INDEX

accepted standards, 159 basement walls, pressure on, 17, 261

access floors, 164 basic wind speed, 23, 27, 28, 36–40, 274
accidents, 233 beams, 142
active fault, 97 bearing walls, 102
additions, 3, 96, 97, 321, 326 bearing wall systems, 133
adjacent structures, 80, 96 bilateral load, 185
adjusted resistance, 97 blockage coefficient, 266, 268
adjustment factor, 46 boilers, 169, 203–204
aerodynamic shade, 79–80, 319–320 bolted steel structures, 201, 345
air density values, 306 bolted steel tanks, 199
air-permeable cladding, 274 boundary elements, 97
Alaska, 90, 122–123, 207, 351 boundary members, 97, 223
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, 233 braced bay members, 223
allowable story drift, 145 braced frame, 99
allowable stress design, 1, 6, 132, 241, 340–341 breakaway walls, 17
along-wind displacement, 284 loads on, 18, 262
along-wind response, 284 breaking wave pressures, 19–20, 21, 264
alterations, 3, 97 buckling failure, 202
alternate path method, 234 building envelope, 23
amusement structures, 206 building frame systems, 99, 133–134
analytical procedure, simplified, 146 building height, 43, 46
analytical procedure, wind loads, 27–34 building height limit, 133–135, 136
anchor bolts, 226 buildings, 1, 97
anchorage, 141, 142, 143, 196 classification of, 2–3, 4, 235–236
anchorages, 225 enclosed, 23
component, 160–161 large volume, 31
piles, 174–175 low rise, 23
walls, 342 new, 95–96
anchorage systems, 201 open, 23
appendage, 97 partially enclosed, 23–24
approval, 97 regular shaped, 25
approximate period parameters, values of, 147 rigid, 25
appurtenances, 207 simple diaphragm, 25, 29
arched roofs, 53 building separations, 145, 183
architectural components, 157, 188
design, 162–164
inspection, 219 calculated period, upper limit on, 147
support, 97 camber, 229, 367
ASME boilers, 203 cantilevered column systems, 97, 135
ASME spheres, 204 change of use, 95
atmospheric ice loads, 207, 241, 350 chimneys, 69, 206, 209
attachments, 97, 168 cladding, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33–34, 44, 271
boilers, 169 air-permeable, 27
components, 166–167 lower limit on pressures, 293
electrical equipment, 170–171 wind loads on, 288
internal equipment, 203–204 climatic data, regional, 28, 276
mechanical equipment, 169–170 coastal A-zone, 17
pressure vessels, 169–170 coastal high-hazard area (V-zone), 17
authority having jurisdiction, 1 cold-formed steel, seismic requirements for, 223
axial load, 141 cold-formed steel framing, inspection, 219
a-zones, 18 cold-formed steel studs, 228
collapse, 233
balanced snow loads, 85–88 progressive, 232, 233–234
balusters, 9 collector elements, 142, 143
barrel vault roofs, 79 columns, 19, 142
roofs slope factor, 318 combination framing detailing requirements, 136
unbalanced snow loads, 319 compliance procedures, 220
base, 97 component certification, 167
base flood, 17 component deformation, architectural, 161
base flood elevation (BFE), 17 component forces, architectural, 161
base shear, 97, 154, 151 component importance factor, 158, 160
basements, 97 component supports, 167

