CHAPTER

1 Kinematics

SUB- TOPICS
• Introduction
• Distance and Displacement
• Speed and Velocity
• Acceleration and Motion Equation
• Motion Under Gravity
• Projectile Motion
• INTRODUCTION
➢ A body is said to be in motion when its position changes continuously with respect to
an object taken as a reference point.
➢ If the position of an object does not change as time passes, it is said to be at rest. If
the position of the object changes as time passes, it is said to be in motion.

• KINEMATICS
The study of motion without considering cause of motion
Motion can be classified in to following parts
(i) Translational motion
(ii) Rotational motion
(iii) Random motion
(iv) Oscillatory or vibratory motion
(i) Translatory Motion
If the body moves along straight path and along a curved path.
➢ The motion of body along straight path is called rectilinear motion.
➢ The motion of body along a curved path is called curvilinear motion.
Kinematics Physics, Class : VIII

(ii) Rotational motion

➢ If the body move (revolves) on a circular path about the some axis.
(iii) Random Motion
➢ If the body do not move on a definite path (i.e. on zig-zag path)
(iv) Oscillatory or vibratory motion.
➢ It is a to and fro motion of body about a fixed point.

• DISTANCE
The total path length covered by body during the motion
➢ It is a scalar quantities
➢ It S.I units is meter (m) and CGS units is centimeter (cm)

• DISPLACEMENT
➢ It is a vector quantities and its magnitude may be positive, negative and zero.
➢ It S.I units is meter (m) and CGS units is centimeter (cm)

Illustrations –1: A horse is tied to a rope of length 5 m and the other end of the rope is tied
to a pole. Find the displacement and the distance traveled by the horse in
the following cause.
(i) When horse makes half revolution along a circular path.
(ii) When it makes one full revolution.
Solution. (i) For half revolution
2r
Distance = = r =  5 = 5m
2
Displacement = Diameter of the path = 3r = 2 5 = 10 m
(ii) For full revolution
Distance = 2r = 2    5 = 10 m
Displacement = zero

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• SPEED
Speed is defined at the rate at which a particle covers a distance along a given path.
It is given by the ratio of distance travelled to the time taken.
distance travelled (s) s
Speed = =
time(t) t

Uniform Speed
(i) Since distance travelled is a scalar, the speed of a particle is also a scalar.
(ii) The unit of speed is cm s –1 cm in CGS system and ms-1 MKS or SI system
Variable speed
If the instantaneous speed of particle changes with time then the body is said to be
moving with variable speed.
Average Speed
It is defined as the ratio of the total distance travelled to the total time taken by the
particle to cover that distance.

Total distance
Average speed =
Total time

• VELOCITY
Velocity is the ratio of displacement to the time interval during which the displacement
has occurred.
displacement s
velocity ( v ) = =
Time t
It is a vector quantity. The magnitude of velocity is expressed in cm s-1 in C.G.S system
and in ms-1 in S.I. system. The direction of the velocity is along the direction of
displacement .

Uniform velocity
A body is said to have uniform velocity if it undergoes equal displacements in equal
intervals of time. Since displacement is a vector, equal displacements implies the body is
moving along a straight line path. Thus a body moving with uniform velocity is in motion
along a straight line path with a constant speed.
Variable velocity
If a body undergoes unequal displacement in equal intervals if time, then the body is said
to possess variable velocity.
Velocity is said to be variable, if there is a change either in its magnitude or in its
direction or both.

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Average velocity
It is the ratio of total displacement to the total time taken
displacement
Average velocity =
total time
Average velocity is a vector quantities

Important points
➢ Average velocity of a moving body may be equal to zero but average speed cannot
be equal to zero. For example, the average velocity of an athlete completing one
round while running along a circular track is zero, through his average speed is
not zero
➢ The body is moving with uniform rate of change of velocity.

