CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER T\vO

26 Properties of Fluids & HVDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics Z I

Problem 1- 38
Iiincl the arrgle the surface tension film leaves the glass for a vertical tube
irnmersed in water if the diameter is 0.25 inch and the capillary rise is 0.08
inc-'h. Use o = 0.005 lb/ft.
Chapter 2
Arts:64.3" Principles of Hydrostatics
Problem 1 - 39
UNIT PRESSURE OR PRESSURE, p
What force is required to lift a thin wire ring 6 cm in diameter from a water
Pressure is the force per unit area exerted.by a liquid or gas on a body or
surface at 20'C? (o' of water at 20"C = 0.0728 N/m). Neglect the weight of the
surface, with the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all
ring.
directions.
Ans:0.0274N

Force. F
P= .--- A.
' Area, Eq.2-1

ln the English system, pressure is usually measured in pounds per square inch
(psi); in international usage, in kilograms per square ce.timeters (k[/cm2), or
in atmospheres; and in the international metric system (sI), in Newtons per
Bquare meter (Pascal). The unit atmosphere (atm) is defined as a pressure of
1.03323 kg/cm2 (74.696 lb/inz), which, in terms of the conventional mercury
batometer, corresponds to 760 mm (29.921in) of mercury. The unit kilopascal
(kPa) is defined as a pressure of 0.0102 kg/crft (0.1a5 lb/sq in).

PASCAL'S LAW
Ittrst:nl's lazo, cleveloped by French mathemati cian Blaisc pnscal,states that the
l'lrcssure on a fluid is equal in all directions and in all parts of the container. In
Figure 2 -'1,, as liquid flows into the large container at the bottom, pressure
pusl'res the liquid equally up into the tubes above the container. The liquid
tlgcs to the same level in all of the tubes, regardless of the shape or angle of the
ttrbc.
 CHAPTER T\YO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER T\vO
2B Principles of Hydrostatics 6. HYDRAULICS & HYDRAUTICS Principles of Hydrostatics 29
ABSOLUTE AND GAGE PRESSURES
;. ;ifi*iiM;s.il
Gage Pressure (Relative pressure)
Gage pressures are presswes above or below the atrnosphere and can be
measured by pressure gauges or manometers. For srnall pressure differences, u-
a
fube manometer is used. It consists of a u-shaped tube
-ith o.ru end connected
the container and the other open to the atnosphere. Filled with a liquid, such
to
as
water, oil, or mercury, the difference in the liquid surface levels in the two
manometer legs indicates the pressure difference from local ahnospheric
conditions. For higher pressue differences, a Bourdon gauge, named after the
French inventor Eugdne Bourdon, is used. This consists of i hollow metal
tube
with an oval cross sectiory bent in the shape of a hook. one end of the tube is
Figure 2 - 1: Illustration of Pascal's Law closed, the other open and connected to the measurernent region.

The laws of fluid mechanics are observable in many everyda-v situations. For
example, the pressure exerted by water at the bottom of a prnd will be the Atmospheric Pressure & Vacuum
same as the pressure exerted by water at the bottom of a much narrower pipe, Atttrospluic Pressute is the pressure at any one point on the earth's surface from the
provided depth remains constant. If a longer pipe filled with water is tilted so weight of the air above it. A anarum is a space that has all matter removed from it.
that it reaches a maximum height of 15 m, its water will exert the same It is impossible to create a perfect vacuum in the laboratory; no matter how
pressure as the other examples (left of Figure 2 - 2). Fluids can flow up as well aclvanced a vacuum system is, some molecules are always present in the vacuum
as down in devices such as siphons (right of Figure 2 - 2). Hydrostatic force ett'a, Even remote regions of outer space have a small amount of gas. A vacuurn
causes water in the siphon to flow up and over the edge until the bucket is
r:an rrlso be described as a region of space where the pressure ii less than the
empty or the suction is broken. A siphon is particularly useful for emptying nrrrnral atmospheric pressure of 760 mm (29.9 n) of mercury.
containers that should not be tipped.
l-Jtrtlt.r Normal conditions at sea level:
It"r" = 2166lb/ft2
= 1.4.7 psi
= 29.9 inches of mercury (hg)
= 760 mm Hg
= 101.325 kPa

r, =Pi=P. lbrolute Pressure

Alrrrrtrrlr. pressure is the pressure above absolute zero (unumnt)
Figure 2 - 2: Illustration of Pascal's Law

r Ab5(llute zero is attained if all air is removed.

I Aurhtte pressure can never be negative. It is the lowest possible pressure attainable.
r lll€ nrtallest gage pressure is equai to the negative of the ambient atmospheric pressure.
 CHAPTER T\vO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS GHAPTERTWO 2 t
30 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of r
Hydrostatics '
VARHTIOI{S IN PRESSUR,E
Consider any two points (1 & 2), whose difference in elevation is Il, to lie in the
sB.6 ends of an eiemeniary prism having a cross-sectional area 4 and a length of L.
Standard
atmosphere = Since this prism is at rest, all forces acting upon it must be in equilibrium'

Free liquid surface

-40 gage
Current atmosphere = 100 abs

pressurcS
Absolute zero = -101.325 gage
or -100 gage

All pressure units in kPa

Figure 2 - 3: Relationship betvveen absolute and gage pressures

=Lsine
Note: Unless otherwise specified in this book, the term pressure signifies gage pressure.

