Additional Notes in Gen.

Chem 1- First Quarter

I. Matter
A. Matter- solid, liquid, gas, plasma, Bose- Einstein Condensate
Non-matter – energy, actions, ideas, abstract thoughts
B. Phases of Matter
1. Solid – definite volume and shape/ very low compressibility
2. Liquid- definite volume and indefinite shape/low compressibility
3. Gas- indefinite volume and shape/high compressibility
C. Properties of Matter
1. Chemical property – w/accompanying change in identity
Ex. Flammability, corrosivity etc.
2. Physical property - w/out accompanying change in identity
Ex: Density, shape and size etc.
2.1 Intensive property – depends on the type of matter not in the amount of matter
Ex: color, boiling point etc.
2.2 Extensive property – depends on the amount of matter an object has
Ex: mass, length etc.
D. Classification of Matter
1. Pure Substance – has specific composition
1.1 Element – simplest type of matter; composed of one type of atom
1.1.1 Metal
1.1.2 Non- metal
1.1.3 Semi- metal/ metalloid
1.1.4 Noble gas
1.2 Compound – is composed of two or more elements combined chemically in definite proportions
1.2.1 Organic – contain carbon
1.2.2 Inorganic – do not contain carbon
1.2.3 Covalent – formed from the sharing of electron
1.2.4 Ionic – formed from the transferring of electron
2. Mixture – made up of 2 or more substances that are physically combined and components can be easily
separated
2.1 Homogeneous mixture – exist in single phase; such as sugar solution
2.2 Heterogeneous mixture – exist as more than 1 phase such as halo- halo
E. Ways of Separating Mixtures
1. Filtration- separate insoluble solid from a liquid mixture
Ex: sand from sand and water mixture
2. Evaporation – separate soluble sold from a liquid
Ex: Salt from salt solution
3. Distillation – separate 2 miscible liquids of different boiling points
Ex: ethyl alcohol from the mixture of 70% ethyl alcohol
4. Use of Separatory funnel – separate 2 immiscible liquid such as oil and water
5. Extraction - used to separate solute from any contaminant by means of adding immiscible solvent
Ex: Separation of red food color in a mixture of 2 immiscible liquids- methylene chloride and water
6. Centrifugation - used to separate insoluble smaller solids from a liquid where normal filtration does not
work well
Ex: separate components of blood
7. Chromatography - used to separate components with different affinities to mobile phase (solvent) and
stationary phase (paper column)
 Ex: separate the different pigments of a leaf
8. Magnetism - used to separate two solids with one part having magnetic properties
F. Consumer Products – contain different components that influence their properties and use
-must consider quality, safety, proper usage, cost/ quantity
II. Atoms, Ions and Molecules
A. Fundamental Laws of Matter
1. Law of Conservation of Mass – matter is neither created nor destroyed rather can be rearranged to form
new substance; mass of reactant must equal to the mass of the product
Proponent: Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
2. Law of Definite Proportion - states that any sample of a given compound will always be composed of the
same element in the same proportion by mass
Proponent: Joseph- Louis Proust
3. Law of Multiple Proportion - It states that atoms can combine in different ratios leading to the formation
of different compounds
Proponent: John Dalton
B. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All matter is made up of atoms
2. An element is made up of only one type of atom
3. A compound is made up of different kinds of atom following a specific ratio
4. An atom cannot be created nor destroyed
Atom is indivisible – once part of Dalton’s atomic theory but later on was excluded because of the
discovery of subatomic particles
C. Subatomic Particles
1. Proton – positively charge particles; discovered by Rutherford thru the Gold- Foil Experiment
2. Electron – negatively charge particle; discovered by Thomson thru the Cathode- Ray Tube
Experiment
3. Neutron- neutral charge; discovered by Chadwick thru Gold- Foil Experiment in collaboration with
his teacher Rutherford
D. Atomic Number and Mass Number
1. Atomic number – known as the proton count; a basis for determining the no. of proton and electron
2. Mass Number – the sum of the proton and neutron
No. of neutron – Mass number minus proton number
E. Isotope – elements having the same number of proton but different number of neutron
- unstable isotope undergo radioactive decay thus, produces radiation and great amount of energy
Ex: Isotopes of hydrogen: H-1 (protium) , H-2 (deuterium) , H-3 (tritium)
Common isotopes and their use:
1. Cobalt- 60 – cancer treatment 4. Californium- 252- soil’s moisture content
2. Uranium -235 – nuclear weaponry
3. Sodium-24- study blood circulation
F. Ions – an electrically charged particle
- formed when atom loses/gains electron
- can be in 2 forms: cation (positive ion) and anion (negative ion)
- metal loses electron to form cation while anion formed when nonmetal gains electron
- ionic bond holds cation and anion together to form ionic compound
- atom loses/gains electron for them to become stable
- noble gas is the most stable group of element for elements obtained their duet and octet
G. Naming of Ionic Compounds
1. Binary compounds (monoatomic cation + monoatomic anion)
- name the cation first then anion with -ide suffix
Ex: MgCl2 - magnesium chloride CaF2 – calcium fluoride
2. Monoatomic cation + polyatomic ion (periodic table of elements -ions and their charges)
- name the monoatomic cation then the polyatomic ion
Ex: Sr (OH)2 – strontium hydroxide ZnSO4 – zinc sulfate
3. Transition metal with more than 1 charge (cation) + anion
- name the transition metal followed by anion
- there are 2 ways of naming: stock system and classical system
- stock system uses roman numeral to represent the charge of a cation
- classical system uses the traditional or Latin name