Illustrations –2: Consider a person moving 3 km from A to B. He then turns perpendicular

left and moves 4 km in total time 2 hours (as shown in the fig.) find
(i) velocity of person
(ii) speed of personn
Solution :
C
5km
4km

A
3km B
s = Displacement = AC = 5 km along
displacement 5
Velocity = = = 2.5 km/h
time 2
Time = 2 hours
Total distance 3 + 4 7
Speed = = = = 3.5 km/h
total time 2 2

Illustrations –3: Consider a body moving along straight line AD, traveling 16 m in the 1st
second, 9 m in the next second and 20 m in the 3rd second. Find the
average velocity of body.
Solution : Total displacement = 45 m along AD
Total time = 3s
45
Average velocity = = 15 m / s along AD
3

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• ACCELERATION
Acceleration is defied as the rate of change of velocity. It is vector quantity. The unit of
acceleration is
cm s–2 in C.G.S system and ms-2 in S.I system.
change in velocity  v−u 
By definition, acceleration = ,a =  
time  t 
v = Find velocity
u = Initial velcoiyt , t = time taken
The direction of acceleration is along the direction in which the force causing the
acceleration is acting.

Uniform acceleration

If the body changes its velocity by the equal measure in equal intervals of time, the body
is said to move with uniform acceleration.

Whenever the magnitude of velocity decreases, the rate of change of velocity is referred
to as retardation or deceleration.

➢ Equations of motion for objects moving with uniform acceleration on a straight line
v−u
1. a=
t
 v = u + at
2. Displacement = (Average velocity)  (time)
u+v
Average velocity = v = [Note : acceleration must be constant]
2
Thus displacement = ( v ) ( Time )
u+v
s=  .( Time )
 2 
but v = u + at
1
 s = ut + at 2
2
v−u v−u
3. v = u + at  t = a=
a t
u−v 2s
s=  .( t )  =u+v
 2  a
from above v2 = u2 + 2as

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Illustrations –4: A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 m/s2. What distance will it
cover in 10 s after start from rest ?
Solution: u = 0 m/s ; a = 4 m/s2
1 1
s = ut + at 2 ; s = 0 +  4  102 = 200m
2 2

Illustrations –5: A truck is moving on a straight road with uniform velocity 10 m/s. An
obstacle is observed at a distance 50 m. Driver of truck applies brakes
which produces retardation of 2 m/s2. Find what is position of truck at t =
6 sec.
Solution: v = u + at v = 0; u = 10; a = –2 m/s2
Truck will stop at t = 5 sec.
1
Therefore s = ut + at 2
2
1
s = 10  5 +  (−2)  52 = 25m
2
Hence truck will stop at 25 m, But time will not stop. Therefore at t = 6
sec, the position of object will be x = 25 m.

➢ Graphs
Graph is plotted to display the relation between two quantities. One of the quantities
changes independently and other quantity depends on it. For example let us take an
example of cricket match in following graph.
Score

200

150

100

50
A

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 X
Overs
In drawing graphs steps involved are
1. Axes selection
2. Choosing scale
3. Plotting the points
4. Joining the points

➢ Different types of Graphs:

Distance-Time graphs
Consider a line starting from origin and it covers the distances as:

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Displacement
16
13
12

5
1 2 3 4 Time
Distance Time
0 0
10 1
20 2
30 3
40 4
50 5

Thus a straight line graph represent a uniform motion. A constant slope distance time graph
represents uniform motion.

➢ Uniform motion

16
Distance

13
12

5
1 2 3 4 Time

Displacement Time
0 0
5 1
12 2
13 3
16 4

 The body covers unequal distances in equal time intervals. Its motion is non–uniform.
Non-variable slope of distance - Time graph indicates non-uniform motion.
An increasing slope indicates increase in speed.
A decreasing slope indicates decrease in speed.

➢ Velocity - Time Graph

The relation of velocity and time is plotted with velocity on vertical axis and time on
horizontal axis. It is velocity -time graph. If the object is moving on a straight line,
always in positive direction, then speed-time graph is same as velocity-time graph. Let us
take example of a ball falling down.
5 A
4
Velocity

3
2
1
O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40.5 Time

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Velocity Time
0 0
1 0.1
2 0.2
3 0.3
4 0.4
5 0.5
6 0.6
The area under velocity-time graph is displacement.

