BVRIT HYDERABAD

College of Engineering for Women

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Control Strategies for Power Electronic

Converters and Electrical Drives using
MATLAB/Simulink

By
Dr. C Venkata Subba Reddy
Asst. Professor, EEE Dept.

Non Isolated DC−DC Converters

 Conventional method of step down DC
voltage
 Variable reduced DC voltages at load The load
R1
can be achieved with variable resistor
+ +
 Power loss occurs at variable resistor
Vin R2 Vout
 inefficient method to step down DC
− −
voltages
R2
Vout Vin 
R1  R2
R2 V
  out
R1  R2 Vin
Note: If Vin=39V and Vout=13V is required, then R1=2*R2 which means, that
66% voltage has to drop across R1. i.e 66% power loss occurs at R1

2
 Step down of DC voltages with DC Step
down Power Electronic
SW
Converter
• The average output voltage +
Vs R
–
Where, T is the chopping period
k=t1​/T=f*t1=the duty cycle
f is the chopping frequency
• The average load current

• The effective resistance seen by source

 Variable reduced DC voltages at load can

be achieved with variable duty cycle of
3
switch
 Ideally no Power loss occurs at switch
 Evolution of Buck Converter from Step down
Converter
Drawback: Large output voltage ripple
+
Vs R  Solution: add a large C in parallel with the
– load to reduce output voltage ripple.
SW  Consequence: large current spikes occurs at
+ switch while closing; it because of C has
Vs C R voltage Vo, and burns out the switch.
–
 Solution: To prevent huge current spikes add
SW L an L in series with switch.
+  Consequence: But now, as switch opens, no
Vs C R
path for inductor stored energy i.e inductor
–
current, results in high Ldi/dt across switch
and burns out the switch.
SW L
 Solution: add a “free wheeling” diode for
+
Vs C R inductor current while opening the switch.
–  The modified circuit configuration is named
A DC-DC Buck Converter as Buck Converter 4
DC-DC Buck converter
Buck converter Operation
The voltage across the inductor is given by:

For the inductor current rising linearly from I1 to I2 in

time t1​in Mode I:

For the inductor current falling from I2, to I1​in time

t2 Mode II:

The peak-to-peak ripple current ΔI is same in eq

2 and eq 3

Substituting t1=kT and t2=(1−k)T, the average

output voltage is:
Buck converter Operation

Assuming the loss less converter,

Peak-to-Peak Ripple Current (ΔI) in inductor:

Using the switching period T, the peak-to-peak
inductor ripple current is given by:

the peak-peak ripple current is from above eq

Buck converter Operation
Peak-to-Peak ripple Voltage in Capacitor (ΔVc)
Using the KCL the inductor current can be
written as
Buck converter Operation
Peak-to-Peak Ripple Current (ΔI) Peak-to-Peak Ripple Voltage (ΔI)
or or

Conditions for maintaining continuous inductor current and capacitor voltage

o Critical values of inductor for continuous conduction:
 The average inductor current IL = (peak-peak)/2=(I2-I1)/2 I2
For critical condition I1=0; Note: Since inductor supplies current to the load I1
in mode I and Mode II, the average I L=Ia+Ic
IL=I2/2 I2=2IL=2Ia the average capacitor current is zero since it is a
bidirectional triangular wave Hence IL=Ia I2

I2
The critical value of inductor is expressed as
Note: If L>Lc, continuous current mode
if L=Lc critical or boundary conduction
If L<Lc discontinuous conduction mode

o Critical values of capacitor for continuous conduction:

 The average capacitor voltage Vc =Va=ΔVc/2
The critical value of capacitor
Note: If C>Cc, continuous voltage mode
if C=Cc critical or boundary conduction
If C<Cc discontinuous voltage mode
Design of Buck converter

Design a buck regulator with input voltage of Vs = 12V. The required average
output voltage is Vo = 5V at R = 500 ohms and the peak-to-peak output ripple
voltage is 20 mV. The switching frequency is 25 kHz. the peak-to-peak ripple
current of inductor is limited to 0.8 A.
 Boost Converter
What is a Boost Converter?
•Boost converter steps up (increases) the input
voltage to a higher output voltage.
•Widely used in power electronics applications where
a higher voltage is needed from a lower input source.
Advantages:
•Higher output voltage than input
•Efficient voltage boost with relatively simple circuit
Boost converter
design
Key Applications:
•Renewable energy systems (e.g., solar PV systems)
•Battery-powered devices
•Electric vehicles (for battery management)
•LED drivers

Buck converter

11
Boost converter Operation and Design
Boost converter Operation and Design
Assuming that the inductor current rises linearly from I 1​to
I2​in time t1,
The voltage across inductor can written in Mode I
Or

The voltage across inductor can written in Mode II

Or

The inductor current ripple is same in both modes

Boost converter Operation and Design
For loss less converter circuit
input power=output power

Peak-to-peak inductor ripple current.