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures 369

components, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 44, 207 design ice thickness, 355
force transfer, 159 design lateral force, 181
lower limit on pressures, 293 design pressure, 25
nonstructural, 182 design rain loads, 93, 335
wind loads on, 288 design response spectrum, 130–131
equipment, 97 design response spectrum curve, 129–130
rigid, 97 design review, 154
composite structures, 174 design seismic forces, 132
concentrated live loads, 12–14, 255–256 design snow loads, 326, 327, 328
concentrated loads, 9 design story drift, 136, 145, 146
concentrically braced frame (CBF), 99 design strength, 1, 101
concrete, reinforced, 97, plain, 97 design values, 157
concrete components, 174 design wind load cases, 33, 54, 291–292
concrete members, reinforcement, 224–225 design wind loads, 291
concrete pedestal tanks, 203 design wind pressures, 33–34, 41–43
concrete piles, 173–174 design wind speed, probability of exceeding, 307
metal-cased, 221, 222 designated seismic systems, 98
precast, 222 diagonal braces, 224
precast nonprestressed, 221, 346 diaphragm boundary, 98
uncased, 221, 345–346 diaphragm chord, 98
concrete region, 97 diaphragm flexibility, 137
concrete shear walls, 225 diaphragms, 142, 143, 144
concrete walls, 141, 142, 143, 342 blocked, 98
concrete-filled steel pipe piles, anchorage of, 221–222 direct shear, 148
connections, 143, 162, 223 discontinuous frames, 342
construction documents, 97, 161 discontinuous members, 226, 342
construction methods, alternate, 96 discontinuous walls, 142, 342
construction review, 184 displacement, 98, 181, 183
containers, 97 displacement restraint systems, 98
continuous beams, 86 domed roofs, 52
continuous load path, 132 dome roofs, 66
contraction, 367 domed roofs, unbalanced snow loads, 79
structural, 229 drag strut, 98
contractor responsibility, 218 drainage systems, roofs, 93, 335, 337, 338
controlled drainage, 93, 336 flow rate, 338
counteracting structural actions, 2 drift, structures, 229
coupling beam, 98 drift, walls, 366
crane loads, 11–12, 257 drift determination, p-delta effects, 149–150
cripple walls, 102 drift height, snow, 89, 319
critical load condition, 32 drift limitations, 145, 165, 179, 182, 192
critical load effects, 139 drift loads. See snow drift
cross-sectional shapes, ice area, 210 dual frame systems, 99, 132, 134
curtain walls, 163, 165 ductility, structural components, 195
curved roofs, 11, 85, 256 ductwork systems, 167
slope factor, 78, 318 durability, 229, 367
unbalanced snow loads, 79, 318 dynamic analysis, 176
dynamic lateral response, 179–182
damage propagation, 233 dynamic loads, 207, 352
damping coefficient, 177 dynamic pressure coefficient, 22
dead loads, 7, 100 dynamic response, 34
minimum design, 246–249 dynamically sensitive structures, 30
debris, 265
deflection limits, 192 earthquake ground shaking, computation of, 339–340
deflections, 145, 151 earthquake loads, nature of, 339
deformability, 98 earth-retaining structures, 194
deformation, 98 eccentric loads, 143
deformational compatibility, 136 eccentrically braced frame (EBF), 99
demolition, 233 eccentricity, 33
depth coefficient, 266, 268 effective building period, 154–155
design acceleration parameters, 131 effective damping, 155, 186–187
design displacement, effective period, 177 effective density factor, 201
design earthquake, 98, 181 effective height, 154
design earthquake ground motion, 98 effective mass, 201, 204, 205
design flood, 17, 18, 261–262 effective stiffness, 98, 185
design flood elevation (DFE), 17 effective wind area, 25, 57, 65
design force, 25 electrical component design, 165
design ground motion, 131, 132 electrical components, 157, 188