Example 1: SnO (stock) - tin (II) oxide Sn2O4 - tin (IV) oxide
SnO (classical) - stannous oxide Sn2O4 - stannic oxide

Example 2: PbS (stock) - lead (II) sulfide Pb2O4 - lead (II) sulfide
PbS (classical) - plumbous sulfide Pb2O4 - plumbic sulfide

Example3 : NiP (stock)  nickel (III) phosphide

4. Transition metal with more than 1 charge (cation) + polyatomic ion

Example 1: Cr(MnO4)2 (stock) - chromium (II) permanganate
Cr(MnO4)2 (classical) - chromous permanganate
Cr(MnO4)3 (stock) - chromium (III) permanganate
Cr(MnO4)3 (classical) - chromic permanganate

5. Some ionic compounds have water molecules incorporated in their structure and are called hydrated
salts.
Example: CuSO4 . 5H2O - copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
CaSO2 . 2H2O – calcium sulphate dihydrate
 6. Without their water molecules (called waters of hydration), the salts are considered anhydrous and have
different properties than the hydrated compounds
Example: MgSO4 - anhydrous magnesium sulphate
MgSO4 . 7H2O - magnesium sulphate heptahydrate

7. Naming binary acid in its aqueous form

- the anion name is prefixed with hydro- , suffixed with –ic, and added with the term acid
Example: HCl (g) hydrogen chloride + H2O  HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid

8. Naming tertiary acid forms from a polyatomic ions

- The acid name is based on the polyatomic ion; the suffix –ite is replaced with –ous and –ate with -ic
Example: NO2- nitrite + H2O  HNO2 nitrous acid
-
NO3 nitrate + H2O  HNO3 nitric acid

9. Writing chemical formula of Ionic Compound (use the crisscross method)

Example 1: lithium fluoride – LiF (Li +1 F-1) aluminum sulfide – Al 2S3 ( Al+3 S-2)

Example 2: barium phosphate – Ba3(PO4)2 ( Ba+2 PO4-3 )

+2 -3
Example 3: iron (II) phosphide - Fe 3P2 ( Fe P )
+3
Example 4: cupric nitrate - Cu(NO 3)3 ( Cu NO3-1)
Example 5: potassium sulfate tetrahydrate - K 2SO4 . 4H2O
Example 6: hydrosulfuric acid - H 2S (H+1 S-2 )
Example : sulfurous acid – H2SO3

H. Covalent compound
- formed when 2 nonmetals share their electrons
1. Naming of covalent compound
- Name the first anion followed by the second anion with -ide suffix
- The subscript is included in naming. Use prefixes accordingly
Example: N2O2 – dinitrogen dioxide PCl5 - phosphorus pentachloride (do not use mono- in
first anion, its for the 2nd anion only)
2. Writing the chemical formula of covalent compound
Example: I3O4 - triiodine tetroxide S2Br5 - disulfur pentabromide

III. Types of Chemical Formula

1. Molecular formula - contains the symbol of element and the complete number of atoms of element in a
compound
2. Empirical formula - is the reduced form (simplest whole number ratio) of a molecular formula
 3. Structural formula - shows the bond pattern and connectivity of atoms in compound
4. Condensed formula - simplifies the structural formula, in which bonding patterns and connectivity are
less obvious but are still apparent

IV. Molar Mass (MM)

- is the mass of one mole of element or compound
- expressed in g/mol
- is obtained as the sum of the product of the atomic masses and the number of atoms of every
element that comprise a compound

Example:
Calculate the molar mass of sodium phosphate (Na 3PO4). What will be the mass in grams of one
mole of Na3PO4? (atomic masses: Na-22.99 amu, P-30.97 amu, O-16.00 11 amu)

Solution:
Formula mass of Na3PO4 = (atomic mass of Na x 3)+ (atomic mass of P x 1) +
(atomic mass of O x 4)
= (22.99amu x 3) + (30.97amu x 1) + ( 16.00amu x 4)
= 68.97 amu + 30.37 amu + 64 amu
= 163.94 amu
= 163.94 g/mol

V. Percent Composition
- The Law of Definite Proportion suggests that any sample of compound always consists of the same
elements in the same proportion by mass
- This law helps determine the composition of compound or the relative quantities of each
constituent element

Example:
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is commonly used as an additive in the manufacture of glass, or as
water softener and neutralizer for chlorine in pools. It is commonly known as soda ash or washing soda.
What are the percentages of each element in the compound?
(atomic masses: Na- 22.99 amu, C- 12.01 amu, O-16.00 amu)

Step 1: Formula mass of Na2CO3 = (atomic mass of Na x 2) + ( atomic mass of C x1) + (atomic mass of O x 3)
= (22.99amu x 2) + (12.01 amu x 1) + ( 16.00 amu x 3)
= 45.98 amu+ 12.01amu + 48.00 amu
= 105.99 amu
 Step 2: Applying the general formula for percent composition of each constituent element

( atomic mass of A ) x( number of atoms of A∈the compound )

% A= x 100
formula∨molecular mass of the compound

45.98 amu
% Na= x 100=43.38 %
105.99 amu

12.01 amu
% C= x 100=11.33 % 100 %
105.99 amu

48.00 amu
% O= x 100=45.29 %
105.99 amu

VI. Differentiating atom, molecule, element and compound from one another.