MERCURY BAROMETER
A mercury barometer is an accurate and relatively
simple way to measure changes in atmospheric
pressure. At sea level, the weight of the atmosphere
forces mercury 760 mm (29.9 in) up a calibrated
A
Atmospheric Flgure 2 - 4: Forces acting on elementary prism
glass tube. Higher eleVations yield lower readings p le tsu re
because the atmosphere is less dense there, and the to liquid to zero gage press{Jre or with
thinner air exefts less pressure on the mercury, w Note: Free Uquid Surface refers
atnospheric pressure only.
surface subject

Wlth reference to Figure 2 - 4:

w-f v
1r'11= y @Ll

ANEROID BAROMETER [lF, - 0]

In an aneroid barometer, a Fz-Fr=Wsin0
partially evacuated metal drum P24-Pta=Y(aL)sin0
expands or contracts in response p2-p| =1Lsin0 butLsin0=h
to changes in air pressure, A
series of levers and springs
translates the up and down =yh .2-3
movement of the drum top into
the circular motion of the
pointers along the aneroid Threfore; the difference in pressure behueen any huo points in a lnmogeneous fuid
barometer's face. 4l nst ia equnl to thc product of the unit weight of the fluid (^il to tlu aerticnl distnnn
(h) llrhueen the points.
 CHAPTER T\vO
32 Princlples of Flydrostatics
FLUID MECHANICS
& HY'DRAULICS
FTUID MECHANICS CHAPTER T\vO - -
& HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 55
Also:
Consider the tank shown to be filled with liquids of different
clensities and
with air at the top under a gage pressure of pa, the pressure at the
bottom of
the tank is:
This means that arty change in pressure nt point 1. tuould cnu.se an equal chantge at
point 2. Thereforq a pressufe applied at any point in a Liquid at rest is h,! p'= y1h1 + yl lb + ^bhs +
trqnsmitted equally and undiminished to every other point in the liquid. =]i

Let us assume that point o in Figure 2 - 4 lie on the free liquid surface, then 'PRessunr nrno
the gage pressure pt is zero and Eq. 2 - 4 becomes:
'Pressure head is the height "rt" of a corumn of homogeneous liquid of unit
weight y that will produce an intensity of pressure p.
o -- ---
= zoh

This means that the pressure at any point "rt" beruo a

free liquid surface is equnl to
tlrc product of the unit weight of the
fluid (y) antt h.

Convert Pressure head (height) of liquid A to liquid

consider that points o and o in Figure 2 - 4keon the same elevation, such B
that h = 0; then Eq. 2 - becomes:

This means that the prcssure along the same horizontal plane in a homogeneous
fluid
at rest are equal. convert pressure head.(height) of any riquid to water,
iust murtipry its
Cht by its specific aravrty

Pressure below Layerc of Different Liquids

h2

hr

Fuotom
 CHAPTER TWO FTUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TU(/O 2q
34 Principles of Hydrostatics. & HYDRAULICS & HVDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics J J
MANOMETER Steps in Solving. Manometer Problems:
A ntunometer is a tube, usually bent in a form .of a U, corttaining a liquid of t. Decide or, ,f," fluid in feet or meter, of which the heads are to be
known specific gravity, the surface of which moves proportionally to changes expressed, (water is most advisable).
of pressure. 'lt is used to measure pressure 2. Starting from an end point, number in order, the interface of different
fluids:
3. Identify points of equal pressure (taking into account that for a
Types of Manometer homogeneous fluid at rest, the pibssure along the same horizontal plane
Open Type - has an atmospheric surface in one leg and is capable ot are equal). Label these points with the same number.
measuring gage preisu res. 4. Proieed from level to level, adding (if going down) or subtracting (il
Differential Typ" without an atmospheiic surface and capable of going up) pressure ,heads as the elevation decreases or increases,
i; respectively with due regard for the specific gravity of the fluids.
measuring only differences of pressure.
Piezometer - The sirnplest form of open manometer. lt is a tube'tapped hto a i
wall of a container or conduit"for the purpose of measuring pressure. The
fluid in the container or qonduit rises in this tube to form a free surface

Limitations of Piezometer: PrOblems

. Large pressures in the lighter liquids require long tubes
. Gas pressrtres can not be measured because gas can not form a free 2-'
suiface a depth of liquid of L m causes a pressure of 7 kPa, what is the specifi<
ty cif the liquid?

Pressure, p=lh
7 = (s.81. x s) (1)
s:0.714 ) Specific Gravity

2-.2
(a) Open manometer (b) Differential rnanometer = 1.03 for salt water.
le the pressure 12.5 m below the ocean? Use sp. Cr-.

,P*Yh ' :

p * (9.81. x1.03)(12.5)
P=1:26.3kPa

(c) Piezometer
 CHAPTER T\vO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS GHAPTER T\vO 2a
36 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics J t
Problem 2 - 3 Problem 2 - 5
lf the pressure 23 meter below a liquid is 338.445 kPa, deterrnine its unit If the pressure in the air space above an oil
(s = 0.75) surface in a closed tank is
weight y, mass densilv p , and specific gravity s 115 kPa absolute, what is the gage pressure 2 m below the surface?