Acceleration is slope of velocity-time graph. It can be positive or negative.

V V

‘a’ negative t ‘a’ positive t

➢ Non-uniform acceleration
If the acceleration of an object moving along a straight line is not-constant, the velocity-
time graph is not a straight line. Thus slope is not constant. Hence it represent a non-
uniform acceleration. e.g.
v
V
Velocity
velocity

time t Time t

➢ Application of velocity-time graphs.

A number of useful results can be deduced from velocity-time graph.

(i) Slope of velocity-time graph gives the acceleration. If the slope is same at all the
points, the acceleration is uniform. An increasing slope represents an increasing
acceleration and a decreasing slope represent decreasing acceleration.
(ii) Area below velocity-time graph and the time axis gives the displacement covered.
(iii) Using the above two results, we can derive all equations of motion.

➢ Equations of Motion
Let a body start with velocity OA = u and after time t, the velocity increases to v with
uniform acceleration.

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(A) Derivation of v = u + at
BC − DC
Slope of AB =
AD
BC − DC
Acceleration, a = . . . . (i)
AD

Velocity
v
 D
uA
u
t
C
O Time T
Hence BC = v ; DC = OA = u ; AD = OC = t
substituting these values in eq. (v), we have
v−u
a= or v - u = at or v = u + at
t
1
(B) Derivation of s = ut + at 2 . We know area below velocity-time graph and the time
2
axis gives the displacement covered.
 Distance, s = area of trapezium OABC
or s = area of rectangle OADC + area of triangle ABD.
1
or s = OA  OC + BD  AD
2
1
or s = ut +  at  t
2
1
or s = ut + at 2
2
We have already learned that slope of velocity-time graph gives acceleration .
BD
 a = slope of AB =
AD
or BD = a (AD)
or BD = at
Distance covered, s = area of trapezium OABC
 BC + OA 
or s=   AD . . . . (i)
 2 
BD
Now a=
AD
BD BC − DC v − u
or AD = = =
a a a
Also BC = v; OA = u
From equation (i) above, we have
 v + u  v − u 
s=  
 2  a 
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v2 − u 2
or s=
2a
or v2 – u2 = 2as

Illustrations –6: A motor-car starting from rest, moves with uniform acceleration and
attains a velocity of 8 ms-1 in 8s. It then moves with uniform velocity and
is finally brought to rest in 32m under uniform retardation. The total
distance covered by the car is 464m. Find the value of acceleration,
retardation and the total time taken.

8ms-1 A B

Velocity
32m

O D t E t1 C
8s
Time
Solution: Velocity -time graph of the given motion is represented by OA shows
uniform acceleration; BC uniform retardation and AB, uniform velocity.
Now area of velocity-time graph is equal to distance covered.
1 1
Area of BEC =  BE  EC = AD  EC
2 2
1
32 =  8  t1 or t1 = 8s
2
AD 8
Acceleration = Slope of OA = = = 1ms −2
OD 8
BE 8
Retardation = Slope of BC = = = 1ms −2
EC 8
To find out the total time taken, we must find DE or t. Now total distance
covered = total area
464 = area of OAD + Area of reanglet. ADEB + Area of BEC
1
or 464 =  8  8 + 8t + 32 = 8t + 64
2
or 8t = 400 or t = 50 s
Total time = 8 + 50 + 8 = 66s

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• ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

Objects thrown vertically upwards move up to a certain distance and then fall back to the
ground. This is due to earth’s gravitational force.
Equations of motion of objects under the influence of gravity (neglecting air resistance)
Here since acceleration of a body moving vertically, either upward or downward, is due
to gravity, ‘a’ is substituted by ‘g’ and the displacement ‘s’ is substituted by ‘h’. Thus, we
have
v = u + gt
1
s = ut + gt 2
2
v 2 = u 2 + 2gh
Here
v is the final velocity
u is initial velocity
g is acceleration due to gravity and t is time taken.
g is chosen to be positive if the body is moving towards the Earth i.e., downward and g is
negative if the body is moving in upwards direction.

