Avoiding

Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

 

Misplaced Modifiers

A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the
word it modifies / describes. 

Because of the separation, sentences with this error often sound awkward, ridiculous, or
confusing.  Furthermore, they can be downright illogical. 

   Example

         

The example above suggests that a gold man owns a watch.

Misplaced modifiers can usually be corrected by moving the modifier to a more sensible

place in the sentence, generally next to the word it modifies. 

   Example

        

Now it is the watch that is gold.

There are several kinds of misplaced modifiers:

1. Misplaced adjectives are incorrectly separated from the nouns they modify and almost
always distort the intended meaning.
     Example 1

        

  Correct the error by placing the adjective next to the noun it modifies.

     Corrected

        

     Example 2

        

   Corrected

       

Sentences like these are common in everyday speech and ordinarily cause their listeners
no trouble.  However, they are quite imprecise and, therefore, should have NO place in
your writing.

2. Placement of adverbs can also change meaning in sentences.

     For example, the sentences below illustrate how the placement of just can change the
sentence's meaning.

    Just means only John was picked, no one else:

        

    Just means that John was picked now:

        

  Just means that John hosted only the program, nothing else:

        

   

Each of these sentences says something logical but quite different, and its correctness
depends upon what the writer has in mind.

Often, misplacing an adverb not only alters the intended meaning, but also creates a

sentence whose meaning is highly unlikely or completely ridiculous.

     This sentence, for example, suggests that we brought a lunch slowly:

         

     To repair the meaning, move the adverb slowly so that it is near ate.

        

           
Watch out for adverbs such as only, just, nearly, merely, and almost.  They are often
misplaced and cause an unintended meaning.

    This sentence, for example, means that I only contributed the money:

                                   

      Repaired, however, the sentence means that I contributed only $10.00.

          

Like adjectives, adverbs are commonly misplaced in everyday speech, and may not cause
listeners difficulty.  However, such sentences are quite imprecise and, therefore,  should
have NO place in your writing.  

Now click on the link below to complete Exercise 1.

 Link to Exercise 1

3. Misplaced phrases  may cause a sentence to sound awkward and may create a

meaning that does not make sense.

   

The problem sentences below contain misplaced phrases that  modify the wrong nouns. 

To fix the errors and clarify the meaning, put the phrases next to the noun they are
supposed to modify. 

    Example 1 (a buyer with leather seats?)

        
  Corrected

        

   Example 2 (a corner smoking pipes?)

            

    Corrected

        

    

    Example 3 (a house made of barbed wire?)

        

     Corrected

        
Click on the link below to complete Exercise 2.

Link to Exercise 2

4.  Misplaced clauses may cause a sentence to sound awkward and may create a

meaning that does not make sense.

The problem sentences below contain misplaced clauses that  modify the wrong nouns. 

To fix the errors and clarify the meaning, put the clauses next to the noun they are
supposed to modify. 

    Example 1 ( a buttered woman?)

        

    Corrected

        

    Example 2 (a hamper that Ralph wore?)

        

    Corrected

        
 

Be careful!  In correcting a misplaced modifier, don't create a sentence with two possible
meanings.

    Example

  

Problem:  Did the teacher say this on Monday or will she return the essays on

Monday?)  

  Correction #1  (meaning the essays will be returned on Monday)

    

  Correction #2  (meaning that the teacher spoke on Monday)

    

  Click on the link below to complete Exercise 3.

Link to Exercise 3

DANGLING MODIFIERS                                 

 A dangling modifier is a phrase or clause that is not clearly and logically related to the
word or words it modifies  (i.e. is placed next to).

    Two notes about dangling modifiers:

 Unlike a misplaced modifier, a dangling modifier cannot be corrected by simply

moving it to a different place in a sentence.
  In most cases, the dangling modifier appears at the beginning of the sentence,
although it can also come at the end.

Sometimes the dangling modifier error occurs because the sentence fails to
specify anything to which the modifier can refer.  

    Example  1

        

This sentence does not specify who is looking toward the west.  In fact, there is nothing
at all in the sentence to which the modifying phrase looking toward the west can
logically refer.  Since the modifier, looking toward the west,  is sitting next to the funnel
shaped cloud, the sentence suggests that the cloud is doing the looking.  

Example 2

        

This sentence means that my mother enrolled in medical when she was nine years old!

At other times the dangling modifier is placed next to the wrong noun or noun

substitute.  

    Example 1

          
Because of the placement of walking to the movies, this sentence suggests that
the cloudburst is walking to the movies even though a possible walker - Jim - is
mentioned later.

    Example 2
        

Since having been fixed the night before is placed next to Priscilla, the sentence
means that Priscilla was fixed the night before.  

  As the above examples show, dangling modifiers result in inaccurate and

sometimes ludicrous statements.               

How to correct dangling modifiers

Dangling modifiers may be corrected in two general ways.

Correction Method #1

1. Leave the modifier as it is.

2. Change the main part of the sentence so that it begins with the term actually
modified.  
3. This change will put the modifier next to the term it modifies.

  Thus, this dangling modifier

        

  may be corrected to

        
  Now the sentence means that I was looking toward the west.

Using the same method, this dangling modifier

                         

  may be corrected to

      

  Now the sentence means that Jim was drenched by the cloudburst.  

Click on the link below to complete Exercise 4.

Link to Exercise 4

Correction Method #2

1. Change the dangling modifier phrase to a subordinate clause, creating a subject

and verb.
2. Leave the rest of the sentence as it is.

  Thus, the dangling modifier

             

may be corrected to
            

  Now the sentence means that I  (not my mother!) was nine years old when my mother
enrolled in medical school.

Using the same method, the dangling modifier

        

may be corrected to 

          

  Now the sentence means that the car (not Priscilla!) was fixed.

Click on the link below to complete the final exercise.

Link to exercise 5 

Link to Post Test