6/06/2021

EEE 439: Communication Systems II

Course Teacher: Dr. Md. Saifur Rahman

Professor
Department of EEE, BUET

Key Telecommunication Terms

Communication, Network & Protocol

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Key Telecommunication Terms

Fig. 1: A Communications Network.

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Key Telecommunication Terms

Fig. 2: Communication Links. 4

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Key Telecommunication Terms

Transmission Technologies
Baseband Transmission- This type of transmission uses digital
signalling over a single frequency bandwidth.
It uses the entire media bandwidth for a single channel.
Each device in a baseband network transmits signals bidirectionally.
A baseband system uses regenerative repeaters that generate a
digital signal to its original strength at regular intervals.
Broadband Transmission- This type of transmission uses analog
signalling and provides the functionality to divide the entire
bandwidth into multiple channels.

Key Telecommunication Terms

Transmission Technologies
Broadband Transmission
A broadband network supports multiple simultaneous
transmissions over a single transmission medium.
Here, signal flow is unidirectional. Two paths need to be
provided for data flow so that the signal can reach all devices.
There are two types of Broadband transmission:
Mid-split broadband and Dual-Cable broadband.

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Key Telecommunication Terms

Switching Mechanisms
Circuit-Switching: Requires dedicated connection (or circuit)
between the two communication points.
Analog signal transmission such as telephone system. Some
computer networks also use this which uses telephone lines as the
communication medium.
Store and Forward Switching: No dedicated connection needs to
be established between the communication points. The message is
divided into small parts; each part is an independent entity and
carries the address information of the destination. Storage
switches are used.
Two types of store and forward switching schemes are used:
Message-switching and Packet Switching.
In Message switching, there is no upper limit on the size of the
message block.
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Key Telecommunication Terms

Switching Mechanisms
Packet-Switching: Messages are broken into segments called
packets, which are routed individually through the network. Each
packet contains the address information of the source and the
destination along with the actual data.

Fig. 9: Packet-switching. 8

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Computer Networks

A Computer network
connects two or more
autonomous computers.

The computers can be

geographically located
anywhere.

Introduction to Computer Networks

LAN, MAN & WAN

Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building or a

Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network).

Network in a City is called MAN (Metropolitan Area Network).

Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is

called WAN (Wide Area Network).

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications of Networks

Resource Sharing
– Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
– Software (application software)
Information Sharing
– Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
– Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
– Email
– Message broadcast
Remote computing
Distributed processing (GRID Computing)

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Topology

The network topology

defines the way in which
computers, printers, and
other devices are
connected.

A network topology
describes the layout of the
wire and devices as well as
the paths used by data
transmissions.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Bus Topology

Commonly referred to as a
linear bus, all the devices
on a bus topology are
connected by one single
cable.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Star & Tree Topology
The star topology is the most
commonly used architecture in
Ethernet LANs.
When installed, the star topology
resembles spokes in a bicycle wheel.
Larger networks use the extended
star topology also called tree
topology. When used with network
devices that filter frames or packets,
like bridges, switches, and routers,
this topology significantly reduces
the traffic on the wires by sending
packets only to the wires of the
destination host.
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Introduction to Computer Networks

Ring Topology
A frame travels around the ring,
stopping at each node. If a node wants
to transmit data, it adds the data as well
as the destination address to the frame.
The frame then continues around the
ring until it finds the destination node,
which takes the data out of the frame.
Single ring – All the devices on the
network share a single cable
Dual ring – The dual ring topology
allows data to be sent in both
directions.
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Introduction to Computer Networks

Mesh Topology
The mesh topology
connects all devices (nodes)
to each other for
redundancy and fault
tolerance.
It is used in WANs to
interconnect LANs and for
mission critical networks
like those used by banks
and financial institutions.
Implementing the mesh
topology is expensive and
difficult.
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Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Components

Physical Media
Interconnecting Devices
Computers
Networking Software
Applications

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Media

Networking media can be defined simply as the means by which

signals (data) are sent from one computer to another (either by
cable or wireless means).
Usually, the connections between computers in a network are
made using physical wires or cables. However, some
connections are wireless, using radio waves or infrared signals. 18

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Devices
HUB, Switches, Routers,
Wireless Access Points,
Modems etc.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Computers: Clients and Servers
Computer networks have opened up an entire frontier in
the world of computing called the client/server model.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Computers: Clients and Servers
In a client/server network
arrangement, network
services are located in a
dedicated computer whose
only function is to respond
to the requests of clients.