Sotution Solution
(n) Unit weight, y p:pturtacelfll
p=vh Psurtace=115-101.325 Note: patm.= 101.325 kPa
338.445 = y (23) = 73.675 kPa gage
Psurrace
y = 14.715 kN/m3
p =13.675 + (9.81x0.7s)(2)
P = 28.39 kPa
) Mass density, p

p=l
I 1-6
x'l'03 the absolute pressure in kPa at a deplh of 10 m belovy the free surface of
P= 4,7'15
1

9s1 of sp. gr. 0.75 1f the'barornetric reading is 752 mmHg

p = 1,500 kg/m3

(c) Specific gravrty,

Prtria
s
'
pnbs=pntn+pgagr
/* = l,)i,,'
P water = (9.81 x 13.6)(0.752)
1,500 P"t. = 100.329 kPa
.5-
1,000 = 100.329+ (9.81 x 0.75X10)
Pnu,
,s=1.5
- puts = 173.9 kPa

Problem 2 - 4 7.-7
tf the pressure at a point in the ocean is 50 kPa, what is lhe pressure 27 meters gage 6 m above the bottom of the tank containing a liquid rea{s 90
below this point?
?q*"
{Another gage height 4 rri reads 103 kPa. Deterrriine the speeific'weight of

Solution
lhe difference in pressure belween any two point€ in a
liquid is pz - pt = t h

Pz-n=Yh.
" =?L..'|nr 1x1 .03) (27) 103-90=y(2)
p2 = 332.82kPa y.6.5 kN/6r
 CHAPTER T\vO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER T\vO
3B Principles of HYdrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 39
Problem 2 - 8 Solution
Arr open tank contains 5.8 m of water covered with 3.2 m of kerosene (f = 3 Since the density of the mud varies with depth, the pressure
kN/m3). Ilirrd the pressure at the interface and at the bottom of the tank. should be solved by integration

Solution dp=ydh
dp = (L0 + 0.5 h)dh
(u\ Pressure at the interface p5
aa
= fxht^
Pa
lao = |rc*o.snran
= (8X3.2)
pa = 25.6kPa
J'
00
J'
Kerosene
v =8 kN/m3 15
(b) Pressure at the bottom p = 10h + 0.25h2 |

Pa =2 Ylt lo
Water
= Y'' h'' + Ys Iq = 9.81 kN/m3 = [10(s) + [./$($)z] -[
= e.81(s.8) + 8(3.2) P = 56.25kPa
pn = 82.498 kPa

Problem 2 - 11
Problem 2 - 9 ln the figure shown, if the atmospheric
lf atmospheric pressure is 95.7 kPa ancl the gage attached to the tank reads 188
pressure is 101.03 kPa and the absolute I .5m
mmHg rru.,r.t*, find the absolute pressure within the tank pressure at the bottom of the tank is 'i#'flno;tr**
231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity
Solution uf olive oil? Water 2.5 m
Ptus -- Ptnt
+ PgrgL

Pgty = f mercu'Y fut""u'Y

= (9.81 x 13.6)(0'188)
= 25.08 kPa vacuum
', oiuoJ-t .
2.9 m
"'"' . 'ri
Pg"g,' = -25 08 kPa
Mercury, s = 13.6 0.4 m
pots=95.7 + (-25.08)
P^u, = 70'62 kPa abs

tolutlon
Problem 2 - 10
(iagepressureatthebottomof thetank, p=23'l .3 -101 .03
The weight density of a mud is given by y = 10 + 0'5k, where y is in kN/m3
and
t inge' pressure at the bottom of the tank, p = 130.27 kPa
h is in mlters. Determine the pressure, in kPa, at a depth of 5 m
l;r - )-Y[]
P= T, hr, + Yo ho + ln, htu + lot l].,t
130.27 = (9.81 x 13.5)(0.4) + (9.81 . s)(2.e) + e.81(2.5) + (9.81 x 0.89X1.5)
.r - 1.38
 40 CHAPTER TWO
Prlnclples of Hydrostatics
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
.FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER TN/O
Principles of Hydrostaticl
4l
Problem 2 - 12 Probtem 2- 14
lf air had
a constant specific weight of 72.2 N/mr and were incompressible, 'Compute the barometric pressure in kPa at an altitude of 1,200-_m if the
what would be the height of the atmosphere if the atmospheric pressure (sea .,pressure at sea level is 101.3 kPa. Assume isothermal conditions a 21oC. Use
level) is 102 kPa? R = 287loule /kg-"K.