➢ Equations of motion of a body dropped from a certain height

u= 0
g
h

A freely falling body is none which moves only under the influence of gravity (i.e. no
other force acts on it)
Taking u = 0, s=h and a = +g, we can write the equation of motion for a freely falling
body, as
(i) v = u + at
v = gt
1
(ii) s = ut + at 2
2
1 2
h= gt
2
(iii) v2 − u 2 = 2as
v 2 = 2gh

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1 2
from h= gt ,
2
2h
t= , where t is the time of descent.
g
➢ Equation of motion for a body projected vertically upwards.
Maximumheight(hmax);v=0

g
h
u

Consider a body projected vertically upwards with an initial velocity, u. As the body
moves up its velocity decreases, since the earth pulls the body downwards with an
acceleration of g. The body moves until its velocity becomes zero (at maximum height).
Such bodies are called vertically projected bodies. As the direction of motion is against
the direction of acceleration due to gravity (g), the sign of g is taken to be negative.
Taking s = h, a = -g and v at maximum height = 0 we can write the equations of motion
for such body as follows.
(i) v = u + at
v = u – gt
1 2
(ii) s = ut – at
2
1
h = ut − gt 2
2
(iii) v2 − u 2 = 2as
v 2 − u 2 = −2gh

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• PROJECTILE MOTION
When a body is projected obliquely the surface of earth then body desoribes parabolic
path and the motion of the projectile body is known as projectile motion. (Neglect wind
velocity and air resistance)
y

u sin 
u A

x
O C B
ucos 

 = angle of projection
u = speed of projection
AC = H = Maixmum height
OB = R = Horizontal range
u cos = speed along x-axis
u sin = speed of along y-axis
Anything that is projected in air is called projectile.

In this chapter motion is being analysed under the following assumption.

➢ Time of Flight (t) :

In general time of flight of projectile means “the time interval in which projectile remain
in air”.

But in most of the cases we consider the time of flight the time taken by the projectile to
come back on the plane from which it was projected.

Consider a case in which a particle is projected from a point on the horizontal ground. Let
its time of flight be T. At time t = T. y-co-ordinate of the particle becomes zero. (in our
co-ordinate system).
1 2
 0 = u sin  T − gT
2
2u sin 
 T = 0,
g
Expression shows that y-co-ordinate of the projectile is zero at time T = 0, that is in the
beginning of motion and at time
2u sin 
T=
g
Hence time of flight

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2u sin 
T=
g

➢ Horizontal range (r) :

Distance moved by the projectile along horizontal direction during time of flight is the horizontal
range(R).
 x = u cos t
2u sin   2u sin  
 R = u cos   , t = T = 
g  g 
u sin 2
 R=
g
sin 2 = sin ( − 2 )
 
sin 2 −  
 2 

Let − = 
2
 sin2 = sin2
The expression shows that horizontal range of the projectile is same for complimentary
angles

Maximum value of R for given speed

u 2 sin 2
We know that R =
g
For R = Rmax, sin 2 = 1  2 = 90º
2
v
  = 45º,  Rmax = 0

g
➢ MAXIMUM HEIGHT (H) :

At maximum height y component of the velocity of projectile becomes zero.

v 2y = u2y + 2ay y
 0 = u2 sin2  − 2H
u 2 sin 2 
 H=
2g
maximum value of H of given speed for maximum value of H sin 2  must be equals to
u2
1, hence  = 90 and H max =
2g

❖ ❖❖

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KEY POINTS
➢ Anything that possesses mass, occupies space and the presence of which can be realised
by any one of the five senses is called a matter.

➢ If the position of an object not change as time passes it is said to be at rest.

➢ Displacement tells about the shortest distance between final position and inital position.

