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SOIL

This document discusses the importance of soil in engineering and provides details on soil classification. It covers the following key points: 1. Soil type determines suitability for construction materials like foundations and roads. The major soil types are gravel, sand, silt, and clay which are classified by particle size. 2. Infrastructure is supported by earthen materials, so understanding soil properties is crucial for civil engineering projects. 3. Several classification systems exist, including the Unified Soil Classification System which uses letters to designate soil groups based on mechanical analysis and plasticity tests.

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Princess Angel Santos
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38 views32 pages

SOIL

This document discusses the importance of soil in engineering and provides details on soil classification. It covers the following key points: 1. Soil type determines suitability for construction materials like foundations and roads. The major soil types are gravel, sand, silt, and clay which are classified by particle size. 2. Infrastructure is supported by earthen materials, so understanding soil properties is crucial for civil engineering projects. 3. Several classification systems exist, including the Unified Soil Classification System which uses letters to designate soil groups based on mechanical analysis and plasticity tests.

Uploaded by

Princess Angel Santos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SOIL

GROUP 3
IMPORTANCE OF SOIL

IN ENGINEERING
-It gives an idea about the suitability of the soil as a
construction material in foundations, roads,
embankments and dams. It helps in knowing the
state of given soil.

-On the most basic level, infrastructure designed by


civil engineers (e.g. roads, buildings, dams, bridges)
is supported by earthen materials.
TYPES OF SOIL
SOIL
TYPES OF SOIL

The major categories of soils are gravel, sand,


silt and clay. Gravel and sand are universally
known ts coarse grain soil because of their
individual particles that are large enough to
distinguish without magnification. On the other
hand, silt and clay are considered fine grain soil
because of their tiny particles. Particles larger
than gravel are commonly referred to as
cobbles or boulders. Thus, it is apparent that
particles size alone is the basis of classifying
sand, gravel, cobbles and boulders. On the
other hand, fined grain soil is classified as
either silt or clay not on the basis of particle
size but on the plasticity or non-plasticity of
the materials.
CHARACTERISTICS

OF SOIL
SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS

OF SOIL
Soil consists largely of minerals formed by
disintegration or decomposition of rocks.
Disintegration or decomposition into soil may
be caused by the action of water or other
natural forces like temperature change, or by
plant or animal life.
It is very common to encounter five to ten or
more distinct types of soil along a kilometer of
road. Change of soil types at frequent intervals
has become a rule rather than exemption.
Behavior of soil mass could be determined
based on the characteristics of individual soil
particles:

1. Grain Size
2. Grain Shape
3.Surface texture and electrical surface
charges
CHARACTERISTICS

OF SOIL
Regardless of the differences in grain sizes as
classified, the common objective is to establish
a basis for relating the particle size to soil
behavior.

1. Gravel
2. Coarse sand
3. Fine sand
4. Silt grain
5. Clay
6. Colloidal clay
GRAVEL

consist of rock fragments more or less


rounded by water action or abrasion classified
according to the following types:

a) Quartz is the hardest of common rock


forming mineral'
b) IY'ell Rounded Pebbles and Boulders - those
that undergone long period of wear that
become almost quartz.
c) Slightly Worm Gravel is rough and angular
including other materials or rocks like granite,
schist, basalt or limestone.
COARSE SAND

is usually rounded like gravel with which it is


found and generally contains the same
materials.
FINE SAND

has particles that are more angular than the


coarse and fine sand particles.
SILT SAND

is similar to fine sand with the same mineral


composition. They are found as rock flour in
glacial moraines" It could be produced by
chemical decay. Occasionally, silt contains:

1. Pumice
2 Loess
3. Materials foreign to the associated sand.

The presence of silt in fine soil could be


detected by its grittiness when small amount is
bitten between the teeth.
CLAY

is plate like, scale like, or rod like in shape as a


result of chemical weathering. Because of their
smaller sizes, its performance is influenced by
moisture and surface chemistry.
COLLOIDAL CLAY

is a finer clay particle that remains suspended


in water and does not settle under the force of
gravity.
COARSE GRAIN

MATERIALS
For most purposes, coarse grain materials are
considered satisfactory construction material.
On the other hand, silty soil will create
problems in areas where the ground has
moisture movement due to capillary action.
Soil that contains clay would be troublesome,
making the design and construction more
difficult. As a rule of thumb, soil with clay
should not be used clq:ser tn the roadway
surfaces.
IMPORTANT GRAIN SHAPE