370 ASCE 7-02

 inspection, 219 frame members, 227
seismic coefficients, 166–167 frame systems, 99
electrical equipment, attachments, 170 frames, 142
testing, 220–223 drift of, 229, 366
electrical power generating facilities, 194–195 framing systems, combinations of, 132
elevated tanks, 201 freeboard, 197, 206
elevators, 10 freezing rain, 207, 208, 352, 355–356, 359
design requirements, 171–172 Lake Superior, 214
enclosed buildings, 32, 41–43, 44–46, 49, 50 map, 212–213
enclosure, 98 Pacific Northwest, 215
enclosure classifications, 30, 284–285 fundamental period, 192
environmental effects, long term, 229
equipment, attached, 197–198 gable roofs, 44, 44, 50, 58, 87
equipment support, 98 multispan, 62
erosion, 18, 262 snow loads, 321–322, 326
escarpments, 25, 29, 47, 283 unbalanced snow loads, 77, 79, 85–88, 315–316, 318,
essential facilities, 1, 98 321–322
existing structures, additions to, 96 annual probabilities, 329
expansion, 367 gas spheres, 204–205
structural, 229 geologic reports, 172
expansive soils, 17 glass, 163, 164, 165, 343
exposure categories, 27, 28, 29, 277–278 glass components, 165
exposure factor, 77, 90, 315–316 glaze (ice), 207, 359
exposures, 43, 46 glazed curtain walls, 99, 343
external pressure coefficients, 31, 52 glazed storefronts, 99, 343
extraordinary events, 6, 242 glazing (glass), 25
impact resistant, 25
facings, 101 gorges, 207
factored loads, 1 grab bar systems, 9, 10, 255
combining, 5 grade beam requirements, 344
factored resistance, 98 grade plan, 99
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 261 grassland, 280
federal government construction, 341 gravity load, 100
fire protection, 168 greenhouses, 11
fire resistance, 182 ground motion, 152, 153, 180
fixed ladder, 9, 10 ground motion accelerations, site-specific procedure, 130–131
fixed service equipment, weight of, 7 ground snow loads, 77, 82–83, 90, 313–316, 329–331
flat roofs, 11, 44, 252 elevation, 332–334
snow loads, 77, 315–316, 319 guardrail systems, 9, 255
flexible buildings, 32, 271 gust effect factor, 28, 30, 283, 309, 310
flexible equipment connections, 99 gust wind speeds, 299
flexible structures, 30
flexural members, 224 handrails, 9, 255
flood elevation, 18 Hawaii, 124–125
flood hazard area, 17 hazard assessment, 3
flood hazard map, 17, 262 hazardous contents, 99
flood insurance rate map (FIRM), 17 hazardous materials, 1, 2–3, 236–237
flood loads, 5, 6, 17–20, 240, 242–243, 261–267 health hazard, 1
flood-resistant design, 261 heavy live loads, 256
floors, uplift on, 17 height factor, 208
fluid load, 240 height limitations, 132
fluid-structure interaction, 205–206 high hazard exposure structures, 96
footings, 226 high roofs, snow loads, 322
force, horizontal distribution, 183 high temperature energy source, 99
vertical distribution, 179–180 hills, 25, 29, 47, 283
force coefficients, 31, 31, 286 hip roofs, 44, 50, 59, 79, 87, 304
force distribution, 201 unbalanced snow loads, 318
force-deflection characteristics, determination of, 185–186 hoarfrost, 207, 355
foundation damping factor, 155, 156 hoistway structural systems, 172–174
foundation design, 132, 141 hold-down, 101
foundation requirements, 220, 343 hoop reinforcement, 222
foundation stiffness, 155 horizontal distribution, 146
foundation ties, 173 horizontal shear distribution, 152, 343
foundations, 183–184 hurricane wind speed, 274–275
design, 172–173 hurricane-prone regions, 25, 240
inspection, 218 HVAC ductwork, 167
uplift on, 17, 261 hydraulic structures, 95, 206