Solutlon

Height of atmosphe re, h =L

v

_ 102 x 103
n
72.2
Height of atmosphere, h = = 8,350.55 m
.RT
=U
287(21 + 273)
Problem 2 i 13 (CE Board May 1994) p = 0.00001185 p
Assuming specific weight of air to be constant at 12 N/m3, what is' the
approximate height of Mount Banahaw if a mercury barometer at the base of dp = -(0.00001185 p)(e.s-t) dtr
the mountain reads 654 mm and at the same instant, another barometer at the adn = 0.00011,63 dlt
top of the mountain reads 480 mm. p
p 7200
Solution
=.0.0001163 p,
,rrr!fr 0

jp 11200
lnp I . =-0.0001163/r'lI o
J 101.3x10'

lnp - ln (101.3 x 103) = - 0.0001163(1200 - 0)

lnp = 11.tt'
p = e77.386
p = 8$080 Pa

pmt-p.op=I,h
h,,)uotto^ - (y,, hr)rop = (l h)""
(Yn,

(9,810 x 13.6'X0.654) - (9,s10 x 13.6)Q.a4 ='t2h

h = 1,934.53 m
 CHAPTER T!/O FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS^
4Z Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS 6. HYDRAUTICS
CHAPTER T\YO
Principles of Hydrostatics 43
Problem 2 - 15 Problem 2 - t8 (CE November 199g)
Convert 760 rnrn of mercury to (n) oil of sp. gr. 0.82 and (b) water. Piston A has a cross-section of 7,200 sq. cm while
that of piston B is 950 sq. cm.
with the latter higher than piston A by 1.7s m. If the intervening
passages are
Solution filled with oil whose specific gravity is 0.g, what is the differer.,iu
i^ pressure
between A and B.
s--
(rr) /rn,; = It^.rrur--!!!!!-
S oil
Solution
13.6
= 0.76 pa-ps=ypho
OU
= (9,810 x 0.8)(1.25)
hnir= 12.605 m of oil
Pa-Pa=13,734Pa
(b) /r*,u1",= h,,,"r.ury smercury
= 0.76(13.6)
ft*ater = 10.34 m of water

1200 cm2 950 cm2

Problem 2 - 16 (CE Board May 1994)
A barometer reads 760 mmHg and a pressure gage attached to a tank reads
850 cm of oil (sp. gr. 0.80). What is the absolute pressure in the tank in kPa? Problem 2 - L9

Solution
ln the figure shown, 300 mm O
llctermine the weight W
pabs=parn+pgage
lhnt can be carried bv the
= (e.81 x"13.6)(0.76) + (e.81 x 0.8)(8.5) 1,5 kN force acting on tt
Pnr', = 168.1 kPa abs phton. "

Problem 2 - 17
A hydraulic press is used to raise an 80-kN cargo 'truck. If oil of sp. gr. 0.82
acts on the piston under a pressure of 10 MPa, what diameter of piston is
required?
lolutlon
Solution Since points 1 and 2lie on the
Since the pressure under the piston is uniform: rrrnre elevatiorr, pr = ?z 300 mm Z
Force=pressurexArea
80,000 = (10 x 10!) LD2 1.5
-_-_____= = w
D=0.1 m=100mm [ (().03)z iQ.3)'
W* 150 kN
 CHAPTER T\x/O FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANTCS CHAPTER T\vO
44 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of
AE
Hydrostatics 'f J
Problem 2 - 20 Solution
A clrunr 700 mm in diameter and filled with water has a vertical pipe, 20 mm
in cliamctc.r, attached to the top. How many Newtons of water must be
pourcd into the pipe to exert a force of 6500 N on the top of the drum?

Solution
Force on the top:
f=pxArea
6500=px f,(7002-202)
p = 0.016904 MPa
p :1.6,904 Pa

,s=0.78
lp: v hl
1.6,904 = 9810 h - p'' = y,, ttl
tpz

@
h=1.723n trF
lt1-
n
-
0.00323
Weight=yxVolume
P=309.6F (kPa)
= 9810 x ! (0.02)2(1.723) Area on top
0)= _
w44
Weight = 5.31N
A 0.323
700 mm A
Pz = 136.22 kPa

Problem 2 - 2L 136.22 - 309.6 F= (9.81 x 0 7ti)(4.6)

The figure shown shows a setup with a vessel containing a plunger and a l'= 0.326 kN = 325 N
cylinder. What force F is required to balance the weight of the cylinder if the
weight of the plunger is negligible?

Cylinder
W=44kN F= lhs hydraulic press shown rs filled with oil with sp. gr. 0.82. Neglecting the
A = 0.323 m2 gFlght of the two pistons, wlrat force F on the handle is required to support
tlte lllkN weight2

.4.6 m

Oil, 5 = 6.73 Oil, s = 0.78

 CHAPTER T\vO
46 Principles of Hydrostatics
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
fLUID MECHANICS
6. HYDRAULICS
47
$olution since the gage reads "FULL'trren the reading is equivarent to 30 cfl of gasoJine
Sinct' points I and 2 lie on the same
t'lt'vation, then; Reading (pressure heaci) when the tank contair.r
l)t = Itz water : * 2#
(y ) cm of gasoline
f,
=F,
A1 A2 fher.r; y+2'fu =30
10 F2
t1 = 27.06 cm
tQoTrz i (0.025)2
F, =.1 .11 kN
Problem 2-24 (cE B@
[IMo=0] F'or the tarrk shown the value
in the Figure, llr = 3m and /ir = 4 m Deterrine
F(0.42s) = Fr(0.02s) <tf 14
F(0.425) = 1.11(0.025)
F = 0.0654 kN
r=65.4N