Dis tance tranversed

➢ Avg. speed =
total time taken

Total displacement
➢ Avg. velocity =
total time taken

➢ Acceleration of an object is equal to the change it its velocity per unit time

 2
➢ Equation of motion are, v = u + at, v2 = u2 + 2as, s = ut + at
2

➢ Slope of the displacement time graph of an object is equal it’s velocity.

➢ slope of the velocity time graph gives the acceleration of the object.

➢ Area under speed time graph gives the distance traversed by the object.

➢ Area under velocity -time graph gives the displacement of the object.

2u sin  u2 sin2  u2 sin 2

➢ In horigontal projectile motion T = , H= , R=
g 2g g

2u
➢ Tmax = for  = 90
g

u2
➢ H max = for  = 90
2g

u2
➢ R max = for  = 45
g

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ASSIGNMENT – I
1. Displacement is a ___________
(A) Vector quantity (B) Scalar quantity
(C) Either vector quantity or scalar quantity (D) Neither vector quantity nor scalar
quantity
2. A ball is thrown up with a certain velocity. It attains a height of 40m and comes back to
the thrower. Then the
(A) total distance covered is 40m (B) magnitude of displacement is 80 m
(C) displacement is zero (D) total distance covered is zero
3. The distance travelled by a freely falling body is proportional to
(A) the mass of the body (B) the square of the acceleration due to
gravity.
(C) the square of the time of fall (D) the time of fall
4. A man goes 10 m towards North, then 20 m towards east then displacement is
(A) 22.5 m (B) 25 m
(C) 25.5 m (D) 30 m
5. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of radius R in 40 sec. What will be his
displacement at the end of 2 min. 20 sec.
(A) zero (B) 2R
(C) 2R (D) 7R
6. A cyclist moves from a certain point X and completes one revolution around a circular
path of radius ‘r’. The distance travelled and magnitude of displacement of the cyclist are
respectively.
r
(A) 2r, r (B) , 2
2
(C)2r, zero (D) r, 2r
7. Distance is a
(A) vector quantities (B) scalar quantities
(C) either scalar or, vector (D) neither scalar nor vector
8. An object moves along a straight path of 20m and returns same point through same path
after a certain time. The displacement of object is
(A) 20m (B) 40m
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(C) zero (D) 30m

9. The displacement of object in given diagram is

(A) 8 km (B) 6 km
(C) 10 km (D) 12 km
10. Which of the following are correct
Displacement
(A) distance = displacement (B) 1
dis tan ce
displacement dis tan ce
(C) 1 (D) 0
dis tan ce displacement
11. A horse runs a distance of 1200m in 3 min and 20s.The speed of the horse is_________
(A) 60ms −1 (B) 65ms −1

(C) 40ms −1 (D) 6ms −1

12. *A car moving on a straight road covers one third of the distance with 20 km/hr and the
rest with 60 km/hr. The average speed is
(A) 40km / hr (B) 80km / hr
2
(C) 46 km / hr (D) 36 km/hr
3
13. A 150 m long train is moving with a uniform velocity of 45 km/h. The time taken by the
train to cross a bridge of length 850 meters is
(A) 56 sec (B) 68 sec
(C) 80 sec (D) 92 sec
14. A bus is moving at 20ms–1. How much distance in kilometers will the bus cover in 25
minutes?
(A) 30 km (B) 19 km
(C) 40 km (D) 50 km
15. A numerical ratio of velocity to speed of a particle is always
(A) zero (B) equal to one
(C) equal to or less than one (D) less than one

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16. Which of the following changes when a particle is moving with uniform velocity?
(A) position vector (B) speed
(C) velocity (D) acceleration
17. A body moves along straight path and travels two consecutive equal distance in different
interval of time with speed 20 m/s and 30 m/s. The average speed of body is.
(A) 30 m/s (B) zero
(C) 35 m/s (D) 24 m/s
18. A body moves along straight path with velocity 20m/s and returns to same point through
same path with velocity 30m/s. The average velocity of body is.
(A) 30 m/s (B) zero
(C) 25 m/s (D) 24 m/s
19. An object starts motion from rest and travels 1/2 km in 50 sec. The speed of object is
(A) 10 m/s (B) 50 m/s
1
(C) zero (D) m/s
100
20. An object moves from A to B in 2h in given figure. The velocity of object is.
B

