness at the edge shall be not less than 150 mm 1 mm for footings on soil and not less than 300 mm for footing on piles. ile head). 2, The depth of foundation minimums of 00mm. 3. Minimum % of steel: Footing is to be as an inverted slab. As pet 1S:456: minimum sm peroentag ofisteel is 0.12 % gross area with HYSD bats 0.15 % of gross. area with plain bars ofmild steel. 4. Minimum clear cover: 50 mm, For any.type of exposure condo as 5, In case of plain concrete pedestals, the angle ‘a between the plane passing through the bottom edge of the pedestal and. the corresponding junction .edge of the column with pedestal and the horizontal plane shall be given by the expression 1009, fs tanat 0.9, +1 = calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of the pedestal in N/mm? fy = characteristic strength of concrete at 28 days in N/mm’. For the purpose of computing critical section in a footing supporting a circular or octagonal concrete column or pedestal . The face of the column or pedestal shall be taken as the side of a square inscribed with in the perimeter of the circular or octagonal coliimalor pedestal. . SC) “or other columns’ directly from column ot lbs 6, Bending moment: (i) The critical section for BM is as follows: (a) At the face of the column, pedestal or wall —— for footings supporting a concrete column, pedestal or wall. au [ASR hea hee ‘ow Pana |Bengaro| Chena Varad Vig [Teupat | Ruksplly| RolaP28. Footings (b) Critical section for BM is half way between the center line and the edge of the wall, for footings under masonry walls. b - (©) for footings under gusseted bases’ half way between the fae of the column or pedestal and the edge-of the gusseted base,. 7. Shear: The shear strength of footings is governed by the more. severe’ of the following two conditions; One way shear: The footing acting essentially as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal crack extending in a plane across"the entire width. ‘The critical section for this condition shall be assumed as a vertical section located from the face of column, pedestal or wall at a distance (a) Equal to effective depth ‘d” of footing in case of footings on soils and (b) Half the effective depth ‘d/2 for footings on piles Two way shear: Two-way action of the footing, with potential diagonal cracking along the surface of truncated cone or pyramid around the concentrated load. In this case the footings shall be designed for shear in accordance with practicing for flat slabs as follows: (a) The critical section for punching shear shall be at a distance ‘d/2” from the periphery of the column / capital / drop panel, perpendicularito the plane of slab where ‘d" i effective depth of section. 4 (b) Nomiial shear stress: y= VI bod where by is periphery 6f critical section. "(© Permissible shear stress: When shear reinforcement is not provided, the calculated shear stress at the critical section shall not exceed Kstc. Where Ks = (0.5 + Bc) #1 Bo=_ short side / long side of column t¢=0.16 Jf in working stress method =0.25 [fq in Limit state method The footing should be redesigned when ty >1.5t (RN) 2 Pee Baber ‘chow Pata | Benga] Chena Vieyawada| Vig (Tropa | Kula] KotaBtw 8. Bond: The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be assumed (i all the same places as these described for BM (i) all other vertical places where abrupt changes of section occurs. 9. Tensile reinforcement: The total tensile reinforcement shall be distributed across the corresponding resisting section _as. follows: (@) In one-way reinforced footing, the reinforcement shall be distributed d (b) In two way reinforced square footing, the: shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footings. DILL - (©) Intwo way reinforced rectangular footings the reinforced in the long direction shall be distributed uniformly. across the full width of the footing. For in the short direction a central bond equal to the width of the footing shall be marked along the length of the footing and portion of the reiriforcement determined equation given below shall be uniformly reinforcement in accordance with the distributed across the central bond. uniformly across the full width of footing. reinforcement extending in each direction Reinforced Cement Concrete Reinforcement central bond width 2 Total reinforcement in short width B+1 Where p = 2nesideot the foting short side of the footing The remainder of the reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed in the outer portions of the footing. 