FBD of the lever arm

Problem 2 - 23
The fuel gage for a gasoline (sp. gr. = 0.68) tank in a car reads proportional to Solution
its bottom gage. If the tank is 30 cm cleep an accidentally contaminated with 2 Summing-up pressure head
cm of water, how many centimeters of gasoline does the tank actually contain from 1 to 3 in meters of water
when the gage erroneously reads "FULL"?
tL
D"
+hr(0.84)-t= 41
Solution
Yy
0+0.84h2_g_r=o
hz = 1|1.9 m

r T_
I

30 cm

2.rL I
J

"Full"
 CHAPTER I\vO
48 FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS
Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS e.i,,.ipr.,l?ffi*rY,.: 49
Problem 2 - 25 (CE Board May 1992) Problem 2 - 26
ln the figure shown, what is the static pressure in kpa in the air chamber?
For the manometer showry
determine the pressure at the
center of the pipe,

t--
= 13.55

L
m

Solution
The pressure in the air space Solution
equals the pressure on the surface
9um-up pressure head from
of orl, pt.
1 to 3 in meters of water:

Pr=0
Yt
D.
+1(13.55) + 1.5(0.8)= Iq
fy
Pz = fu, hu 0+14.75= la
= e.81(2) f
pz = 19.62kPa
tl = u.zsm of water ,s = 13.55

- pt t yu lt,,
v
pz
19.62- pt= (9.81' 0.S0X4) Pt= M.75(9.81)
pt = 144.7 kPa
pt = -1'1,.77 kPa

Another solution.
Sum-up pressure head fronr l to 3 in meters of water
. Pt *2-4(0.80)= ta
Yy
o+z-3.2= Pt
9.81
p. = _1.1.77 kpa
 CHAPTER T\I/O
50 CHAPTER TUTO
Principles of Hydrostatics
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS principles of Hydrostatics 5l
Problem 2 - 27 (CE Board November 2001) Problem 2 - 2A (CE May 1993)
L)c.tcnrrirre the value of y in the manometer shown in the Figure. ln the figure shown, when the
funnel is empty the water surface
-T- is at point A and the mercury of
1m sp. gr. 13.55 shows a deflection of
.,
T- 15 cm. Determine the new
I
deflection of mercury when the
3m funnel is filled with water to B

+-
1m
J

Solution

Solution
-T-
Summing-up pressure head from 1m
A to B in meters of water:
14+ + ru-
l-
'l,

yy e(0.8) 1.s - y(13.6) =

I

3m
5 * g.9-13.6r,=!-E-
9.8't " y t-
1m
I

where pa = 0 .'

11= 0.324m

Figure (a):'Level at A Figure (b): Level at B

Solve for y in Figure (a):

sum-up pressure head from A to 2 rn nleters ot water
o^ * la
Y"y r-
0.15(r3.5s) =

0+y - 2.03 = 0
7=2.03m
 CHAPTER T\VO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS
5Z Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER TWO
Principles of Hydrostatics 53
In Figure (b): Sum-up pressure head from Z to m jn ineters of water:
When the funnel is filled with water to B, point 1 will move d.own to 1,
with the same value as point 2 moving up-to Z' . P'*rt0.3.6\-y=P*
Y "' y
13.5y 70
Sum-up pressure head from B to 2': -x= 9.81 Eq (1)
In Figure (b):
P-P +
o.s * y + *- (r+ 0.t5 + x)(Ig.ss) = 2
Y-y Sum-up pressure head from 2, to m,in meters of water:
0 + 0.80 + 2.03+ x -27.'tx -
26.1 x = 0.80
2.03 = 0
2 +Q.2sino+ y+0.2)(1g.6)-(r+0.2) - Pnt'

x: 0.031 m = 3.L cm
Ty
0 + 2.7Zsin 0 + 12.6y + 2.72 _ x_ 0.2 = ffi
New reading, R = 15 + ?t = 1,5 + 2(3.1) 13.6y - x = 8.183 - 2.72 sin 0 Eq.(2)
New reading,R=X.2cm
[13.6y-x=L3.5y-x]
8.183-2.72sine=#
Problem 2- 29 sin 0 = A3852
The pressure at point rz in the figure 0 = 22.660
shown was increased. from 70 kPa to
105 kPa, This causes the top level of
mercury to move 20 mm in the sloping 2-30
tube. What is the inclination, 0? closed cylindrical tank contains 2 m of water, 3 m of oil (s 0.g2) and
= the air
ove oil has a pressure of 30 kpa. If an open mercury manorneter at the
of the tank has 1 m of water, determine the deflection of mercury.

Solution
Sum-up pressure head from
1 to 4 in meters of water:
n
!!tL a3(0.82) +z+L-y(13.0y= ll
Yy
# *2.+o+3-13.6y=0
y = 0.626m.