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures 371

hydrodynamic forces, distribution of, 197 lateral loads, 182
hydrodynamic loads, 263 lateral pressure, 201
hydrostatic loads, 18, 18, 263 lateral response, 176
lateral restoring force, 182
ice dams, 316, 318 lateral sliding, 201
ice load zones, map, 212–213 lateral soil loads, 17, 22
ice loads, 5, 6, 208, 241, 352 lateral stiffness, 155
ice thickness, 208, 353–355 lattice frameworks, 71, 209
Lake Superior, 214 library stack rooms, uniform live loads, 254
map, 212–213 light-frame construction, 100, 223
nominal, 208–209 light-framed walls, 102
Pacific Northwest, 215 light-framed wood shear wall, 102
ice weight, 208, 353 limit deformation, 98
ice-sensitive structures, 207, 352 limit state, 1
icicles, 318 limited local collapse, 233
icing regions, 207, 353–355 linear response history analysis, 140, 152
impact loads, 10, 20, 255 liquefaction potential, 173, 343
duration, 266 liquefiable soils, 108
dynamic analysis, 264–267 liquid spheres, 204
impact resistance, 285 liquid storage tanks, refrigerated gas, 205
impact-resistant covering, 25 live load, 100
importance coefficient, 266, 268 minimum design, 10
importance factor, 25, 27, 28, 73, 77, 91, 208, 215, live load element factor, 15
277, 317, 355 live loads, 9, 254–255
impulsive loads, response ratio, 269 heavy, 10
in-cloud icing, 207, 352–353, 360 reduction in, 10, 255
index force analysis procedure, 145 typical, 260
industrial tanks, 200 uniformly distributed, 259
industry design standards, 188, 344–345, 349 load combinations, 5, 6, 145, 239–243
inelastic deformations, 153 load effects, 1
inertia forces, distribution of, 197 combinations of, 144–145
inspection, 183, 218 load factor, 1
special, 99 load magnification effect, 27
inspector, special, 99–100 load path connections, 141
interaction effects, 136 load tests, 3, 236
intermediate moment frame (IMF), 99, 135 loading, application of, 139
internal components, 346 loads, 1
storage tanks, 198 loads not specified, 10
internal equipment, attachments, 203–204 local resistance method, 234
internal pressure, 199 longitudinal, 12
internal pressure coefficient, 28, 31, 290 long-term deflection, 367
interstory drift, 153, 154, 179, 182 lower roofs, 78, 79, 79–80, 89, 319–320
inverted pendulum-type structures, 142 snow loads, 322
isolation interface, 100 low-rise buildings, 32, 33, 286–287, 300, 304
isolation systems, 100, 179, 180, 182 low-rise walls and roofs, 55–56
deformation characteristics, 176–177 low-slope roofs, 77
design properties of, 185 minimum allowable values, 317
components, replacement, 183
required tests, 184–185 machinery, 10
stability of, 175 main wind force-resisting system, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 41–43
isolator units, 100 lower limit on pressures, 293
force deflection properties, 184 maintenance, 183
spatial distribution, 180–181 mansard roofs, 50
masonry, 175, 227
joint, 100 structural, inspection, 218
masonry walls, 141, 142, 143, 342
knee walls. See cripple walls mat foundations, 155
material strength, 204
lateral deflection, 229 materials, 96
lateral displacements, 177 weight of, 7, 248
total, 178–179 minimum densities, 250–254
lateral drift, 202 materials requirements, 192
lateral force analysis, 140, 146 mathematical models, 132, 150, 152, 153, 180–181
lateral force distribution, 200 maximum considered earthquake, 152
lateral force procedure, 154 maximum considered earthquake ground motion, 100, 107, 341
lateral forces, 11, 176, 178, 181 map, 110–127
transfer, 202–203 maximum considered earthquake spectrum, deterministic, 131