The server contains the file,

print, application, security,
and other services in a
central computer that is
continuously available to
respond to client requests.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Protocol: TCP/IP

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Applications

E-mail
Searchable Data (Web Sites)
E-Commerce
News Groups
Internet Telephony (VoIP)
Video Conferencing
Chat Groups
Instant Messengers
Internet Radio

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• File server A computer that stores and manages files for

multiple users on a network.
• Web server A computer dedicated for responding to requests
(from the browser client) for web pages.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Various configurations, called topologies, have been
used to administer LANs.
– Ring topology: A configuration that connects all nodes in
a closed loop on which messages travel in one direction.
– Star topology: A configuration that centers around one
node to which all others are connected and through which
all messages are sent.
– Bus topology: All nodes are connected to a single
communication line that carries messages in both
directions.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Figure 15.2 Various network topologies

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Local-area network (LAN): A network that

connects a relatively small number of
machines in a relatively close geographical
area.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Metropolitan-Area Network (MAN): The
communication infrastructures that have been
developed in and around large cities.

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• Wide-Area Network (WAN): A network that
connects two or more local-area networks (LANs)
over a potentially large geographic distance.
Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to serve as a
gateway to handle all communication going between that
LAN and other networks
Communication between networks is called
internetworking. Requires internetworking devices.
The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the
ultimate wide-area network, spanning the entire globe.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

But who owns The Internet?

Well, nobody does. No single person or company

owns the Internet or even controls it entirely.
As a wide-area network, it is made up of many
smaller networks. These smaller networks are often
owned and managed by a person or organization.
The Internet, then, is really defined by how
connections can be made between these networks.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Figure 15.1 Local-area networks connected across a distance to

create a wide-area network

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Internet Backbone: A set of high-speed

networks that carry Internet traffic
These networks are provided by companies
such as AT&T, GTE, and IBM
• Internet Service Provider (ISP): A company
that provides other companies or individuals
with access to the Internet

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There are various technologies available that you can use to
connect a home computer to the Internet.
– A phone modem converts computer data into an analog
audio signal for transfer over a telephone line, and then a
modem at the destination converts it back again into data.
– A digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone
lines to transfer digital data to and from the phone
company’s central office.
– A cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV
signals come in on to transfer the data back and forth.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Broadband: A connection in which transfer speeds
are faster than 128 bits per second.
– DSL connections and cable modems are broadband
connections,
– The speed for downloads (getting data from the Internet
to your home computer) may not be the same as uploads
(sending data from your home computer to the Internet).

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• To improve the efficiency of transferring information over a
shared communication line, messages are divided into fixed-
sized, numbered packets.
• Network devices called routers are used to direct packets
between networks.

Figure 15.4 Messages sent by packet switching

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• The International
Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
established the Open
Systems Interconnection
(OSI) Reference Model
• Each layer deals with a
particular aspect of
network communication
Figure 15.5 The layers of the OSI Reference Model

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• Network protocols are layered such that each one relies on
the protocols that underlie it.
• Sometimes referred to as a protocol stack.

Figure 15.6 Layering of key network protocols

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol
TCP software breaks messages into packets, hands
them off to the IP software for delivery, and then
orders and reassembles the packets at their
destination.
• IP stands for Internet Protocol
IP software deals with the routing of packets
through the maze of interconnected networks to
their final destination.

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• UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol
– It is an alternative to TCP.
– The main difference is that TCP is highly reliable,
at the cost of decreased performance, while UDP
is less reliable, but generally faster.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Other protocols build on the foundation

established by the TCP/IP protocol suite.
– Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– Telnet
– Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http)

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• Firewall: A machine and its software that

serve as a special gateway to a network,
protecting it from inappropriate access.
– Filters the network traffic that comes in, checking
the validity of the messages as much as possible
and perhaps denying some messages altogether
– Enforces an organization’s access control policy.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Figure 15.8 A firewall protecting a LAN.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Hostname: A unique identification that

specifies a particular computer on the Internet.
For example,
matisse.csc.villanova.edu
condor.develocorp.com

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Network software translates a hostname into
its corresponding IP address.
For example,
205.39.145.18

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• An IP address can be split into
– network address, which specifies a specific network.
– host number, which specifies a particular machine in that
network.

Figure 15.9 An IP address is stored in four bytes.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• A hostname consists of the computer name followed
by the domain name.
• csc.villanova.edu is the domain name
– A domain name is separated into two or more sections
that specify the organization, and possibly a subset of an
organization, of which the computer is a part.
– Two organizations can have a computer named the same
thing because the domain name makes it clear which one
is being referred to.

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• The very last section of the domain is called its top-
level domain (TLD) name.

Figure 15.10 Top-level domains, including some relatively new ones

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Organizations based in countries other than the
United States use a top-level domain that
corresponds to their two-letter country codes.