10. Bearing Pressure: The compressive stress in. concrete at the base of a column or pedestal'shall be considered —_ being transferred by bearing to the top of the + supporting pedestal or footing. The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall | not excged the permissible bearing stress in __, direct compression multiplied by a value equal to./(A,/A;) but not greater than 2 "je. bearing pressure. ¥ permissible being _ stress x (A, 7A; A Supported area for bearing of footing, which i in slopped or stepped footing may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone contained wholly with in the footing and having for its upper base, the area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to two horizontal. ‘Az= loaded area at the column base. Permissible bearing stress = 0.25 fix (working stress method) = 0.45 fex (limit state method) it | (ORR pater Pep] Cen Vy Vg [Tp | Kapa] Kall245: Foot a If permissible bearing stress exceeds its limits | reinforceme:.t shall be provided for developing excess force i.e., by providing dowel bars and extending longitudinal bars. Development length shall be sufficient, Minimum four bars should be there. © Dia of dowel bar + dia of column bar + 3mm Common Data for Questions 1, 2&3 A. square pad type footing 3:5'm in size is designéd to support a square column of 400 mm size. The effective depth of the footing is 560 mm, The safe bearing pressure below the footing is 122.4 kPa based on ultimate loads, 01. For one way shear the design shear force and the nominal shear stress respectively are (a) 550 KN, 0.97 MPa (b) 425 KN, 0.22 MPa (©) 1390 KN, 0.64 MPa (4) 298KN, 0.97 MPa 02. For two way shear the design shear force and the nominal shear stress respectively are (a) 550 KN, 0.97 MPa (b) 425 KN, 0.22 MPa (6) 1390 KN, 0.64 MPa (A 2980KN, 0.97 MPa 03. 04. 05. The design bending moment in KN- mis (515 (b) 664 (©) 425 (A) 298 ‘A concrete column carries an axial load of 450 KN and a bending moment of 60 kN-m at its base. An isolated footing of 2 m x 3m with 3 m side along the plane of bending moment, is provides under column. The CG of column and footing coincides, the net ‘maximum and minimum pressure in KN/m? Ofithe soil under the footing are respectively. (95. & 55 (0) 95 &75 (©) 15 & 55 (a) 75 & 75 ‘An RCC square footing of 2 m length and uniform effective depth of 200 mm is provided for 300 mmx 300 mm square column, ‘The'line of action of compressive Joad passes through out the centroid of footing as well as of;column. If the magnitude of the load is 320 KN, the nominal transverse (one - way ) shear stress in the footing is (a) 0.26 MPa (b) 0.3 MPa (d) 0.75 MPa (0) 0.34 MPa O1.(b) 02.(c) 03.(a) 04.(a) 05.(a) [ARN 00 ph tem Poe Vin | aa AS- Chapter I. Deflection: 1. IS code 2. Concept: The serviceability requirement for the deflection should be such that neither the efficiency nor appearance of a structure should be affected by the deflection which will occur during its life. As per IS: 456 - 2000. (@ The final deflection of horizontal members below the level of casting ae should not exceed span /250. . This is ed of th reat i he we can’t notice the deflection? (t) The detedions taking place after. the construction of partitions or application f finishes should not exceed span /'380 or 20mm whichever is less) © This limit is to) prevent damage to partitions or firithes, Quantification of Deflection: Total deflection = short term deflection + Long term deflection. (@) Short term deflections: Short term deflections are instantaneous or immediate after application of load. Calculated by usual methods of elastic deflection using short term modulus of elasticity of concrete “E,’ and effective Moment of Inertia (I.) ie., short term modulus of elasticity is taken as Secant 1 2 Limit State of Serviceability| Modulus given by E, =5000,/f, . The value of ‘I,’ varies along the span with variation in BM. () Long term deflections: The long term deflections are due to shrinkage and creep effect under sustained I @yDue, to Creep : The deflection due to creep is determined by considering long term Modulus of elasticity, Ea’. of compression long term deflection. due to\cteep, because of the _ bond between concrete and steel. «The Strain in tension steel remains nafested as