372 ASCE 7-02

maximum displacement, effective period, 177–178 overturning, 148–149, 183
maximum response ratio, 266–267 overturning moments, 156
mean recurrence intervals, 308, 363 owner, 100
mean roof height, 25, 29 owner’s inspector, 99–100
mechanical components, 157, 188
inspection, 219 panel fillers, 9
seismic coefficients, 166–167 parapets, 32, 34, 290–291, 305
mechanical equipment, 229 parking garage loads, 256
attachments, 169 partial loading, 10, 86, 209, 255, 357
testing, 220 partially enclosed buildings, 32, 49, 50
member deformation, 153 partitions, 100, 164, 165
member forces, 153 provisions for, 9
member strength, 132, 153 passenger car garages, 11
membrane roof systems, 271 p-delta effect, 1, 100, 141, 149–150, 152, 156, 202
metal decks, 143 peat, 108
meteorological station locations, 362 pedestals, 227
minimum wind pressure, 27 pendulum systems, inverted, 135
misalignment, 365–366 pendulum-type structures, inverted, 100
misuse, 233 period determination, 147
modal analysis procedure, 150–152, 156–157 periods, 150
modal base shear, 150, 151, 156–157 permitted analytical procedures, 140
modal effects, 157 petrochemical tanks, 200
modal forces, 151 physical hazard, 1
modes of vibration, 150 piers, 95, 194
moment frames, 99, 226, 227 pilasters, 143
moment resisting frames, 134, 136 pile requirements, 220, 344
monitoring, 183 piles, 173
monoslope roofs, 50, 63, 68–69, 77 pilings, vertical, 19
mountainous terrain, 207 pipe, concrete filled, 221
moving loads, 10 pipe racks, 193
multiple folded plates, roof slope factor, 318 piping, attached, 197–198
sawtooth roofs, 78 piping attachments, flexibility of, 195
unbalanced snow loads, 79, 318 minimum displacements, 196
multiple use structures, 2, 96 piping systems, 168
attachments, 168–169
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), 261 pitched roofs, 11, 256
nominal loads, 1 plan structural irregularities, 137
combining, 6 poles, 173
nominal strength, 1, 101 ponding instability, 80, 93, 321, 335
nonbearing walls, 102 post-elastic energy dissipation, 95
nonbuilding structures, 100, 157, 183, 186, 188, 344 posts, 173
importance factors, 191–192 post-supported spheres, 205–206
rigid, 192 precast panel structures, 234–235
seismic coefficients, 190 precast prestressed piles, 221, 222, 346
standards, 189–191 pressure coefficients, 286, 288–289
nonlinear response history analysis, 153 pressure piping, 168
nonredundant systems, 142, 342 pressure stability, 199
anchorage of, 142 pressure vessels, 169, 203–204
nonstructural walls, 102 prestressed concrete, inspection, 218
nonstructural wall elements, exterior, 162–163 prestressed concrete structures, 201
nonvertical walls, 20 prestressed concrete tanks, 200
nuclear reactors, 95 prestressing steel, testing, 219
prestressing tendons, 224–225
obliquely incident waves, 20 probabilistic maximum considered earthquake, 130–131
occupancy, 1 probable maximum wind speed, 298
nature of, 2, 4, 235 progressive collapse, 232
occupancy importance factor, 96, 100, 341 resistance to, 234
one story buildings, 33 prototype tests, isolator units, 184
one-way slabs, 11, 256–257 public assembly occupancies, 11
open buildings, 34, 49
open signs, 71 quality assurance, 100, 131, 217–220
open terrain, 280, 281 quality control, 183
openings, 25, 30, 141
ordinary concentrically braced frame (OCBF), 99 rain loads, 93, 335
ordinary moment frame (OMF), 99 rain-on-snow surcharge load, 80, 320–321, 322–323, 327
organic clays, 108 rational analysis, 30
out-of-plane bending, 163 recurrence interval, snow loads, 331

