Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications

3rd Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala
McGraw-Hill, 2014

CHAPTER 3

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
§ Pressure: Pressure is the force per unit area
exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface,
with the force acting at right angles to the surface
uniformly in all directions.
§ Gage Pressure (Relative Pressure): pressures 2116
above or below the atmosphere and can be
H7 216
-

measured by pressure gauges or manometers. A

vacuum is a space that has all matter removed
from it. -

§ Atmospheric Pressure: pressure at any one

point on the earth’s surface from the weight of the -

air above it.

§ Absolute Pressure: Absolute pressure is the Note:
pressure above absolute zero • Absolute zero is attained if all air is removed. It is
the lowest possible pressure attainable.
• Absolute pressure can never be negative.
• The smallest gage pressure is equal to the
negative of the ambient atmospheric pressure.

2
 Pg
#mg
Pabs Patm
= +

Pabs =
Patm-Pg
a

to)
↑+gh
+)

path
/pacum
zero abs.
pressure
§ Pressure: Pressure is the force per unit area
exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface,
with the force acting at right angles to the surface
uniformly in all directions.
§ Gage Pressure (Relative Pressure): pressures 2116
above or below the atmosphere and can be
measured by pressure gauges or manometers. A
vacuum is a space that has all matter removed
from it.
§ Atmospheric Pressure: pressure at any one
point on the earth’s surface from the weight of the
air above it.
§ Absolute Pressure: Absolute pressure is the Note:
pressure above absolute zero • Absolute zero is attained if all air is removed. It is
the lowest possible pressure attainable.
• Absolute pressure can never be negative.
• The smallest gage pressure is equal to the
negative of the ambient atmospheric pressure.

2
 8
-
E

A
-
- -

pgh Pe -p, (h) A

Y = .SANAs
=

9
/ Ps -
Pe =
(n)B
3
Fin
P =

Pr
2
Pc P,
- =
(h) ,

Ps P2
- =
(h)2
3
Pp -3 =
(h73

O ---- 4
§ Pressure Head is the height “h” of a column of homogeneous liquid of unit weight y
that will produce an intensity of pressure
# p.
ℎ= &'. 2 − 8
$
§ To convert pressure head (height) of liquid A to liquid B.

%$ )* +$
ℎ" = ℎ$ &' ℎ" = ℎ$ &' ℎ" = ℎ$ ,-. 2 − 9
%" )" +"
§ To convert pressure head (height) of any liquid to water, just multiply its height by
its specific gravity.

ℎ"#$%& = ℎ)*+,*- ./)*+,*- 0+. 2 − 10

§ Manometer is a simple and inexpensive
device of measuring pressure and pressure
difference. It is usually bent to form a U-tube
and filled with liquid of known specific gravity.
The surface of the liquid will move in
proportion to changes of pressure

6
Piezometer is the simplest form of manometer
which is tapped into the wall of pressure conduit for
the purpose of measuring pressure. Though
effective in many purposes, piezometer is not
practical to use in lighter liquids with large pressure
and cannot be used to measure gas pressure.

7
Open Manometer
Open manometer is a tube bent into a U-shape to
contain one or more fluids of different specific
gravities. It is used to measure pressure. Example
of open manometer is shown below.

8
 PB-X
§ Differential Manometer
Differential manometer cannot measure
pressure but can measure pressure difference.
Frequently in hydraulic problems, difference in PA X
=

pressure is more useful information than the

pressure itself.

Pa PB
-

9
§ In the piezometers of the figure shown, liquid stands 1.37 m above point M. What is the pressure at M in kiloPascal if the liquid is (a) water, (b)
oil (sp gr 0.90), (c) mercury, and (d) molasses (sp gr 1.5).

h =
1 37 M
.

d) Hig
a Water
Pm =
(h) lg
Pm yh
kW) (137m
=

Pm =
13 6. (9 .

8
Pm =

9 81kN) (1 57myt
.
.

Pm =
13 .
44Apa Pm = 182 78 kPa
.

b) OL
d) Molasses
Pm Yh
[Yh)
=

Pm
N)
=
m
Pm 0 9 (9
01 (1 67m
81N)(1 37m
= .
.

10
.

Pm =
15
. (4 . .

Om =
12 . T0 kpa
Pm =
20 16 Apa
.
§ How high will liquid rise in the piezometers of shown in the figure if the pressure at M is 68.95 kPa and the liquid is (a) water, (b) oil
(sp gr 0.85), (c) mercury, (d) brine (sp gr 1.15)?

11
§ In the Figure shown, determine the height h of water and the gage reading at A when the absolute pressure at B is
290 kPa.

PB-Pr =
(h)
y
290kPa -

Pr = 13 6 .
(9 81 (0
.

N)
m3
.
7 m)
Pc = 196 .
61 KPa abs

C
Pc -PD =
(h) H ,0

196 61kPa-175kpa
.
= (9 . 8
kW) (n
h =
2 20 m
.

Pa-Po =
(h) H20
PA-175kPa =
(9 81kN/m3) (0 7m 2 20m)
. . + .

PA = 203 45 kPa abs

.

325Pa
203 45 KPa-101
Pag
.
= . 12

Pag =
102 13.
kPag
§ A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical dome and is connected to an inverted piping system as shown.The liquid in the
top part of the piping system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining parts of the system are filled with water. If the pressure gage
reading at A is 60 kPa, determine: (a) then pressure in pipe B, and (b) the pressure head, in millimeters of mercury, at the top of the dome (point
C).
Pa - Ps =
(h) +2
Gokpa-Pc =
981 IN)(3m
.

