University of vocational technology

Fauculty of engineering technology

Bulding service technolgy
P.A.D.R.Ranasingha
BST/22/B1/45
 Assignment 2
Write a report regarding the types of surveying based on
their use of methods including the following topics

-Evolution of the relevant types

-Standard procedures for each type
-Type of equipment use
-Types of errors can occur and rectification measures
-Drawbacks and benefits of each
 Evolution of Types of Surveying Methods

Introduction:
The science of surveying has developed over time, embracing
numerous methods and techniques to meet varied needs. Based on their usage,
surveying techniques are examined in this paper along with the major
developments that have influenced the profession. Understanding the development
of various kinds of surveying techniques offers insightful information on the
growth of the surveying profession.

*Geodetic surveying:
the curvature of the Earth's surface, geodetic surveying
entails measuring and mapping vast portions of the planet's surface. In the past,
trigonometric and astronomical observations were used in geodetic surveying to
obtain precise placements. However, geodetic surveying has significantly changed
since the introduction of satellite-based positioning technologies like GPS. The
incorporation of GPS technology has greatly improved positioning accuracy and
made it possible to construct precise global positioning systems and geodetic
networks.

*Topographic surveying:
is the process of mapping an area's physical attributes.
Chains, compasses, and theodolites were used in traditional topographic surveying
techniques to measure angles and distances. Topographic surveying has changed,
though, as a result of the advent of remote sensing technologies like aerial
photography and LiDAR. These technologies offer high-resolution data and make
it easier to produce accurate elevation models and contour maps.

*Engineering Surveying:
Engineering projects use engineering surveying during
the planning, design, and construction phases. Traditional techniques required
exact measuring and leveling to create control points and guarantee correct
alignment of infrastructure and buildings. Modern tools and technology have
contributed to the development of engineering surveying. While software
developments have supported real-time data collecting, 3D modeling, and
automated machine control, total stations, robotic total stations, and GPS-enabled
equipment have enhanced measurement accuracy and efficiency.

*Hydrographic Surveying:
This field of study entails measuring and mapping water
bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and seas. Hydrographic surveying has traditionally
depended on lead or weighted ropes for hand sounding techniques. However, this
profession has changed as a result of technological improvements. Accurate depth
readings are provided by sonar systems, such as single-beam and multi-beam echo
sounders, which also make it easier to map underwater features. Accurate
bathymetric mapping and the definition of navigation channels are also made
possible by remote sensing technology and satellite photography.
 Standard procedures for each type
*Surveying of land:

Gather current records, historical information, and legal documents for your
research and preparation.
Visit the survey site for reconnaissance to evaluate the surroundings and notable
features.
Measurements: To measure distances, angles, and elevations, use equipment like
total stations or GPS receivers.
Analyze acquired data and perform computations to derive coordinates, area
measurements, and boundary descriptions.
Map-making and documentation: Produce thorough maps, plans, and reports that
depict the features of the surveyed land.
Geographical surveying

* Geographical surveying

Establishing a control network entails creating a grid of locations with known

coordinates.
GPS observations: For accurate location, gather GPS data at numerous control
sites.
Utilize angular and distance data to triangulate and trilaterate the positions of
inaccessible points.
Establish a reference surface and a coordinate system to determine the datum.
Analysis and adjustment: To reduce errors and guarantee correctness in the
geodetic network, analyze and adjust the data.
* Engineering Construction:

Establishing a reference point involves choosing control locations for building

measurements.
Mark the locations of structures, foundations, and infrastructure components in
accordance with the design plans.
Establish the desired height and slope for construction surfaces before determining
the grade.
Monitoring: Throughout the procedure, check and confirm the precision and
alignment of the built pieces.
As-built surveys: After construction, conduct surveys to confirm placements and
dimensions.

* Surveying of the waterways

Utilize echo sounders or sonar equipment to measure the depth of the water and
other underwater phenomena.
Positioning: Use GPS and nautical aids to pinpoint the survey vessel's location.
Conduct systematic surveys to gather information about depth and location.
Using the data gathered, bathymetric mapping produces precise maps of
underwater features.
Charting for navigation: For safe navigation, update nautical charts with the most
recent survey data.
 Type of equipment use
Land surveying :
is measuring and charting the surface of the Earth to
identify property lines and topographic features. Total stations are used
for exact measurements, GPS receivers are used to determine location,
theodolites are used to measure angles, leveling instruments are used to
measure height differences, and laser scanners are used to create 3D
point clouds.