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures 373

reduction factor, 31 seismic use group, 95, 96, 100, 176
redundancy, 138, 341–342 nonbuilding structures, 191
reference resistance, 100 seismic-isolated structures, testing, 220
reference standards, 158 self-straining forces, 2, 232
registered design professional, 100 service equipment, fixed, weight of cranes, 7
reinforced concrete, shear walls, 226–227 service interface, 101
reinforced concrete structures, 201 service lines, 167
reinforced concrete tanks, 200 serviceability, 2, 229, 232, 365
reinforcing steel, inspection, 218 shallow anchor, 101
testing, 219 shear distribution, horizontal, 148
reliability factor, 138 shear glass, 101
reporting procedures, 220 shear modulus, 155
required strength, 101 shear panel, 101
resistance factor, 1–2 shear transfer, 198
resonant response, 272 shear walls, 102, 224, 228
response modification coefficient, 136 classification of, 225–226
response parameters, 152–153, 153 concrete, 225–226
response-spectrum analysis, 176, 181 reinforced concrete, 226
ridges, 25, 47, 29 reinforced masonry, 228
rigid braces, 163 shielding, 27, 274
rigid buildings, 32, 272 shoreline buildings, 281
rigid structures, 30 short period response accelerations, seismic design
rime, 207, 360 category, 131
risk management plan (RMP), 3 sign convention, 32
rocking stiffness, 155 simplified procedure, wind loads, 26–27
Ronan Point disaster, 233 site class definitions, 107–108
roofing panels, 271 site class parameters, definitions of, 128–129
roof gardens, 11 site classification, 108
roofs, 67 determining, 128
curved, 11 site coefficients, 101, 129
drainage systems, 93, 335, 337, 338 site limitation, 131
existing, 80 site-specific response spectra, 192
flat, 11 skirt-supported spheres, 205
live loads, 11, 256 slabs, 142
overhangs, 31, 46 sliding resistance, 198
pitched, 11 sliding snow, 80, 320
projections, 80, 320 slope factor, thermal factor, 78
slope factor, 84 sloped roofs, snow loads, 77–78, 317–318, 322
special-purpose, 11 sloshing, 197, 206
unbalanced snow loads, 78–79, 85–88, 318–320, 322, snow, 207
318–323 snow accretions, 353, 361
roofing unit, 100 snow drifts, 79–80, 88, 89, 319–320
rooftop equipment, 69 height, 89, 319
runway beams, 11 loads, calculation of, 323
snow loads, 77–78, 313, 317–318, 322
sabotage, 233 calculation of, 323
saddle-supported vessels, 205 soil layers, 128
sawtooth roofs, 65, 79, 88 soil properties, 108
roofs slope factor, 318 soil strength, 173
unbalanced snow loads, 319 soil strength loss, 343
scour, 18, 262 soil-structure interaction, 154, 343
secondary containment systems, 206, 345 reduction, 146, 147
seismic base shear, 146 solid signs, 70
seismic design category, 131, 342 space frame systems, 99
determination of, 131 special concentrically braced frame (OCBF), 99
seismic displacements, 193 special flood hazard area, 18
seismic force-resisting systems, 100, 132, 133–135, 226, Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHA), 261
227–228 special inspection, 218
quality assurance, 217–220 special moment frame (SMF), 99, 136
seismic forces, 100, 159–160 special transverse reinforcement, 101
vertical, 144 spectral response accelerations, 107, 129
vertical distribution of, 148, 156 map, 110–127
seismic isolation systems, inspection, 219 spiral reinforcement, 222
seismic load, direction of, 141 sprinkler systems, 164, 168
seismic relative displacements, 160, 343 stacks, 206
seismic response coefficient, 100 standards, 349
calculation of, 146 steel, structural, inspection, 218–219

