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Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.9, no.9, November 2016

Methodology
The research design adopted for this study was a descriptive research design of ex-post facto
type with a sample of female children hawkers in Iseyin town in Iseyin Local Government
Area of Oyo state in Nigeria. Iseyin is located in the Northern part of Oyo state. It is about 72
kilometres to the state capital (Ibadan). The inhabitants of the area are predominantly of the
Yoruba ethnic group with few Fulanis and Igbo traders. Iseyin is a semi urban town and is the
head quarter of Iseyin Local Government. A large proportion of the inhabitants are traditional
cloth weaver (Aso Oke) traders, farmers with few artisans and civil servants. The town is
densely populated with poor housing and drainage system.

All the female children hawkers who were encountered on the street while hawking and who
agreed to offer information were interviewed during the study. Thus the researcher used the
convenience sampling technique known as accidental sampling procedure. The female
hawkers whose age were 15 years and below were eligible for inclusion in this study, and out
of 312 girls who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, thirty-two (32) refused to be interviewed or
did not complete the filling of the questionnaire leaving only 280 questionnaires for analysis.

Structured questionnaires took about 25-30 minutes to administer and were used in
interviewing the girls. The questionnaires were administered in vernacular and/or English
depending on the level of education and understanding of the respondent. The background
information on each girl was collected. Data were also collected on history and type of sexual
abuse they have encountered. Data collected in this study was analyzed using simple
percentage for the demographic data while Chi-square was used to process the hypotheses
raised. Thus the data collected was analyzed using percentage and Chi- square statistical tool.

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Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.9, no.9, November 2016

Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

Age (Years)

Frequency %

25 (8.9%) 172 (61. 4%) 63 (22. 5%) 40 (14. 3%)

6–8
9 – 11 12 – 13 14 – 15 Total
280 (100)
Religion
116 (41%) 145 (52%)
Christians
Muslims 19 (7%)
Traditional worshipers
Educational Status
36 (13%) 155 (55.4%) 89 (31.7%)
No formal education School going
Out of school
Level of Termination of 80 (90.2%) 7 (7.9%)
Education
2 (2.2%) 89 (100)
• Primary
  Junior secondary
 Senior secondary

Total

Table 1 show the demographic characteristics of the female children hawkers, out of the
respondents those between ages of 9 to 11 years had the largest number of hawkers 172
(61.4%) while those aged 12 – 13 years constituted 63 (22.5%) followed by respondents age
14 to 15 years with 14.3% and those aged 6 to 8 years of the respondents were the least 25
(8.9%). More than half of the respondents were Muslims (145; 52%) while (116; 41%) were
Christians, and 19 (7%) were traditional worshippers (neither Christians or Muslims),
concerning educational status of the respondents above, half (155; 55.4%) were school going
children, while the others either dropped out, or had no formal education. Almost all (80;
90.2%) terminated their education at primary school level, while others stopped at junior and
senior secondary school. Thus, the socio-economic status of the parents did not significantly
determine sexual abuse among the female children hawkers.

This study used descriptive research in which a cross- sectional survey design was adopted. The
design focused on data generated through questionnaire and interview to examine the perception of
street hawking and children well-being in Anyigba, Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State.
The study area, Anyigba is located in the Eastern Part of Kogi State in Dekina Local Government
Area. The town is between longitude 70121 east of the Greenwich Meridian and latitude 70361 north
of the Equator.

The population of this study consists of the members of the public in Anyigba metropolis in Dekina
LGA of Kogi State. The elements of the population consisted of street hawkers, shops owners, market
women and civil servants who residents in Anyigba, Dekina LGA of Kogi State. The elements of the
population were drawn from this category of the people because some of their children were
perceived to be mostly involved in street hawking while the street hawkers were the people who are
directly involved in hawking, they are in the position to give reasonable answers regarding the
questions. The interviews were conducted on elderly people in their respective shops in Anyigba. The
sample size of this population was one hundred and sixty-two (162) respondents comprising the
parents and guardians of the child hawkers. This sample size was arrived using purposive sampling
technique involving snowballing. This entails tracking every mother, caregivers or guardians of street
hawker through their wards. The primary data for the study were generated through the

Methodology

The study was carried out in the cities of Lagos, Kaduna and Port Harcourt, which are three
of the several locations where street children are largely concentrated in Nigeria. The selected
cities reflect the three main cultural diversities in Nigeria and most of the Non Governmental
Organisations (NGOs) working with street children are also concentrated in these cities.

© Oxford Mosaic Publications Ltd 2009. All rights reserved ISSN 1756-7483 (print) 1756-7491 (online)

Journal of Soc. & Psych. Sci. (2009) Vol.2 (2): 13-34 Oyeniyi & Melvin 16

In each of the study locations, quantitative technique was used to collect the primary data
from the street children while qualitative technique was used for the community members
where the street children were found. For the purpose of questionnaire administration,
convenience sampling was used to select 500 street children in each of the three cities due to
lack of sample frame from which the sample size could be selected. In each of the city, 6
FGDs were conducted with the following social categories - Opinion leaders (1 male and 1
female groups), Adult males and females (2 separate groups), and Youths (1 male and 1
female groups). Each FGD included between 8 and 12 participants.

The questionnaire for the street children captured the following thematic issues - socio –
demographic characteristics of respondents, factors which led the children to the street, the
problems they faced on the street; the kinds of support available for them and the social
actors providing them; their coping strategies and finally, their views about the support
networks available to them.

Data Analysis

The primary data collected using quantitative measures were analysed at the level of
univariate and bivariate analyses, using the SPSS and STATA computer softwares.
Univariate analysis of the variables was presented using simple frequencies and percentages,
while ANOVA was used at the bivariate level. Qualitative data collected using FGD were
analysed using the content analysis carried out with the help of the Text Base Beta Computer
software, which helped in sorting out the data thematically while data from the content
analysis were presented using the ZY index tables.