it exhibits practically no fereep and concrete contributes little in Testing tension. (i) Due to Shrinkage : In plain concrete shrinkage merely shortens it. When reinforcement is embedded in it, the bond. between concrete and steel _restrains shrinkage. Thus in singly reinforced beam, restrained shrinkage on reinforcement face and unrestrained at the un-reinforcement face causes curvature and deflection. [SMM TAN) rata Den Bhopal Pn Brewer] Lacnow| Pana | Benga | Cool] Vinrava] Ving [Tipe | Kalapal| Kaan| 47: Limit State of Serviceability — 3.Code Provisions: (a) Basic values of (/eg/d) ratios for rectangular beams and slabs : eee Cantilever 7 Deflection calculation should be made - J, 2oAo ‘Simply supported 20 (20 x10)/ span £2 Gam ‘Continuous 26 (26 x 10) /span For two way slabs, the basic valug§ of. /D are given as under for Spans upto 3.5 m and for maximum live load upto 3KN/m? GL & Swan », of Simpy supported slabs | 35 08 x35 =28 “1 [/@entinaous stabs =| p40 | 08% 40= 32 (6) Modification factor + (j) The above values are f¢ on percentage aiid ‘multiplying with rodent factor. © Higher the pereditage of tes fon steel lower is the allowable ‘lyy/d’ ratio. ‘© Deflection will increase with increase in stress and so lower ratio of effective span to depth are needed where steep high stresses are used. (ae ee (Mowencaron Facton ron Terescn REPORT Gi) In doubly reinforced -beam, span to effective depth ratio is further modified by multiplying with a factor given below. [ERR pric iC ie e |ACE A AS Reinforced Cement Cor ngicerig cations J 15 4 concrete will be as high as 0.001 even at % | 4 £ 14) service state, thus leading to formation of Ei cracks. The increasing use of limit state Q 12 method of design and high strength steel lead 5 la - to wide cracks in concrete structures, thus a T i . g necessitating control for cracking. ' " 0.50 1.00 1.50 200 2.50 3.00 ting 8 percentage compression ¢ IS 456 - 2000 has recommended that reinforcement . Modification factor for Compression Steel: the surface crack width should not ma eitive depth zat exceed 0,3 mm for structures not . to effecti . . he spa to ef fective depth ratio, iBbreases Winjectedto aggressive with increase in area of compression steely. . . . o : enivirontnents (i.e subjected to. mild because it reduces creep and, down ward ‘ ; environment), ‘warping of the séction due to shrinkage is ae However ifthe structure is exposed to reduced. aggressive environments the width of crack 4, ; (iii) Modification factor for flanged beams : ° cr the min enforcement shal excod a 0.004 x nominal cover to the reinforcement, \ x 0:95) U © os © Crack width increases with increase in 3 £ ons the service stress in reinforcement v 3 ox bar, cover provided to reinforcement 8 on and the spacing of bars. 3 ono) ee © The control of crack can be achieved Rim oF WEB ‘ by the spacing of bars by providing wore ITO bar diameter as small as possible, in Al TH beams and slabs. Modification factor for Tension Steel UL.Control of Lateral Stability: When the Il, Limit State of Serviceability - Cracking: width of compression face is small as The limiting tensile strain of concrete is of the ‘compared to the depth of the beam, it may fail order (0.0002 to 0.0005. Incase of high in buckling lateral buckling. strength tensile steel, strain in the surrounding (REN) aie Pe en Cheml Vive Ving [Ta | Rall] Ka]Weta ‘Limit State of Sérviceability © The clear distance between the lateral restraint for simply supported and continuous beam and between free end and lateral restraint for cantilever beam should not exceed the minimum of the following : (a) For Simply supported and continuous beams : 60 b or 250 b? /d. (b) For cantilever beam : 25 b or 100 b/d. IV. Other Serviceability Requirements : (a) Durability: It depends on conditions of exposure, the quality of concrete, the cover to the steel and width of cracks. The quality of concrete. is controlled by limiting the minimum cement content and maximum water cement ratio to ensure adequate durability in various conditions of exposure. : (b) Fire Resistance: Concrete and steel ‘ exhibit reduced strength after being subjected to high temperature. This necessity limiting the. minimum dimensions and minimum cover to reinforcement for various types of concrete members to permit it to with stand of fire for a specified duration. Wo Commu Contam Creeht, a0 Hepp, Cover, (ECR) ic Ler P| el Vert Veg Tip | ty KSoe al [13 |. Definition: Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which intemal stresses of a suitable magnitude and distribution are deliberately introduced so that the stresses resulting from extemal loads are counter acted to a desired degree. 