374 ASCE 7-02

steel cables, 224 time effect factor, 101
steel components, 174 time history, 180
steel deck diaphragms, 224 time history analysis, 181
steel storage racks, 193 topographic effects, 29
steel structures, seismic requirements for, 223 topographic factors, 28, 30, 47–48, 208
steel tanks, shell support, 199 tornadoes, 28, 299
stepped roofs, 61 torsion, 148, 342
storage racks, 101, 164 torsional deflections, 145
steel, 193–194 torsional effects, 156
storage tanks, 167 torsional force distribution, 101
granular material, 200–210 torsional load cases, 56
ground supported, 196–199 toughness, 101
story above grade, 101, 347 transient load, 254–257
story drift, 228 transmission towers, 95
story drift ratio, 101 transverse bending, 163
story drifts, modified, 156 transverse reinforcement, 222, 225
story overturning moments, 151 tributary areas, 32
story shear, 101, 151 trussed towers, 72, 209
modified, 156 trusses, 142
strength, 2, 101, 232 two-dimensional analysis, 141, 152
structural components, 195
strength design, 2, 5, 239–240 ultimate deformation, 98
strength limit states, 232 unbalanced snow loads, 85–88, 318–319, 322–323
structural analysis, 2, 139 uniformly distributed live loads, 9, 12–14, 254
structural concrete, 174, 344 uniformly distributed loads, 9
inspection, 218 uplift, 261
testing, 220–223 urban area, 279, 280
structural design requirements, 132 utility interface, 101
nonbuilding structures, 188–191 utility lines, 167
structural elements, 179
limit states, 348 vapor storage vessels, 205
structural integrity, 2, 232, 234–235 vehicle barrier systems, 9, 10, 255
structural observations, 101, 220 vehicular bridges, 95
structural steel, inspection, 218 velocity pressure, 31, 282–283
testing, 220 velocity pressure exposure coefficient, 28, 29, 75, 282–283
structural system limitations, 133–135 veneers, 101
structural towers, 194 vertical axis, 156
structural-use panel, 101 vertical deflections, 229, 365–366
structure configuration, 137 vertical diaphragm, 102
structure interfaces, 167 vertical distribution, 146
structure separation, 192 vertical frontal area, 278
structures, ice-covered, 208–209 vertical impact force, 11
nonbuilding, 95 vertical irregularities, 137–138, 144
other, 1 vertical load, 185
seismically isolated, 175 vertical load-carrying capacity, 136
stud systems, 223 vertical systems, discontinuities in, 141
subdiaphragm, 101 vertical walls, 19, 20, 21, 264
suburban residential area, 279 vertical-load stability, 183
supports, boilers, 204–205 vessels, 194, 347
component, 167 anchorage of, 196
pressure vessels, 204–205 vibrations, 229, 366–367
surcharge depth, 18 visual observations, 101
surface roughness categories, 28–29, 278 v-zones, 18
suspended ceilings, 163
suspended concentrated load, 9 walls, 101
sustained load, 251–255 wall anchorage systems, 143
wall piers, 225
tanks, 69, 194, 209, 345 wall pressure coefficients, 51
anchorage of, 196 wall segments, 225
telecommunication towers, 206, 345 wall systems, bearing, 102
temporary facilities, 2 walls, 57, 67, 101
terrain exposure constants, 74 drift of, 229, 366
terrain features, 80 freestanding, 70, 209
testing agency, 101, 219 water storage tanks, 202
thermal factor, 77, 91, 316 bolted steel, 199
three-dimensional analysis, 152 water velocities, 18
tie-down, 101 wave loads, 18–20, 260–261

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures 375

weight, 245 wind regions, special, 28
welded steel structures, 201, 202–203 wind sectors, 28
welded steel tanks, 199, 200–201 wind speed zones, map, 212–213
wharves, 95, 194–195 wind speed-up, 29, 283
wheel loads, 11 wind tunnel tests, 34, 286–287, 292–293
wind directionality factor, 28, 76, 276–277 wind zones, 285
wind directions, 28 wind-borne debris, 31, 272
wind force resisting systems, 33, 286–288 regions, 24, 25
wind forces, 182, 239–240 wind-force resisting systems, 23, 271
wind load factor, 239–240 wind-on-ice loads, 5, 6, 356
wind loads, 208, 262, 271 wind-restraint systems, 102, 185
direction of, 298 wood, 175, 344
unsteady, 300 structural, inspection, 218
wind pressures, 23 worst-case event, 3

376 ASCE 7-02