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07 - Intermolecular Forces 4

The document covers types of forces, specifically intramolecular and intermolecular forces, detailing their characteristics and effects on substances. It explains various intermolecular forces such as dipole-dipole, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding, alongside their implications on boiling/melting points and solubility. Additionally, it discusses the properties of ionic and covalent compounds, including their melting and boiling points, solubility, and electrical conductivity.

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12 views17 pages

07 - Intermolecular Forces 4

The document covers types of forces, specifically intramolecular and intermolecular forces, detailing their characteristics and effects on substances. It explains various intermolecular forces such as dipole-dipole, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding, alongside their implications on boiling/melting points and solubility. Additionally, it discusses the properties of ionic and covalent compounds, including their melting and boiling points, solubility, and electrical conductivity.

Uploaded by

malakelsaid825
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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11th Grade

FORCES
Lesson 7
Types of Forces
INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION
● Forces acting within a molecule
● Bonds that hold a compound together (ionic or
molecular)
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION
● exist between neighbouring molecules. They occur
when molecules are in close proximity. They can
influence various characteristics of substances such
as:
● boiling point/melting point (overcome attractive
forces)
● capillary action (method used by plants to pull up
water)
● surface tension (allows bugs to walk on water)
● volatility (the tendency of a substance to vapourize)
● solubility (“like dissolves like”)
Dipole-Dipole
● An attraction between two polar molecules

● DDFs occur between molecules in groups of


polar molecules.

● The negative end of one molecule is


attracted to the positive end of another.

● Strength depends on the difference


between electronegativities!

● The greater the difference, the stronger the


force of attraction!
London Dispersion Forces

● The weakest type of intermolecular force,


and the only one present in non-polar
molecules

● Electrons move around randomly in a


molecule, and sometimes more of them
are at one end of the molecule - this end
of the molecule becomes slightly
negative, and the other end positive
London Dispersion Forces
● LDFs occur between nonpolar molecules
due to a temporary imbalance in charge,
which make the molecules appear
momentarily polar.

● A nearby atom or molecule can then be


distorted by the appearance of a dipole
in the first atom or molecule, which leads
to an electrostatic attraction.

● The first atom or molecule is said to have


induced a dipole on the second atom or
molecule.
Hydrogen Bonding
● Simply put, a “special” type of
dipole-dipole interaction

● This tends to happen between hydrogen


and fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen

● H-bonding occurs between polar


molecules that contain H-F, H-O or H-N
bonds.

● The H from one molecule is attracted to


the lone pair of electrons on the N, O or F
of the next molecule.
Hydrogen Bonding
● This dipole-dipole interaction that occurs
when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a
highly electronegative atom, like oxygen
(O), nitrogen (N), or fluorine (F).

● These electronegative atoms pull the


shared electrons closer to themselves,
leaving the hydrogen atom with a partial
positive charge.

● This partially positive hydrogen can then


be attracted to the partial negative
charge on another electronegative atom
in a nearby molecule.
Intermolecular forces
Identify the intermolecular forces that exist in:
● Ammonia

● Carbon tetrachloride
Intermolecular forces
Of the three intermolecular forces, Hydrogen bonding is the strongest
while LDf is much weaker. To put this in perspective, the Dissociation
energy of various bonds is shown below.

Greater intermolecular forces means Higher melting /boiling points.


Intramolecular Forces - Ionic Bonds
Ionic Compounds
The attraction between ionic compounds is the strongest due
to their crystal lattice formation in which the cations are
surrounded by anions and vice versa.

Relative Bond Strength


Intramolecular Forces - Ionic Bonds
Ionic Compounds
The attraction between ionic compounds is the strongest due
to their crystal lattice formation in which the cations are
surrounded by anions and vice versa.

Relative Bond Strength


Intramolecular Forces - Covalent Bonds
Covalent Compounds
They usually exist in the liquid or gaseous state at standard
temperature and pressure (STP). This is because of a weak
force of attraction (IMF’s) between the atoms forming covalent
bonds.

Relative Bond Strength


Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Melting Points
Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid changes to a
liquid.
● If the melting point is very high, there is a large amount of
energy needed for the particles to pull away from one
another.
● Therefore the forces holding them together must be very
strong.
● A low melting point tells you that the particles are easily
pulled apart, and thus the forces attracting them to one
another are relatively weak.
Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Boiling Points
Boiling Point: The temperature at which a compound changes from liquid
to gas.
● At the boiling point, the particles have enough kinetic energy to
completely break away from the other particles and the compound
becomes a gas.
● A high boiling point indicates that the attractive forces between the
particles in a liquid are very strong.
● A low boiling point tells you that these forces are relatively weak.
● Compounds with high dissociation energies (eg. ionic compounds) have
high melting and boiling points.
● Those with low dissociation energies (eg. primarily London Dispersion
Forces, such as non-polar covalent molecules) have low melting and
boiling points.
Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Solubility
Ionic and polar molecules are more likely to be soluble in water.
Often water molecules are more attracted to the ions and polar
molecules than to other molecules.

Electrical conductivity
Occurs if electrons or ions can move independently of one
another. This occurs only in ionic compounds if they are molten
or dissolved in water.
Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Consider the following


tables what do you
notice?
Homework

- Intermolecular Forces - Practice Worksheet (can


be completed in Hapara as a worksheet)
-Textbook questions: Read: p. 78-82 and complete
pg 79 # 13-18, pg 82 # 1-12 (can be completed in
Hapara as a worksheet)

Unit Review:
Pg 97 #2-10, 12-16, 19-21, 24, 29-33, 57-60
Pg 102 #2-11, 13-15, 18-20, 22

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