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Reproduction in Vertebrates

The document discusses different reproductive strategies in vertebrates including internal and external fertilization, oviparity, viviparity, and ovoiviparity. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy and covers topics like parental care, precoicial and altricial development, and the structure of the amniotic egg which enabled reproduction on land. In summary, the document provides an overview of the diversity of reproductive mechanisms that have evolved in vertebrates.

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5K views18 pages

Reproduction in Vertebrates

The document discusses different reproductive strategies in vertebrates including internal and external fertilization, oviparity, viviparity, and ovoiviparity. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy and covers topics like parental care, precoicial and altricial development, and the structure of the amniotic egg which enabled reproduction on land. In summary, the document provides an overview of the diversity of reproductive mechanisms that have evolved in vertebrates.

Uploaded by

api-202349222
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Reproduction in vertebrates

Diversity of reproductive strategies

Reproductive strategy: structural, functional and


behavioural adaptations that improve the chances of
fertilisation and the survival of offspring

Search Bio-Logical Life Sciences Adapted from: www.bioats.weebly.com


INTERNAL FERTILISATION
The sperm cell then fuses with the egg cell inside the body of
the female. (no water is required)
Examples : terrestrial mammals, birds, and insects.
Advantages :
• Better chance that the sperm cell comes into contact
with the egg
• Protected from predators
• Removed from harsh environments
Disadvantages :
• Fewer eggs are produced .
• The animal must have an organ to insert the sperm
cells.
EXTERNAL FERTILISATION
• The sperm cell fuses with the egg cell outside the body of the female.
• Water is required for fertilisation
• Examples: are aquatic animals like frogs, sponges, jellyfish, worms and
fish
Advantages :
• No additional energy is needed for parental care or formation of a
protective layer.
• No need for a male to have a special organ to insert the sperm into the
females body.
• Chances of fertilisation are enhanced by courtship display by fish.
• Does not need much energy.
Disadvantages :
• Chances are very slim for a sperm cell to meet the egg
of same species (predators, strong currents).
• Many gametes required
Source: Life Sciences DBE textbook
OVIPARITY (egg-laying)
• Refers to egg laying animals
• OVIPARY – the development of the fertilized egg
that has been laid
• Eggs are protected by a hard shell while others are
protected by a jelly like layer after fertilization
• Development does not occur inside the female’s
body, development of the embryo is completed
inside the egg after it has been laid
• Examples: frogs, insects, birds and marine mammals
Advantages:
• Eggs and sperm cells are produced in large numbers
to increase chances of survival
• Much energy is invested for parental care
• Parental care ensures survival to adulthood
Disadvantages
• Mortality rate is high
VIVIPARITY (Live birth)
• Refers to animals that give birth to live young
ones
• VIVIPARY – the development of an embryo
within the female’s body
• There is a connection between the developing
foetus and the mother
• Examples: Human beings, most mammals,
whales and kangaroos
Advantages
• The temperature is regulated by the mother
• Mortality rate is lower
Disadvantages
• Fewer offspring’s are produced
• More energy is used to provide parental care
OVOVIVIPARITY
• Refers to animals that do not lay eggs, but keep
them in their bodies until they hatch
• OVOVIVIPARY – the development of a fertilized egg
that is retained in the mothers body
• The body temperature is necessary for them to
hatch
• There is no connection between the embryo and
the mother (no placenta)
• Examples: sharks, lizards, cockroaches and some
snakes
Advantages:
• The young one is protected from cold and
predators to ensure survival
• The young one can develop to a fairly large size
before birth
Disadvantages
• Fewer offspring’s
• More parental care need
Source: Life Sciences DBE textbook
HOMEWORK: Draw, label and
annotate a diagram of the amniotic
egg.
AMNIOTIC EGG
 This is the egg laid by reptiles, birds and some mammals
 The amniotic egg is a major development in the evolution of animal
life on land – from being water dependent for sexual reproduction,
to being able to reproduce without the availability of water
 The egg is protected by a shell and has four membranes; Amnion,
Yolk sac, Allantois, Chorion
 Advantages:
 They are resistant to dryness
 Oviparous mammals can move to different environments as it
allows for survival out of water and in a variety of habitats
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF AMNIOTIC EGG
 The embryo develops inside the Amnion
which secretes amniotic fluid.
 Amniotic fluid protects the embryo from
drying out by providing moisture. It also
cushions the embryo and protects it against
mechanical injury, temperature changes.
 The yolk sac contains yolk that provides
embryo with food. If yolk is
present in smaller quantities, the young are
hatched sooner, are underdeveloped
and usually require more parental care. If yolk is
present in larger
quantities, the incubation period is longer, and
the young are usually well
developed when they hatch.
 The albumen supplies water and nutrients
such as proteins
 The allantois, collects and removes
metabolic (nitrogenous) wastes produced
by embryo and it assists in gaseous
exchange.
 The chorion allows for gaseous exchange,
supplying oxygen to the embryo
 The shell (calcareous or leathery) helps
to protect the developing embryo from
mechanical injury and
prevent desiccation (drying out), while still
allowing gases to move through.
Activity 2, DBE Textbook
Pg 67
No 1-4
TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTS
PRECOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Young ones are relatively mature and are
able to move around and feed themselves
after they are born or hatch.
• Examples : ground birds, cattle, sheep,
antelopes, buffalo, elephants, hippos and
giraffe.
Advantages:
• Their eyes are open, and have good eyesight
• They can go out to search food for
themselves.
• Have strong skeleton, and their body is
either covered by feathers (birds) or
hair(mammals).
Disadvantages

• Need more energy investment before birth


ALTRICIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Young ones are unable to move after birth and are helpless.
• Examples: Humans, dogs, birds that nest in trees, mice, etc
• Advantages:
• Parental care will ensure survival
• Disadvantages:
• Lots of parental care needed
• They do not have feathers (birds) and blind.
• They need to be fed and kept warm.
Activity 2,
Pg 67
No 1-4
PARENTAL CARE
• Refers to looking after young ones through feeding, keeping
them warm, protecting them from the predators.
• Examples: humans, birds, monkeys
• Advantages:
• It’s a behaviour that leads to increased survival of offsprings
• Disadvantages:
• Such animals give rise to few offspring
• Uses a lot of parental energy

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