2. Illustration: ab In general, prestres$) involves’ imposition of stresses opposite in sign to those which are caused by the subsequent’ application of working loads. For e.g: prestressing wires placed eccentrically in a simple beam produce in the concrete an axial compression and Fundamentals of Prestressed concrete hogging moment. Under service loads, the same beam will develop sagging moments. Thus itis possible to have the entire section in compression when service loads are imposed on the beam. This is the main advantage of prestressed concrete. It is well known that Reinforeéd concrete cracks in tension. But theré i> no lcracking in the prestressed concrete since the entire section is in compression, ThuS, it can be said that " iprestress““provides a means for the most "efficient use of concrete, DDAAAALALDALAL Working loads Prestress en Combined effect ——> P P -~— oT [RRR pa etait Ving Tipe | a KaaBit Gwe Fundamentals of Prestressed Concrete 3, Reinforced concrete Vs _ prestressed concrete: Both the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures employ two materials, that is, concrete and steel. Besides these two materials, there is nothing common between them and their structural behavior is quite different. 4. RC. structures: Steel is an internal part and resists force of tension which concrete cannot resist, The tension force develop in steel when concrete begins to ctack and the strains of concrete are» transferred to steel through bond. The stress in steel should be limited in order to control cracking in reinforced concrete. In fact, steel acts as-a tension flange of a beam. Steel plays a passive role in RCC 5, Prestressed conérete: Steel is primarily a means of inducing a force of prestress that is applied at the ends of arbeam. If this force of prestress could be induced by some other means then there is no need of steel. There is no necessity of bond between steel and concrete and the stress in steel does not depend on the strain in concrete. There is practically no variation in the stress in steel along the length of a beam. There is no need to limit the stresses in steel in order to control cracking of concrete. In fact, steel does not act as a tension flange of a beam. Steel plays an acti:¢ role in PSC: ‘A change in BM results in a change in the location of pressure line rather than a change in resultant force in a prestressed concrete beam. This is in contrast with the behavior of R.C. beam. If there is a change in B.M. in RC. beam there is a corresponding change in the resultant forces which continue to act at a constant lever arm. However, once a prestressed concrete beam cracks; it also behaves in a manner similar to that of R.C. beam. 6, Advantages of Prestressed Concrete: 1. The ols’ is more efficiently used in fully prestressed members, 2. Dead loads are reduced considerably. 3, “Improved shear resistance, due to the effect of compressive prestfess, which reduces the principal tensile stress. 4, More resistance for impact and vibration. 5, Prestressed’ concrete is more predictable than R.CC, 6. Prestressed concrete has more fatigue resistance 7. Prestressed concrete is more effective for water retaining structures 8. Deflections are less_ in prestressed structures and hence more stiffer (RMR) coche ae Ce Verio] Re££. Publi Prestressed Concrete 7. Materials: 7.1 High strength concrete: Minimum Maximum cement content is not more than 530 kg/cu.m (450 kg/cu.m in RCC and 425 grade of concrete M40. for Pre- kg/cu.m in Rigid Pavements) tensioned concrete and M30 for post Ys , MU tensioned. S30 [Exposure onion : Mild exposure 300 kg/m? 0.65 Moderate exposure 300 kg/m? 0.55 Severe 360 kg/m? 0.45 72 High strength steel: Used’in the’ form: of © For wires.E;= 210 MPa and % elongation i, ian (cab) or bars will be2.5 to 4% «Generally to Sibu eee Forstrands E@ 195MPa and % elongation © Strands are made of 2 to 5 mm dia, wires paneer + twisted togellee , * For bars Es= 200 MPa and % elongation © Prestressed bars 10 mm to 32 min are — used Corton | 05100:85% (imparts stengih o le) Manganese | 0.7 to 1% (Gniparts