Figure (a) Figure (b)

In Figure (a):
 CHAPTER T\vO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS
54 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER T\x/O
Frinciples of Hydrostatics 55
Problem 2 - 31 In Figure (&):
llrt' Lj-tubc shown is 10 mm in diameter Summing-up pressure head from 1 to 3 in mm of water:
,rrrtl contains mercury. If 12 ml of water is lL +752.8_R(13.6): u
pourccl into the right-hand leg, what are Yy
lhc ultirlate heights in the two legs? R = 11.24 mm

--1
I
In Eq. (2):
E 11.24+2x=240
E r:1'14.38 mm
N

I
I
Ulhimate heights in each leg:
*
Right-handleg,hn=h+x
Solution
L ,ro * --'l
= 1.52.8 + 't14.38
Right-han d leg, hn = 267 ;1,8 rnm
5olvrng for /r. (sar ftgttrr'h1
Lefrhand teg' ht =
Volume of water = + (#F ir = l2 cml Note: 1ml =1cm3
fr.rX . 114.38
h = 15.28 crn = 152.8 mm
Left-hand Leg, ht = 1%.62 rnm
Since the quantity of mercury before and after water is poured
remain the same, then;
Problem 2 - 32
120(3)=R+-r+120+r Fnr a gage reading of -17.7kpa,
R+2x=240 )Eq.(1) dE'termine the (a) elevations of
the liquids in the open
plezometer columns E, F, and
G and (b) the deflection of the
tnercury in the U-tube
manometer neglecting the
welght of air.

I -l
1

E E
E E
N N

I
I I

J J

t_ 120 mm
-t
-J
Figure (b)
 CHAPTER I\vO
56 Princaples of Hydrostat,cr
FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER T\VO FA
& HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principtes of Hydrostatics , I
Solution
Column G
Sum-up pressure head from 1 to g in meters of water;
lL + se.z)+ a(1) - tr{1.6) = !-E-
vy
1-
Jm
E!. _15
E!. _r)_m_
# *2.1+4-7.6fu=s
ht= 2.'U^
El
E_l
_12-*_ Surface elevation = 8 + /rs
Surface elevation = 8 + 212 = 7O.72 m
1
4m
Deflection of mercury
EI
El._8 ln _
Sum-up pressure head from 1 to 5 in meters of water;

- h4(1s.6) : !-9-
Pr + zp.4 +4+4
1 v
4m
# *'t0.1.-13.6tu
ha= 0.6'L4m
t ---v
El.4m

Problem 2 - 33
An open manometer attached to a pipe shows a deflection of 150 mmHg with
Column E
the lower level of mercury 450 mm below the centerline of the pipe carrying
Sum-up pressure head from 1 to c in metes of water;
water. Calculate the pressure at the centerline of the pipe.
P' *trr(0.7)= P,
yy Solution
# *ftr(07)=o
/rr = 2.5 m
Surface elevation = 15 - /rr
Surface elevation = 15 - 2.5 = 1Z5 m

Column F
Sum-up pressure head from I tp /in meters of water; 8um-up pressure head from 1

Dt Pr 9ln meters of water;

t- +3(07)-hr(1\=''
yy b- + 0.45- 0.15(13.6) = l
v
i# *7'1 -h'=o
P,
ltz = g'3t' *0.45-2.04=o
Surface ^ = 12 + lu
elevation
9.81
= L5.6 kPa
' Surface elevation = 12 + 0.357 = 1'2.3ST m ;r1
 CHAPTER T\VO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS
58 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAUTICS
CHAPTER T\vO
Principles of Hydrostatics 59
Problem 2 - 34 Solution
lior llre configuration shown, calculate the (a) Gage liquid = mercury, /e = 0.1 m
wt.ililrt of the piston if the pressure gage
Sum-up pressure head from
rt,irrling is 70 kPa.
1 to 4 in meters of water;

Pr + +
x h - tx(13.6) - x - 1.5 = U
v v

-'a-
Pt f),
1.5-0.1 +0.1(13.6)
v v'
Pt - Pq =2.76mof water
v v
Solution
Surn-up pressure head from (1,) Gage liquid = carbon tetrachloride
A to B in meters of water; Ps = 70 kPa
reading, h = ?

P o -t (0.86) : r-t B
Sum-up pressure head from 1 to 4 in meters of water;
vv
tl P"t + x + lL
h - tr('1.5g\ - x - 1.5 =
Pe _o.se 7o
= 9.81 Yy
9.81 Pr -P+
= 78.44kPa =1.5+0.59/r
:rt,t
yy
FA=pAxArea
Weight = Fn where Pt - P+ = 2.76 m) from
(a)
yv
= PA x Area II

7v.aa x e)2 2.76=1.5+0.591t

i Ir= 2.136m
Weight = 61.61kN

Problem 2 - 35 ln thr. figure shown, determine Air, p = 175 lPu u6t

Two vessels are connected to a differential manorneter using mercury, tht' the height /r of water and the
connecting tubing being filled with water. The higher pressure vessel is 1.5 m
lower in elevation than the other. (a) If the mercury reading is 100 mm, what
lrge reading at A when the
lbnolutc pressure at B is 290
T-
I o
oo
h Water
is the pressure head difference in meters of water? (b) If carbon tetrachloriclc lPr,
(.s = 1.59) were.used instead of mercury, what would be the manomett't'
re.rding for the same pressure difference?
fI