© Oxford Mosaic Publications Ltd 2009. All rights reserved ISSN 1756-7483 (print) 1756-7491 (online)

Journal of Soc. & Psych. Sci. (2009) Vol.2 (2): 13-34 Oyeniyi & Melvin 17

. Methodology

This article is an extraction from a wider qualitative study (Fuseini, 2016) with data collection conducted from July to
September 2015 at “Tingsheli”, a Dagomba community in the Northern Region of Ghana. “Tingsheli” is a pseudonym to protect
the anonymity of the participants. Of all the surrounding villages in that area of Dagbon, Tingesheli is vir- tually the only
community where children from most homes engage in begging, and within the community it is only Muslim boys who are
begging.

Methodology

This study used descriptive research in which a cross- sectional survey design was adopted. The
design focused on data generated through questionnaire and interview to examine the perception of
street hawking and children well-being in Anyigba, Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State.
The study area, Anyigba is located in the Eastern Part of Kogi State in Dekina Local Government
Area. The town is between longitude 70121 east of the Greenwich Meridian and latitude 70361 north
of the Equator.

The population of this study consists of the members of the public in Anyigba metropolis in Dekina
LGA of Kogi State. The elements of the population consisted of street hawkers, shops owners, market
women and civil servants who residents in Anyigba, Dekina LGA of Kogi State. The elements of the
population were drawn from this category of the people because some of their children were
perceived to be mostly involved in street hawking while the street hawkers were the people who are
directly involved in hawking, they are in the position to give reasonable answers regarding the
questions. The interviews were conducted on elderly people in their respective shops in Anyigba. The
sample size of this population was one hundred and sixty-two (162) respondents comprising the
parents and guardians of the child hawkers. This sample size was arrived using purposive sampling
technique involving snowballing. This entails tracking every mother, caregivers or guardians of street
hawker through their wards. The primary data for the study were generated through the
Pakistan Journal of Public Health| Vol. 8, No. 1| March 2018

03

Alfred Eboh

Perceived Effects Of Street Hawking On The Well-being

questionnaire and In-Depth Interview (IDI) administered to the respondents. A four-point Likert scale
of strongly disagree, disagree, agree and strongly agree was used. There were fourteen (14) items in
the questionnaire with each objective of the study having questions structured to address it. There are
also eight (8) questions in the interview schedule to generate qualitative data. The researcher
interviewed 5 elderly parents of the child street hawkers in their respective trade points. However, to
ascertain the validity of the research instrument, the questionnaire was properly structured by the
researchers and cross-checked. Similarly, Cronbach's Alpha reliability test was conducted and the
reliability coefficient of .982 was obtained. Data were presented using tables while mean score of
rating was used to interpret the respondents' responses. The mean scores were compared with the
average mean of 2.5 for decision making. The average mean was arrived at as 1
+2+3+4=10/4=2.5.Anymeanthatwasequalto2.5 and above was accepted while any mean below 2.5
was rejected. Chi-Square test was used to test all the null hypotheses formulated. Analysis of data was
done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 software. The qualitative data
elicited via the In- Depth Interview were content-analysed to corroborate the quantitative data. The
decision rule was that if the asymptotic significance is equal to or less than 5% (0.05) reject the null
hypothesis. On the other hand, if the asymptotic significance is greater than 5% (0.05) accept the null
hypothesis. Ethically, the respondents consented through a written letter and agreed to participate in
this research, which lent credence to this study.

ethodology

The study area is Olorunda Local Government, Osun State. It has its headquarters at Igbona within the State Capital. It has
an area of 97km square and a population of 131,761 at the 2006 census. The local government is both rural and urban in
nature, as it covers some parts of the State capital as well as rural communities outside the State capital. Structured
questionnaire were administered on 200 respondents in the area of study. Four communities Igbona, Ayetoro, Ota- Efun,
Oba were purposively selected for this study because of thelarge concentration of children involved in trading activities in
the areas. Children hawking on the streets were purposively selected for the study in the selected areas.

Methods

Procedure

This study, a cross-sectional survey, was conducted in the 2005–2006 school year. All students within the age
range of 15–20 years in the entire 22 senior secondary schools of a socially disad- vantaged suburb of Ibadan,
Nigeria, were purposively sampled for the study. They consisted of 2,290 students (1,079 boys and 1,211 girls),
representing 54% of all eligible school enrolments in the locality that year. The study was approved by both the
University of Ibadan IRB and the Oyo-State Ministry of Education.

After the process of informed consent and assent, the students completed a 70-item self- administered,
confidential questionnaire about CSA and sexual activities in the 3 months pre- ceding the study (Olley, 2006).
The questionnaire included questions of whether there had been occasions where there had been attempts to
have sexual intercourse with them against their will by being threatened, held down, or hurt in some way or
‘persuaded to have sexual intercourse, unwanted kiss, touching of breast and genital and whether these events
had happened before the age of 15 years’ (Jewkes, Levin, Mbanaga, & Bradshaw, 2002). Current sexual
activities include whether these adolescents ‘had sex within three months preceding the study’, ‘used condom at
last sex’, ‘number of sexual partners’, ‘had sex after heavy use of alcohol or other drugs’, ‘had sex with a
partner known to them for less than 1 day’, etc. The students indicated their responses on a ‘Yes or No’ format.
Data collection took place during normal school period with the author and three research assistants (graduate
level psychology students) administering the questionnaire.

To examine the relative risks of having experienced CSA to increased sexual activity, lack of condom use,
having an STD, use of tobacco and alcohol, the logistic regression models were applied using SPSS software
(SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).