toughness @ stee) Silica (acts as flux) 0.05% Sulphur (excess causes corrosion) 8. Necessity of using High strength steel and concrete: If mild steel is used, the working stress in it (ie, 140 N/mm?) is more or less completely lost due to elastic deformation, creep and shrinkage of concrete. The normal loss of stress in steel is generally about 100 to 240 N/mm? and it is apparent that if this loss of stress is to be a small portion of the initial stress, the stress in steel in the initial stages must be very high, about 1200 to 2350 N/mm? These high stress (GRR) as pane ner Lack Pa Benga | Chea Vanda Veg [Trp | Kal Ko]ACE ranges are possible only with the use of high strength steel. High strength concrete is necessary in prestressed concrete since the material offers high resistance in tension, shear, bond and bearing. In the zone of anchorages, the bearing stress being higher, high strength concrete is in variably preferred to minimize costs. High strength concrete is less liable to shrinkage cracks, and has a higher modulus ‘¢ of elasticity and smaller ultimate creep strain resulting in smaller loss of prestress in steel. The use of high strength concrete results in a reduction in the cross sé¢tional dimensions of prestressed concrete structural elements. With reduced dead Weight of the material, larger spans become technically _.and economically practicable. 9. Methods of Prestressing: e Pretensioning system: Tendons are tensioned before casting of concrete. Tension is applied by Hydraulic Jacks. Long line process or Hoyer’s method are used for Mass production. The tendons or strands are tensioned singly (or) in groups generally anchored to the abutments by steel wedges. and are © Bond is the main factor in transfer of stress to concrete in pre tensioned beams. Applications: For small spans and mass production of pre -cast units such as Sleepers 9.2 Post - Tensioning Systems: © Forces are transferred by end anchorages and also when the cable is curved, through the radial pressure between the cable and the duct. ©. The’ space ‘between the tendons and the duct is generally grouted after the ‘ End bearing is the main factor for stress transfer. Eg: Freyssinet System, Magnel system, Gifford.Udall system: are based on | wedge action. ‘Lee Mc-Call system is based on nut and bolt type of anchorages. ‘Applications: Eof'long span bridges. . 10. Specifications As Per IS: 1343-1980: 10.1. Minimum cover to prestressed steel: « Pre tensioned members 20 mm + Post tensioned members 30 mm or dia of cable which ever is bigger ‘© For aggressive environment the above values should be increased by 10mm. (RG townie Ve Vine Mp |i10.2. Spacing of cables or bars: © In case of single wires used in pre-tension system = }3 times diameter of wire and *%1.5 times the maximum size of aggregate In case of cables or large bars, +340 mm = maximum size of cable or By and. = ¥5 mm plus maximum sizeof aggregate should. not exceed 10.3 Breaking of wires: : © During. tensioning, 2.5% of total wires © After tensioning should not be cofidoned without special investigations 10.4 Grouting: © Cement paste should be used for grouting with water cement ratio 0.5 (£0.55) For large ducts cement mortar with fine sand passing 150 um IS sieve can be used Compressive strength of 100 mm,cubes of the grout shall not be less than 17 MPa at 7 days The grouting pressure should not be less than 0.7 MPa 154: Prestressed Concrete 10.5. Minimum (un-stressed) reinforcement: ¢ Longitudinal reinforcement: 0.2 % Ag for mild steel bars 0.15% A, for HYSD bars Transverse reinforcement (for shear and torsion) Members with dynamic loading: not greater than 0.3% A, not grater than 0.2% Ag, where Dy # 4by, Members with out dynamic loading not grater than 0.1% Ag Ihe | 1046. Side fac8 reinforcement: When depth of web exceeds 500 mm, “longitudinal feinforcement 0.1% a 0.1% area of “web should ‘be provided, and distributed equally on each face of web with spacing ‘not exceed 200 mm, 10.7. Deflection: Total deflections span/ 250 ~ Deflections® after erection of partitions not exceed span /350 or 20 mm If finishes are to be applied, upward deflection not exceed span/300 should not exceed (RRR) as kpanic acto Pa Bex | Chea Vy Vg Top | Kaa Kea][14 Chapter ‘Assumptions: (1) Concrete is a homogenous elastic material. (2) Within the range of working stresses, both concrete and steel behave elastically. (3) A plane section before bending is assumed to remain plane even after bending, which implies a linear strain distribution across Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Members M=P.