700 mm
J,c
 CHAPTER T\YO T\vO , t
60 Principles of Hydrostatics
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER
Principles of Hydrostatics O I
Solutlon Sum-up pressure (gage) head from L to 4 in meters of water;
Sum-up absolute pressure head
.tL lL
from B to 2 in rneters of water;
Air, p = 175 ;,Pu u5t
yy+ xe.s)+ 1.3(0.e) -1.3(12.6)=
lL -o.z1s.e)-h= lz f-- 4o *0.9x-16.51=o

f-
Yy h € watei 9.81.

ffi -s.sz-t'=
h = 2.2O3 m
# wt
tl
o
r = 13.81m

700 mm M;r*ry/ o
Then,x+!/=28.42m
Jc
B

Sum-up absolute pressure head from B to A in meters of water; Problem 2 - 38

0o
!!L !-t ,For the manometer sefup shown,
- o.z(tZ.o) + o.z =
Yy determine the difference in pressure
between A and B.
ffi -s.sz+ s.7 = 9.81
Pa

pa = 203.5 kPa abs

Problem 2 - 37
In the figure shown, the atmospheric Solution
pressure is 101 kPa, the gage x+0.68=y+1..7
reading at A is 40 kPa, and the vapor x-y=1.02m )Eq.(1)
pressure of alcohol is 72 kpa
absolute. Computer+y. Sum-up pressure head from A to B
in meters of water;
-.- 0.68(0.85) + y = a_
? v

Solution
? + =x-v+0.s78 ) Eq.(2)

Sum-up absolute pressure head from Substitute x - y = L.02 in Eq. (1) to Eq. (2):
l" to 2 in meters of water; Pn
yv-Ps =1..02+o.sr|
lL _ yp.t1= ?L Pa-Pn
Y.r =1.SSS
9.81
40 + 101_u.9a= _12 kPa
Pa - Ps = 15.58
9.81 " 9.81
y = 74.67 m
 CHAPTER T\VO FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER T\)(/O
62 Principles of Hydrostatacs & HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
6. HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics 63
Problem 2 - 39 Problem 2 - 40
A differential manometer rs In thg figure shown, the
attached to a pipe as shown deflection of mercury is initially
Calcu late the pressure 250 mm. If the pressure at A is
.lifference between points ,4 increased by 40 kPa, while
and ll maintaining the pressure at B
constant, what will be the new
mercury deflection?

Solution

t00 mm
l
T- Solution

+ffi-rr 1

Sum-up pressure head from A to B in rneters of water

n"
''^ -r(Tn\ 01(136) +01(09) +y(09) = {g
VV

Pa U = 01(13 6) () l(0 e)
vy
Pa - Pa
= t.L/ trt
9.81
PA - PB = 12.46 kPa

Figure (a) Figure (b)

In Figure d, sum-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water;

!t !j-
yv-s.6-0.25(13.6)+0.25+ 2.1=
Pa Pn
= 1.65 m of water
v v
 CHAPTER T\VO FLUID MECFIANICS CHAPTER T\x/O ,, r
64 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics (,)
ln Figure b, po = pt + 40 Solution
Sum-up pressure head from A lo B tn meters ot water
ft- - (0.6- r) (0.25 + 2xlt36 + (2.35 * ,) = Pt
Dd

YV
o" t40 250 mm

Vv

Pa * 4o -r 65 - 25.2:r = Pa
v .9.81
Pa U =zs.zt-2.423 But PA U = t.ts
VV

t65=25.2t-2.423
r=0162m=162mm
Sum-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water;
New mercury deflection = 250 + 2r = 250 * 2(162\ !-4- + 0.2(0.8s)- 0.09(13.6)- 0.31(0.82) + 0.25 - 0.1(0.0012) =
Ps
New mercury deflection = 574 mm
P e - Pn = Losi23m of water
fl
Problem 2 - 4t pA - pB = 9.81 (1.0523) = 10.32 kPa
ln the figure shown, determrne the difference in pressure between points A
and B
2 - 42 (CE Board)
Assuming normal barometric pressure, how deep in the ocean is the point
here an air bubble, upon reaching the surface, has six Limes its volume than
had at the bottom?

Applying Boyle's Law

(4ssuming isothermal condition)

lp Vt = pzVzl t-
h
pt = 101..3 + 9.81(1.03)lr
pt = 101.3 + 10.104 h
l,
v'l -- 1,
v
pz=101.3 + 0 = 101.3
Vz- 6V
(101.3 + 10.104/r)14 = 101.3 (6 t/)
10.104 h=10t.3(6) - 101.3
h = 50.13 m
 CHAPTER T\vO FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TWO r a
66 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics O t

Problem 2 - 43 Since the pressure in air insicle the tube is uniform,

A vertical tube, 3 m long, with one end closed is inserted vertically, with the then pc - p6 = 20.0124 kPa
open end down, into a tank of water to such a depth that an open manometer Pr=T*h
connected to the upper end of the tube reads 150 mm of mercury. Neglecting 20.0124 = 9.81.h; h = 2.04 m
vapor pressure and assuming normal conditions, how far is the lower end of
the tube below the water surface in the tank? Then; x=h+ y =2.04+ 0.495
x = 2.535 m
Solution Area = A