8km

A
6km
(A) 10 km/h (B) 5 km/h
(C) 6 km/h (D) 2 km/h

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ASSIGNMENT – II
1. A car is moving at a speed of 15 ms −1 . In how much time will it cover a distance of
1.2 km.
(A) 70 sec (B) 80 sec
(C) 18 sec (D) 45 sec
2. A bus is moving at 20 ms −1 . How much distance in kilometers will the bus cover in 25
minutes.
(A) 30 km (B) 20 km
(C) 40 km (D) 50 km
3. The train ‘A’ travelled a distance of 120km in 3 hr where as another train ‘B’ travelled a
distance of 180km in 4 hr. Which train travelled faster.
(A) Train A (B) Train B
(C) both are equally faster (D) none of these.
4. If a body starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration, then
(A) v  t (B) s  t

(C) v  s (D) s  t

5. When brakes are applied the velocity of a car charges from 40ms−1 in 20 sec. The
acceleration produced in it is
(A) −3m / s2 (B) 3m / s2
(C) −5m / s2 (D) 5m / s2
6. A body with an initial velocity 3 ms−1 moves with an acceleration 2 m / s2 , then the
distance traveled in the 4th seconds is
(A) 10 m (B) 6 m
(C) 7 m (D) 28 m
7. The velocity of a body is given by the equation v = 6 − 0.02t , where t is the time taken.
The body is undergoing.
(A) uniform retardation (B) uniform acceleration
(C) non-uniform acceleration (D) zero-acceleration
8. A body starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration for 2sec. It then decelerates
uniformly for 3second stops. If deceleration is 4 m / s2 , the acceleration of the body is
(A) 10 m / s2 (B) 8.7 m / s2
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(C) 4 m / s2 (D) 6 m / s2
9. A body undergoes a displacement of 3m in the 1st sec, 4m in the 2nd sec, 5m in the 3rd sec
and so on. The body is moving with a/an
(A) uniform velocity (B) uniform acceleration
(C) uniform deceleration (D) None of these
10. A body starts from rest and moves along a straight line path with uniform acceleration.
The ratio of velocityes at t = 1 sec and t = 2 sec is
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2
(C) 1 : 2 (D) 2 :1

11. An object starts motion from rest and travels with uniform acceleration and covers 20 m
in 2 sec. Acc of object is
(A) 45 m / s 2 (B) 10m / s 2

(C) 15m / s 2 (D) 20m / s 2

12. An object starts motion from rest and travels 200m with uniform acceleration 1m / s 2 . The
final velocity of object will be
(A) 10 m/s (B) 20 m/s
(C) 30 m/s (D) 40 m/s
13. An object starts motion from rest and moves with uniform acceleration 2m/s2. After 2sec
the velocity of object will be
(A) 4m/s (B) 2m/s
(C) 1m/s (D) 10m/s
14. A body moves along a straight path from rest with uniform acceleration 4 m/s2. After
what time interval its velocity will be 40m/s
(A) 20 sec (B) 10 sec
(C) 15 sec (D) 16 sec
15. A body starts motion with speed 4m/s and moves along a straight horizontal path with
uniform acceleration 2m/s2, after 5 sec the velocity of body will be
(A) 10m/s (B) 4m/s
(C) 14m/s (D) 6m/s
16. A body starts motion with speed 2m/s along a straight path with uniform acceleration
4m/s2. The distance travels by body after 2 sec is
(A) 10 m (B) 2m
(C) 14 m (D) 12 m

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17. A car start motion with speed 10m/s and after the end of 4 sec. The speed of car is 50m/s.
The acceleration of the car will be.
(A) 10m / s 2 (B) 20m / s 2

(C) 8m / s 2 (D) 18m / s 2

18. *A bus starts motion with speed 10m/s and move along straight path, after the cover
distance 300m, the speed of bus is 20 m/s. The acceleration of bus will be.
(A) 2m / s 2 (B) 1m / s 2