Geodetic surveying:
Taking into account the curvature of the Earth, geodetic surveying focuses on
extensive mapping. High-precision GPS receivers are utilized for precise
positioning, theodolites and other geodetic instruments are used to measure angles,
and electronic distance measuring (EDM) instruments are used to measure
distances.

Construction surveying:
For construction projects, exact measurements are provided through construction
surveying. Total Stations are used for measuring length and angle, GPS receivers
are used for real-time positioning, laser levels are used to generate reference lines,
and building information modeling (BIM) software is used to create digital models.

Hydrographic surveying:
This process involves mapping water bodies and other underwater characteristics.
Equipment employed includes Side-Scan Sonar Systems for detailed images of the
seafloor, Echo Sounders for measuring water depth, GPS receivers for vessel
navigation, and Remote Sensing Devices like aerial or satellite sensors for
collecting mapping data.

Types of errors can occur and rectification

measures
*Instrumental mistakes:

Random Errors: These errors happen as a result of measurement variances or

inaccurate instrumentation. Repeated measurements can be made to make
corrections, and the average value can be applied to lessen the impact of random
errors.
*Systematic errors:
These mistakes are caused by persistent biases or faults in the measuring device.
Systematic mistakes can be corrected with the use of calibration and routine
instrument maintenance.
Errors in the Natural Environment

*Environment:
Refraction in the atmosphere can skew estimations of distance. Depending on the
atmospheric conditions, correction factors can be utilized, or sophisticated devices
with built-in atmospheric correction can be used.
Variations in temperature and pressure can have a negative impact on
measurements. These inaccuracies can be reduced by using temperature and
pressure sensors and making the necessary corrections.

*Human Mistakes

Reading inaccuracies:
 Incorrectly interpreting instrument scales or recording readings can result in
inaccuracies. Reading errors can be fixed with the right training, attention to detail,
and cross-checking readings.
Errors in Data Entry or Computation: Incorrect calculations may be the
consequence of errors in data entry or computation. These inaccuracies can be
fixed by double-checking data entry and employing computer tools for precise
computations.

*Errors in field surveying

Misalignment or Poor Instrument configuration:

Misalignment or poor instrument configuration might cause mistakes. These
mistakes can be rectified by ensuring appropriate instrument setup and alignment.
Poor surveying methods: Errors may result from inaccurate measurement methods
or poor surveying practices. Errors can be reduced by following standardized
surveying methods and utilizing the right measurement techniques.

*Land surveying: negative aspects

Time-consuming:
Land surveying can take a lot of time, especially for detailed mapping or surveys.
Limited visibility: In some situations, obstructions like plants or structures may
make it difficult to take accurate measurements.
 Drawbacks and benefits of each
Geographical surveying
Drawbacks:
High standards for equipment and knowledge: Geodetic surveying calls for
sophisticated tools and specialist knowledge.
Large datasets from geodetic surveys can be difficult to process, needing
specialized software and knowledge.

Benefits:
Accurate mapping, navigation, and geospatial analysis are made possible by
geodetic surveying, which assures precise location on a worldwide scale.

Construction surveying's negative aspects

Construction sites are dynamic environments, making it difficult to maintain

precise measurements and control points.
Time-sensitive: Since real-time measurements and modifications are necessary for
construction surveys, efficiency is required under time constraints.

Benefits:
Accurate location of structures and infrastructure is ensured through construction
surveying, which lowers errors and increases construction efficiency.
Quality control: Consistent observation during construction helps to preserve
adherence to design requirements, reducing errors and rework.

Drawbacks of hydrographic surveying

Data collection in difficult underwater conditions is required for hydrographic

surveys, which calls for specific equipment and vessels.
Processing and analyzing hydrographic survey data can be challenging because of
obstacles and water currents.

Benefits:
Safe navigation: Hydrographic surveying creates precise charts that help with
maritime safety by recognizing risks and figuring out