= moment, A= cross-sectional area 1=second moment of area of section about its centroid. Z,and Zy = Section modulus of the top and bottom fibres. foup and fine= Prestresses in concrete developed the depth of the member. at the top and bottom fibres Analysis: (asitive when compressive and Notations: eave when tensile in nature). P= Prestresses foree yiand yp =. Distanceiof ee top iad bottom (ve when © producing direct Are fom he centroid of the i ‘section. compression) . , / e= eccentricity of prestressing force. = Radius of gyration. (i Concretrie tendon: a oo o=PIA fo P ee 4] Stress distribution Stress = P/A Uniform stress in concrete = P/A (compressive) —> due to prestress only. (Self weight is ignored) (RRR pi LP eC Ving TeBt i Eccentric prestressing: po Ie (}+—P b tPA PeiZ, (PIA) -(PeiZ,) pt al 4 eft ° + | PA PelZ (P/A) HPeiZs) Cross section i, -4 a andfi= es = Due to presress only (Self weight i ignored) Resultant stress at a section: Simple supported beam subjected to U.D.L, eccentrically prestressed straight tendon. DL+LL j wept ae ft + + + = s 2 f LK LA i iB Fe Mp MP Pe Mp My Cross section % my hy Ny f,=2P_nPe, Mo (RRR patter Loko Paar] Chel Virerde Vig [Tew [ Rapa Rota]Pressure line or Thrust line: ‘At any given section of a prestressed concrete beam, the combined effect of the prestressing force and the actually applied load will result in a distribution of concrete stresses that can: be resolved into a single force. The locus of the points of application of this resultant force in any structure is termed ‘the pressure line or thrust Thus the pressure line tias, shifted from D/6 at support to —D/6 at the mid span. Cable profiles for load balancing concept ££. on % Analysis of Prestressd Conciete Members line’, ‘The concept of pressure line is very useful in understanding the load carrying mechanism of a prestressed concrete section. Let us consider a beam which is prestressed by a force ‘P’ at a constant eccentricity ‘e’ as show below. ‘A change in B.M reults in a change in the location of pressure line rather than a change in resultant force in a prestressed concrete beam. € (M=Pe) +P (e=0) 4 (RR) i Pe anc Tcknom| Pama |Bengalar|Cheaai|Visyarada Vizag | True | Kakaealy| KolaS \. ot ACE 158: Bit Siee Prestressed Concrete —<— 1. Homogeneous beam concept : =2.M =P 5+ MGy) where M=Pe 2. Load balancing concept: Under this concept, prestressing is treated primarily as a process of balancing loads on the member. The tendons are placed so that the eccentricity of prestressing force varies in the same fashion as the moments from applied loads. The flexural stresses would be zet0, if this could be exactly achieved. The section would be thet! subjected tO axial stress ‘P”/A. - Itis possible to select suitable cable profile in a prestressed concrete member such that the transverse component of the cable force balances the given type of external loads: This concept is{usefill in selecting thé tendon profile, which will regultin the most desirable system of forces in concrete, ‘The various types of reaction are as shown in the above diagrams Design (classification) of prestressed members Type-I No tensile stresses Type-I tensile stresses are allowed but no_ visible cracking Type-II Cracking is allowed, but should not affect the appearan limits of crack wi or durability. should not be more than 0.1 mm for aggressive environment; 0.2 mm for other environments. Example: 1. Consider a rectangular beam 150 mm x 300 mm is prestressed by 4 high tensile wires of 5mm diameter prestressed to 120 MPa, the wires are located at an eccentricity of 50mm. The resultant stress developed at the bottom fibre of the beam prestressing effect is___ Sol! Pfestressing force, P=oA, considering only =1200¢4x7 5 =94.2kN P Pe ko 2x10*%, 194.210" 50300 (2) 6 =2)+2.1=42MPa Example: 2 ‘A rectangular beam 250 mm x 600 mm is prestressed by # 4, 14mm diameter high tension steel wires located at 200 mm from suffix of the beam. Effective stress in steel wires is 700 MPa. What is the maximum bending moment (due to DL+LL) that can be applied so that no tension developed at the soffit ? Sol: For zero stress at bottom fibre Eccentricity, e= 200 =100mm [RRR yt tn eC Ving [aa]