· Pc =
30 .

57
my) =

22 am
b Px -
Px =

(h]g
PD-6okpa = 0 8 . (9 .

81AN) (3m
Pp = 83 . 54kPa

PB Pp - =
(h) He0
PB -83 . 54kPa =
(9 81)(2m)
.

↑B =
10 3 16 KPA
.

13
 4H20 be 41b/ft3
# Pc (4) H20
=
.

=
-

§ Compute the absolute pressure on point A

Pe
-(62 4)
= .

C
Pe =
-

26
1b/ft2
B Po -
Pc =
(h) Hy
B
PD =
( -

261b/f+z)
= 13 4. (62 .

of
4)
PB =
0
Po = 681 .
2
16/ft2
PD-PA =
(h) oil
631 .

22- PA = 0 85
.
(62 4) ·

[in)It
PA 654 = .

65 (4 .
55
psig
Pa =
4 55 + 14 7
.
.
= 19 . 25 psic

14
 O
§ A piston having a cross-sectional area of 0.07m2 is located in a cylinder containing water as shown. An open U-tube manometer is
connected to the cylinder as shown. For h1 = 60mm and h = 100 mm, what is the value of the applied force, P, acting on the piston?
The weight of the piston is negligible.
Pa = 0
0
Force
C
PB-Ac (h) Heg =

A PB =
(3 3) (9 81) (0 1m)
. .
.

PB = 13 34 KPA
.

B
PB -
PA = (h)H ,
0

13 34kPa
.
-
PA =
& 817 (0 00m)
. .

PA =
12 . 75 kPa

Home
PA =
PA
t
p =
0
.
893kN

15
§ Determine the elevation difference, Δh, between the water levels in the two open tanks shown.

PB Pz (h) g
o
- =

& -

9 .
81(X + ph) -
Pc = 1)(0 4) .

B
34
D -
9 .
81(X + Ah) - 3 53
.
= Pr
A -

- Pc (h) H20 =

-
Pc = 9 .
81(x + 0 .
4)
PA = 0
Pc = -
9 . 81(X +0 4) .

PD = 0 -
Pa PC
(4)H20
=

PA PB
=
-

81(X Ah) 3 53
81)(X + xh)
+
9 81 (X + 0 4) 9 -

(9
-

PB
.

0
- .
= ,
- = .
.

xh) - 8th
X-9 3 52
PB 81(x +
x 3 924
=
-

9
.
- - ,
-
= , .

5 h = 0 04 m .

16
A U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank containing air and water as shown. At the closed end of the manometer
the air pressure is 16 psia. Determine the reading on the pressure gage for a differential reading of 4 ft on the manometer.
Express your answer in psi (gage). Assume standard atmospheric pressure and neglect the weight of the air columns in the
manometer.

PB Pa
- =
(h) a
PB-16 (1) (4ft)
·

PB =
26641b/f72
Pr
PB
O
=

PD-PCs)(2rt) --

8( state
19 37 ps D
PD = 2788 .
= .

-a
PDg=1937ps 17
If the pressure at pt. A is 98 kPa abs, what is the absolute pressure at point B

Grab
PA = Pa
PB = PD

Pc =
Pp = (h)+20
90kpa-PD =

[8N) (5m-3m s I
DD =
78 38 KPG abs
.
If the pressure at pt. A is 2900 lb/ft2, determine the pressures at points B, C and D.

PA PB- =
(h) H20 -
O
29001
ft2
-
PB =

(2 4b)(4f -3 ft)
.
+

PB =

2837-6 2
O

PR-PBA(24)(5ft)
C

Ftz
Pc = 31 49 .
6 1b/ft2
PD -
Pz =
(h) +20
PD-3149 61 .

Ftz
= 62 .

4(aft)
PD =
3274 .
4(b/ft2
 what is the SG of the olive oil? -
S
If the atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa and the absolute pressure at the bottom is 231.3 kPa,

(h) [M) n2o + Wh)ouve-Ag

+/10
89
.

Pbottom =
on +

(9 81) /0 4)
(2 5) + SGonE (9 8) (2 9)
13 6
(9 81)(1 5) +
.

9 81 +
.
.

· 89
. .
.
.
. .

+ 101 325
. = 231 3
. kPa

SG = 1 37
.
 Determine the pressure heads at A and B in meters of water.

-Pa =

(h) on

PA =
-

(h) on 0 .

PA = - 0 85. (9 81) (2 8 m)
, .

PH = -23 .
35 kPa =
(1) Heo ①
-
23 .
35kPa =

(9 81N)
, hto C

UHzo =
-2 38 m
.

PB -
Pa =
(h) oil
PB 35kPa [0 55) (9 81)(2 2)
.

+ 23 .
= .
.

PB 5kPa
=
(h) He
- =

-
5kPa =

(9 VIN)Chico
.

↑ H20 = -0 510m
.
 s
The gauge pressure at A is is -1.58 psi. Find the specific gravity of liquid B.

PD = 0

(u)i
O
PD -
Pc =

Pc = -

(h) B
ft)
P =
-Say (62 .

4)(1 .
25 C

Py =
Pis -
1 58
.

psi

(h) A
55
PB -

PA =

Say (62 .

4) (1 25)
. + 1 .

SGB = 0 997.
Determine the elevation difference, h, between the water levels in the two open tanks.
.