Figure 15.11
Some of the top-level domain
names based on country codes

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• The domain name system (DNS) is chiefly

used to translate hostnames into numeric IP
addresses.
– DNS is an example of a distributed database
– If that server can resolve the hostname, it does so
– If not, that server asks another domain name
server

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Bandwidth

• Data rate measured in bits (not bytes) per

seconds.
• Kbps (Kilobits per seconds)
– 125 chars/sec
• Mbps (Megabits per seconds)
– 1,250 chars/sec
• Gbps (Gigabits per seconds)
– 12,500 chars/sec
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Connecting to the Internet

• Requirement
– A computer or PDA or cell phone
– An account with an ISP (Internet Service Provider)
– A modem (modulator/demodulator) for dial-up
services or a NIC (Network Interface Card) for
DSL/Cable services

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Home Network (Single Machine)
Wall Jack

DSL/Cable
Modem
USB/Ethernet
Cable

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Home Network (Multiple Machine)
Wall Jack

DSL/Cable
Hub/Switch/Router
Modem
USB/Ethernet
Cable

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Home Network (Multiple Machine)
Wall Jack

Ethernet Cable

DSL/Cable
Hub/Switch/Router
Modem

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Home Wireless Network
Wall Jack

Ethernet Cable

DSL/Cable
Hub/Switch/Router
Modem

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Connection Types

• LAN
• WLAN
• Dial-up Services
• Broadband Services
• WAN

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LAN (Local Area Network)

• A network of computers that are in the same

physical location, such as home or building.
• Usually connected using Ethernet.
– A standard on how computers communicate over
a shared media (cable)
Old: BNC connector for coaxial cable New: RJ45 for twisted pair cable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BNC_connector.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ethernet_RJ45_connector_p1160054.jpg
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Introduction to Computer Networks

LAN (Local Area Network)

• Ethernet Standard
– 10BaseT
• 10Mbps (Mega bits per second)
– 100BaseT
• 100Mbps
– 1000BaseT
• 1000Mbps or 1Gbps
– Why do we get faster connection at work or on
campus than at home?

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LAN (Local Area Network)

• Question: Can 2 computers communicate by

connecting each other using an Ethernet cable
back-to-back?

[Study and Make your Answer Ready]

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WLAN (Wireless LAN)

• Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

– A wireless technology that connects computers without cables
• Access Point (AP)
– A device (base station) that connects wireless devices together
– Usually connected to a wired-network
• ESSID (Extended Service Set ID)
– A “name” for the AP, eg. mobilenet
• Hotspot
– The area covered by wireless access points

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WLAN (Wireless LAN)

• Standard
– 802.11b - 11Mbps
– 802.11g - 54Mbps
– 802.11a - 54Mbps
• Security
– WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
– WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
– To prevent wardriving

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Dial-Up Services

• Modem
– Modulator/demodulator
– A device that converts analog signal to digital
(modulation) and vice versa (demodulation)
– Speed
• 1200/2400/9600 bps
• 14.4/28.8/33.6 Kbps
• 56 Kbps
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Dial-Up Services

• ISDN
– Integrated Services Digital Network
– 2 data channel (56Kbps each)
– 1 voice channel

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Broadband Services

• xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

– A technology that provides digital data transmission over unused
frequencies on the traditional telephone lines.
– For example, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL): DL > UL
– Speed
• Downlink
– 128Kbps - 4Mbps
• Uplink
– 64Kbps - 800Kbps
– Need a DSL modem
– Splitters are needed to separate the voice and data signal.

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Broadband Services

• Cable
– A technology that provides digital data transmission over cable TV
infrastructure.
– Speed
• Downlink
– 128Kbps - 3~5Mbps
• Uplink
– 64Kbps - 128Kbps~1Mbps
– Needs a cable modem

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Broadband Services

• Satellite
– A technology that provides digital data transmission over satellites.
– Speed
• Downlink
– 500Kbps - 1Mbps
• Uplink
– 50Kbps - 100Kbps
– Needs a satellite dish.

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WAN (Wide Area Network)

• A WAN spans a large geographic area, such

as connections between cities.
• Usually connected using leased line.
– T1 (1.5Mbps)
– T3 (45Mbps)
– OC3 (155Mbps)
– OC12 (622Mbps)
– OC48 (2.4Gbps)

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Hub/Switch/Router

• Use to connect multiple segments of networks

into a larger one.
• Hub
– A multiport repeater to enhance signal within the
same LAN.
• Switch
– Like hub but with intelligence.
– Better performance.
• Router
– Forward packets from one LAN to another. 68

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Intranet Vs. Internet

• Intranet
– A private network that is contained within an
enterprise.
– Could be LANs and WANs
• Internet
– A public network of networks
• Both are using TCP/IP

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