Probfem 2 - 44
0.15 m
A bottle consisting of a cylinder 15 cm in diameter and 25 cm high, has a neck
which is 5 cm diameter and 25 cm long. The bottle is inserted vertically in
Mercury
?: Y; water, with the open end down, such that the neck is completely filled with
water. Find the depth to which the open end is submerged. Assume normal
barometric pressure and neglect vapor pressure.
,:':,,:,

x,. Solution 15cmO

Applying Boyle's Law

ptVt = pzVz
Applying Boyle's Law:
prVt= pzVz Before the bottle was inserted:
Volume of air:
Before the hrbe was inserted; + (5)r(25)
V, = i(1s), (2s) f
Absolute pressure of air inside, pt = 101.3
Volume of air inside, Vt = 3A Vt = 4,908.V4 cm\

Absolute pressure in air:

When the tube was inserted; 7 ='10'l'325
Absolute pressure of air inside, pz -- \01,.3 + 9.81 (13.6X0.15)
Absolute pressure of air inside, pz -- 721.31 kPa When the bottle is inserted:
Volume of air inside the tube, Vz= (3 - y)A Volume of air:

lptVr= pzVzl
vz= (15), (25)i
Vz= 4,417.9 cml
101.3 (3 A) = 121.3t t (3 - y) aI
Pressure in air:
3-Y=2'sos
pz='10"1.325 + 9.8-l h
A=0495m
From the mahometer shown; lp Vr = pzVzl
101.325(4,908,7a) = $01.32s + 9.81 h)(4,417 9\
pt = y,,, h,,,
101.325 + 9.8t h = 112.58
= (9.81 x 13.6)(0.15)
ft = 1.15 cm
pn = 20.0l24kPa
x=ltr25=26.15cm
 CHAPTER T\vO
e,i,,.ipru,1?fi;it*#,.: 69
FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS
68 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS

Problem 2 - 45
Supplementary Problems
A bicycle tire is inflated at sea level, where the atmosfiheric pressure is 101.3
kPaa and the temperature is 27 "C, to 445 kPa. Assuming the tire does not
Problem 2 - 46
expand, what is the gage pressure within the tire on the top of a mountain
where the altitude is 6,000 m, atmospheric pressure is 47.22 kPaa, and the A weather report indicates the barometric pressure is 28.54 inches of mercury'
temperature is 5'C. What is the atmospheric pressure in pounds per square inch?
Ans: t+.02 ps;

Solution
Ptvt = Pzvz Problem 2 - 47
T1 T2
The tube showrr is fillect with oil. Determine the pressure heads at B and C irr
meters of water.
At sea level:
Pn
Absolute pressure of afu, pt ='107.3 + 445 Ans: = -2.38ln
v
Absolute pressure, p1= = 546.3kPaa
Volume of air, Vt = V Pc
= -0.51m
Absolute temperature of air. Tr = 21 + 273 = 294 "K v

On the top of the mountain:

Absolute pressure of air, pz= 47.22 + p
Since the tire did not expand, volume of ait, Vz= V
Absolute temperature of air ; Tz = 5 + 273 = 278 "K

tT=hr
,PtVt - PzVz ,
s = 0.85

s46.3(v) $7.22+P)V
'294 - 278
2- 48
47'22+ P = 5L6'57 For thb tank shown in the figure, compute the pressure at points B, C, D, and E
= 469'35kPa kPa. Neglect the unit weight of air
P
Arts pu = 4.9; pc = po = 4.9; Pt = 21.64
 CHAPTER T\VO FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER T\VO
70 Principtes of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAUTICS Principles of Hydrostatics

Problem 2 - 49 2-52
A'gtass U-tube open to the ahnosphere at both ends is shoWn. lf the U-tube cylindrical tank contains water at a height of 55 mm, as shown' Inside is a
contains oil and water, determine the specific gravity of the oil open cylindrical tank containing cleaning fluid (s.g. = 0.8) at a height /r-
Ans: 0.86 e pressure pe = 13.4 kPa gage and pc = -13.42 kPa gage. Assume the cleaning
id is prevented from moving to the top of the tank. Use unit'weight of
= 9.79 kN/m3. (a) Deterrnine the pressure pe in kPa, (b) the value of h in
and (c) the value of y in millimeters.
Ans: (a) 12.88; (b) 1,0.2; (c) 101

Problem 2 - 50
A glass 12 cm tall fillecl with water is inverted. The bottom is open. What is
the pressure at the closed end? Barometric pressure is 101.325lclL
rOO.rU OO",

Problem 2 - 51
ln Figure'13, in which fluid will a pressure of 700 kPa first be
".nt?,ilt rr*rr"
2-53
Po = 90 kPa
tial manometer shown is.measuring the differen'ce in pressure two
pipes. The indicating liquid is mercury (specific gravity + 13.6),ln is 675
Itrn is 225 mm, and h,,,2 is 300 mrn. What is the pressure differential
ethyl alcohol
p = 773.3 kglm3
60m the two pipes.
Ans:89.32kPa

oil
p
10m
= 899.6 k9/m3
water
p = 979 kglmr 5m
glycerin
p= 1236 kglm3
5m