The switching period T can be expressed as

peak-to-peak ripple current can be written from above eq

Or

Peak-to-peak capacitor ripple voltage.

When the transistor is on, the capacitor supplies the load
current for t=t1​. The average capacitor current during t1​is
Ic=Io
the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of the capacitor is
Boost converter Operation and design
Peak-to-Peak Ripple Current (ΔI) Peak-to-Peak Ripple Voltage (ΔI)

Conditions for maintaining continuous inductor current and capacitor voltage

o Critical values of inductor for continuous conduction:
 The average inductor current I = (peak-peak)/2=(I2-I1)/2
For critical condition I1=0; Note: Since inductor is connected series with
source; Inductor current=source current
I=I2/2 I2=2I=2Is the average I=Is

The critical value of inductor is expressed as

Note: If L>Lc, continuous current mode
if L=Lc critical or boundary conduction
If L<Lc discontinuous conduction mode

o Critical values of capacitor for continuous conduction:

 The average capacitor voltage Vc =Va=ΔVc/2
The critical value of capacitor
Note: If C>Cc, continuous voltage mode
if C=Cc critical or boundary conduction
If C<Cc discontinuous voltage mode
 Design Boost converter Operation

Design a boost regulator with an input voltage of Vs = 5 V. The average output voltage
Va = 15 V and the average load current Ia = 0.5 A. The switching frequency is 25 kHz. the
inductor current ripple and capacitor voltage ripple are 0.89A and 60.61 mV. And also
find the critical values of inductor and capacitor for continuous conduction

16
 3. Buck Boost Converter
What is a Buck Boost Converter?
•Buck Boost converter steps down and step up the
input voltages.
•Widely used in power electronics applications where
a huge variations of output voltage needed.
•Hence is called as inverting DC regulator
•The output voltage is reverse of the input voltage
Advantages:
Buck Boost conv
•Can increase or decrease the voltages Efficiently
relatively simple circuit with less no of components
Key Applications:
•Renewable energy systems (e.g., solar PV systems)
•Battery-powered devices
•Electric vehicles (for battery management)
•LED driver circuits
Buck converter

17
Buck Boost converter Operation and Design
Buck Boost converter Operation and Design
Assuming that the inductor current rises linearly from I 1​to
I2​in time t1,
The voltage across inductor can written in Mode I
Or

The voltage across inductor can written in Mode II

Or

The inductor current ripple is same in both modes

 Buck Boost converter Operation and Design
For loss less converter circuit
input power=output power

Peak-to-peak inductor ripple current.

The switching period T can be expressed as

peak-to-peak ripple current can be written from above eq

Or

Peak-to-peak capacitor ripple voltage.

When the transistor is on, the capacitor supplies the load
current for t=t1​. The average capacitor current during t1​is Ic=Io
the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of the capacitor is
Buck Boost converter Operation and design
Peak-to-Peak Ripple Current (ΔI) Peak-to-Peak Ripple Voltage (ΔI)

Conditions for maintaining continuous inductor current and capacitor voltage

o Critical values of inductor for continuous conduction:
 The average inductor current I = (peak-peak)/2=(I2-I1)/2
For critical condition I1=0;
I=I2/2 I2=2I=2(Is+Ia)

The critical value of inductor is expressed as

Note: If L>Lc, continuous current mode
if L=Lc critical or boundary conduction
If L<Lc discontinuous conduction mode

o Critical values of capacitor for continuous conduction:

 The average capacitor voltage Vc =Va=ΔVc/2
The critical value of capacitor
Note: If C>Cc, continuous voltage mode
if C=Cc critical or boundary conduction
If C<Cc discontinuous voltage mode
 Design Buck Boost converter

Design a buck boost regulator with an input voltage of Vs = 12 V. The average output
voltage Va = 4 V and the average load current Ia = 1.25 A. The switching frequency is 25
kHz. the inductor current ripple and capacitor voltage ripple are 0.89A and 60.61 mV.
And also find the critical values of inductor and capacitor for continuous conduction

22
Buck vs Boost vs Buck Boost converters

Buck converter:

Boost converter:

Buck Boost converter:

23