CHARACTERISTICS
1. Rounded particles extracted from the stream
that has undergone wear, are considered
strong materials.
2. Flat and flaky particles that were not
subjected to wear, are weak and variable that
is not suitable for various used.
3. Angular or roughly cubical shape particles
produced from crushing strong and tough
rocks, increases the resistance of soil mass to
deformation when subjected to load, due to
individually interlocking grains.
4. Generally, the rounded particle has the
tendency to roll over each other when
subjected to load.
CLASSIFICATION

FOR SOILS
SOIL
CLASSIFICATION

FOR SOILS
Pedology is the science of soils. It is the basis
for pedological classification under the
principle that: "like soil are developed on like
slope when like materials are weathered in like
fashion". Regardless of geographical locations
where slopes and climate are the same, the
depth and nature of soil mantle, are also
similar.

If like soils occur under like conditions of


materials" the slope and weathering, the soil
patterns or similar landforms, are also
developed. The surface damage patterns and
erosion characteristics, together with the color
of the soil, reflected the kinds and nature of the
soil. Ridges with parallel axis may also reflect
wind blown sand and silts.
TEXTURE

CLASSIFICATION

OF SOIL
The texture classification of soil depending on the

grain size distributionis classified irno three groups:

SAND, SILT, CLAY

GRADE SIZE OF PARTICLES(mm)

Coarse Sand 2 - 0.25

Fine Sand 0.25 - 0.05

Silty 0.05 - 0.005

Clay smaller than 0.005


TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
The positions of every point inside the triangle
represent the sieve analysis of soil in particular
grading. After determining the grain size of the
sample, charts is read as follows:

1. Spaces vertically upward starting from zero at


the bottom represent clay percentage.

2. Spaces from left to right diagonally downward


starting with zero at the left, represents silt.

3. Spaces from right to left diagonally downward


starting with zero at the right, represents sand.
Soil that is almost entirely a mixture of sand and silt
are classified as loams. Every soil containing clay of
less than 20%, is classified as loam with a prefix
sandy or silty added to indicate which
predominates. These will appear at the lower
portion of the chart.
Soil containing 20 to 30% clay is called loam, with
the term clay added to indicate the higher clay
content. The name appears as loam classification in
the chart. All other soil is designated as clay with
prefixes of sandy, or silty to indicate the remainder
of the materials.
The Unified Soil Classification System, was
introduced by the U.S. Anny Corps and the Bureau
of Reclamations. Letters were used instead of
numbers to designate the different groups. The
mechanical analysis and the liquid and plastic limit
tests are the primary classification tools.

The principal symbols and soil designations are:


The Unified Soil Classification System
recommended several ways for quick identification
of fine grain portions of the soil, namely:

1. The sample is mixed with water to have a


puttylike consistency, then formed into pat and
dried completely
2. If the pat is broken by the fingers and the dry
strength is high, plasticity of the sample is
considered high.
3. If dry strength of the sample is high, then, it
exhibits clay and colloid characteristics.
4. If the sample is a pat of fine silty sand, it will
easily break in the finger.
5. Fine sand will cause the pat to feel gritty on the
fingers and silts is smooth.
6. Dilatancy or reaction to shaking is another way of
classifying the soil mortar. About one cubic inch of
soil is mixed with water and formed into a pat of
soft but not sticky consistency. If the material is of
fine sand, shaking and jotting the sample on the
palm of the hand will bring water to the surface of
the sample. Squeezing it between fingers causes the
rnoisture to disappear. Silts react less completely
but clay does not.
COMPOSITION OF

SOIL
SOIL
COMPOSITION OF SOIL
Soil deposit consists of solid particles and void
spaces between particles, either partially or
completely filled with water. Void spaces not
completely filled with water, are either filled with
air or other gases. Therefore, soil deposits are
composed of solid, liquid and gas.
COMPOSITION OF SOIL
Engineers are interested to know the properties
of soil deposit, specially, the strength and
compressibility because they are necessary in
determining the bearing capaclty and stabiltty of
the foundation. Strength and compressibility of
the soil is directly related to:

1. Soil density weight per unit volume.


2. Water content of the soil.
3. Void ratio.
4. Degree of saturation.
COMPO-

SITION

OF SOIL

MASS

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