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Module3 Chemi Bits

This document discusses different types of intermolecular forces: ionic interactions which result from the transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals; dipolar interactions between molecules with permanent dipole moments; and van der Waals forces which are weak attractive forces between all atoms and molecules. It provides examples of each type and notes that ionic compounds have high melting points due to their strong electrostatic interactions, while intermolecular forces are generally weaker than intramolecular bonds.

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25 views3 pages

Module3 Chemi Bits

This document discusses different types of intermolecular forces: ionic interactions which result from the transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals; dipolar interactions between molecules with permanent dipole moments; and van der Waals forces which are weak attractive forces between all atoms and molecules. It provides examples of each type and notes that ionic compounds have high melting points due to their strong electrostatic interactions, while intermolecular forces are generally weaker than intramolecular bonds.

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Pal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Module-3: Intermolecular forces Module3 (1 of 5) -MKM

[Ionic, dipolar and van Der Waals interactions. Measurement of non-covalent


interaction, Hydrogen bond, Equations of state of real gases and critical phenomena.]

Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between


neighboring particles (atoms, ions or molecule).

Intermolecular forces are weak compared to the intramolecular forces (the forces
which keep a molecule together)

Table: Relative Approximate strength of forces

Forces Bond Type Dissociation Energy (KJ/mol)

Intramolecular Covalent 400

Intermolecular Van der Waals’ forces <1

Intermolecular Dipole-dipole 0.5-2

Intermolecular Hydrogen bond 12-16

Ionic Interactions:

Transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other between a metal and
non-metal atom results in the formation of ionic bonds. The metallic atoms loses
its electrons present in its valence shell and converts into a cation (positive ion),
whereas a non-metallic atom gains electrons and converts into anion (negative
ion). The electrostatic force of attraction holds the oppositely charged ions
together. The ionic bond refers to the electrostatic force of attraction that hold the
oppositely charged ions together.

The number of electrons that an atom gains or loses while forming an ionic bond is
called its electrovalency. The atom losing electrons is called electropositive atom,
whereas the atom gaining electrons is called electronegative atom.

e.g. Formation of NaCl

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Factors on which formation of ionic bond depends:

(i) The ionization energy of atom forming the cation should be low.
e.g.: alkali and alkaline earth metals
(ii) The electron affinity of atom forming the anion should be high
e.g.: halogens and oxygen
(iii)Lattice energy should be high or size of ions should be small and their charge
Should be large.

Properties of Ionic compounds:

(i) Ionic compounds are non-directional and cannot exhibit isomerism.

(ii) They are non conductor in solid state. The ions are trapped in fixed places in
the crystal lattice and as they cannot migrate, they cannot conduct electricity.

(iii) They are conduction of electricity in molten state and in solution.

(iv) They are soluble in polar solvents but insoluble in non-polar solvents like
benzene.
(v) They possess high melting point and boiling point because binding energy is
very high. Ionic compounds are made up of + and – ions arranged in a regular
way in a lattice. The attraction between ions is electrostatic and non-
directional , extending equally in all directions.
(vi) They give ionic reactions ,which are very fast. For ionic reactions to occur, the
reacting species are ions, and as these already exist, they only to collide with
the other type of ions.
(vii) Ionic compounds are brittle in the solid sate.

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Dipolar Interaction:

Substances having molecules with permanent dipole moments interact with one
another due to electrostatic attraction between the negative end of one molecule
and the positive end of another molecule or vice versa. The dipole-dipole
interactions help to determine the melting and boiling points of polar substances.

+δ -δ +δ -δ
H ------Cl ----------H ------Cl

The distance between the two dipoles and their orientation determine the dipole-
dipole interaction. The dipoles having similar charges remain as far as possible. A
favorable orientation of two dipoles leads to an attraction dipole-dipole attraction.
A substance having same molecular weight and shape but lacking the presence of
dipole moment has relatively lower melting or boiling point than polar molecule.

VAN DER WAAL’S FORCES:


Van der Waa’s forces are the weak forces of attraction between two non-bonded
atoms of all atoms, molecules or ions when they close to one another.

Van der Waal’s forces are responsible for the condensation of chlorine, hydrogen
and carbon monoxide and even the inert gases.

Strength of Van der Waal’s forces depends on : (i) Size of the molecule (ii) number
of electrons present in the molecule (iii) Molecular structure

Van der Waal’s forces are mainly three types:


(i) Induced dipole-induced dipole forces (between non-polar molecules)
(ii) Dipole-dipole forces (between polar molecules)
(iii) Dipole-induced dipole forces (between polar and non-polar molecules)

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