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Buck Converter Notes-1

The document analyzes the operation of a buck converter circuit. It describes: 1) The basic buck converter circuit and its linear control characteristic where the output voltage is less than or equal to the input voltage. 2) Equations for the inductor voltage and current waveforms with the switch in each position. 3) How to select inductance and capacitance values based on desired current/voltage ripple specifications.

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Hafeex Shuaibu
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284 views10 pages

Buck Converter Notes-1

The document analyzes the operation of a buck converter circuit. It describes: 1) The basic buck converter circuit and its linear control characteristic where the output voltage is less than or equal to the input voltage. 2) Equations for the inductor voltage and current waveforms with the switch in each position. 3) How to select inductance and capacitance values based on desired current/voltage ripple specifications.

Uploaded by

Hafeex Shuaibu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Buck Converter Analysis

Figure 1: Buck Converter circuit.


• Converter switches are realized using power semiconductor devices such as
transistors and diodes which are controlled to turn on and off as required to
perform the function of the ideal switch.
Buck Converter

• The buck converter has a linear control characteristic. The output voltage is
less than or equal to the input voltage.
• With the switch in position 1, the buck converter circuit reduces to Figure b.

Figure 2: Buck converter: switch in position 1


Buck Converter
• The inductor voltage 𝑣𝐿 𝑡 is given as
𝑣𝐿 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑔 − 𝑣(𝑡) (1)
• Using small ripple approximation, 𝑣 𝑡 ≈ 𝑉
𝑣𝐿 𝑡 ≈ 𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉 (2)
• So the inductor voltage is essentially constant and its waveform is shown in
figure c.

Figure 3: steady state inductor voltage waveform

𝑑𝑖 𝑡
𝑣𝐿 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
(3)
• The slope of the inductor current waveform is
𝑑𝑖 𝑡 𝑉𝑔 −𝑉
• = (4)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
Buck Converter
• The inductor current slope is also essentially constant with the
switch in position 1 and the inductor current increases linearly.
• With switch in position 2, the equivalent circuit of the buck converter
reduces to figure d.

Figure 4: Buck converter: switch in position 2


• The inductor voltage during the second sub sub-interval is as follows;
𝑣𝐿 𝑡 = −𝑣(𝑡) (5)
𝑣𝐿 𝑡 ≈ −𝑉 (6)
• The waveform is illustrated in figure c.
• The slope of the inductor current waveform in the second interval is
𝑑𝑖 𝑡 −𝑉
= (7)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
Buck Converter
• The inductor current changes with a negative, essentially constant
slope. The inductor current waveform is shown below;

Figure 5: steady state inductor current waveform.

• The peak inductor current is equal to the average inductor value I


plus the peak to average ripple ∆𝑖𝐿 . The knowledge of peak current is
necessary when specifying the rating of the power switching devices.
• During the first subinterval, the inductor current increases by 2∆𝑖𝐿 .
Buck Converter
𝑉𝑔 −𝑉
∴ 2∆𝑖𝐿 = 𝐷𝑇𝑠 (7)
𝐿
𝑉𝑔 −𝑉
∆𝑖𝐿 = 𝐷𝑇𝑠 (8)
2𝐿
• Typical values of ∆𝑖𝐿 lie in the range of 10% to 20% of the full load value
of the dc component I. it is undesirable to allow ∆𝑖𝐿 to become too large.
• Doing so will increase the peak current of the inductor and
semiconductor devices and will increase their size and cost. The inductor
value can be chosen such that the desired current ripple is attained.
• Inductance L is given as
𝑉𝑔 −𝑉
𝐿= 𝐷𝑇𝑠 (9)
2∆𝑖𝐿
• This equation is commonly used to select the value of inductance in the
buck converter.
Buck Converter
• In steady state, the average value of the inductor voltage over one switching
period is zero (i.e. the principle of inductor volt-second balance)

1 𝑇
< 𝑣𝐿 >= 𝑇 ‫׬‬0 𝑠 𝑣𝐿 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 0 (9)
𝑠

• The RHS integral is same as the area under the 𝑣𝐿 (𝑡) curve of Figure x. the total
area is given by the areas of the two rectangles.
1
𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉 𝐷𝑇𝑠 + −𝑉 𝐷′ 𝑇𝑠 = 0 (10)
𝑇𝑠

• Noting that
𝐷 + 𝐷′ = 1 we can show that
𝑉 = 𝐷𝑉𝑔 (11)
The average value of the output voltage is equal to the duty cycle times the dc
input voltage Vg.
Buck Converter
• Figure 6 is the control characteristics of the converter. It is a plot of output
voltage vs duty cycle.

Figure 6: Control characteristics.

• The capacitor current waveform is equal to the inductor current waveform with
the dc component removed.

Figure 7: Output capacitor current and voltage waveforms


• When the capacitor current 𝑖𝐶 (𝑡) is positive, charge is deposited on the capacitor
plates and the capacitor voltage 𝑣𝐶 (𝑡) increases. Between the two zero crossings
of the capacitor current waveform, the capacitor voltage changes between its
minimum and maximum extrema as shown.
• The total change in 𝑣𝐶 (𝑡) is the peak-to-peak output ripple 2𝛥𝑣.
From the plot
𝑞 = 𝐶(2𝛥𝑣) (12)

• Observe that the zero crossings occur at the center points of the 𝐷𝑇𝑠 and 𝐷′ 𝑇𝑠
subintervals. Therefore, with the dimensions as shown,

1𝑇
𝑞 = 2 2𝑠 𝛥𝑖𝐿 (13)
𝛥𝑖𝐿 𝑇𝑠
𝛥𝑣 = (14)
8𝐶

• Equation (14) can be used to select the value of capacitance C such that a given
voltage ripple is obtained.
Example
• A buck dc-dc converter has the following
parameters
• 𝑉𝑔 = 60𝑉 𝐷 = 0.7 𝑓 = 20𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑅 = 10𝝮
• Determine the following the value of inductance to
limit the current ripple to 10% of the full load
value.

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