(C) 0.5m / s 2 (D) 0.4m / s 2

19. A car moves along a straight path with uniform acceleration 2m / s 2 . If the initial speed of
car is 10m/s, then after what time interval its final speed will be 40 m/s
(A) 15 sec (B) 10 sec
(C) 30 sec (D) 40 sec
20. A car moves along a straight path with uniform acceleration 4m / s 2 . If initial speed of car
is zero, then what would be final speed after traveling distance 50 m.
(A) 20 m/s (B) 16 m/s
(C) 14 m/s (D) 12 m/s

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ASSIGNMENT – III
1. The S.I units of acceleration due to gravity is
(A) cm / s2 (B) ft / s2
(C) m/s (D) m / s2
2. When a body fall freely under the gravity. The final velocity of body will be
(A) v = gt (B) v = u + gt
(C) v = u-gt (D) None of these
3. When a body thrown vertically upwards with speed ‘u’. The maximum height attain by
body is
 1
(A) H = gt 2 (B) H = ut + gt 2
g g

1
(C) H = ut − gt 2 (D) None of these
2

4. A body fall freely from height ‘H’. The maximum velocity acquired by body is
(A) 2gH (B) u 2 + 2gH

(C) u 2 − ggH (D) gH

5. A body thrown vertically upwards, with speed ‘u’, The time taken by body to reached on
the maximum height is
2u u2
(A) (B)
g 2g

u u
(C) (D)
g 2g

6. A body fuell freely from certain height. If the maximum velocity acquired by body is ‘v’.
The time after which body reached on the earth surface.
2v v2
(A) (B)
g 2g

v2 v
(C) (D)
g g

7. A body thrown vertically upwards with initial speed ‘u’. After what time body returns on
the earth surface.

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Kinematics Physics, Class : VIII

2u u2
(A) (B)
g g

u2 u
(C) (D)
2g g

8. A body is projected vertically upwards with a velocity 20m/s. The maximum height
reached by the body is
(g = 10m/s2)
(A) 10 m (B) 20 m
(C) 30 m (D) 40 m
9. A body is thrown vertically upwards and rises to a maximum height of 10m. The velocity
with which the body was thrown upwards is ( g = 10m / s 2 )

(A) 10m/s (B) 14m/s

(C) 20m/s (D) 25m/s
10. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 20m/s. How high will it be after 2
seconds ( g = 10m / s 2 )

(A) 20m (B) 30m

(C) 40m (D) 60m
11. Two stones of different masses are dropped simultaneously from the top of a building.
Then which is correct among these?
(A) larger stone hits the ground earlier.
(B) smaller stone hits the ground earlier.
(C) which of the stones reaches the ground earlier depends on the composition of the
stone.
(D) none of these.
12. How far a stone shall free fall in 1 second released from rest? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(A) 4.9 m (B) 9.8 m
(C) 19.6 m (D) 3×9.8 m
13. At the maximum height of a body thrown vertically up:
(A) velocity is not zero but acceleration is zero
(B) acceleration is not zero but velocity is zero
(C) both acceleration and velocity are zero.
(D) both acceleration and velocity are not zero.

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14. A body fall freely from height 19.6m. The body reached on earth surface in time.
(A) 4 sec (B) 3 sec
(C) 2 sec (D) 5 sec
15. By what speed an object projected vertically upwards from earth surface, it reached at
maximum height 19.6m from earth surface.
(A) 19.6 m/s (B) 9.8 m/s
(C) 4.9 m/s (D) 12.6 m/s
16. An object droped at a height 39.2m from the earth surface. The distance of object from
the earth surface after 2sec is.
(A) 19.6m (B) 22.2m
(C) 9.8.m (D) 4.9 m
17. An objected projected upwards with speed 19.6 m/s. The time after which object reached
on the maximum height is.
(A) 4 sec (B) 2 sec
(C) 6 sec (D) 3 sec
18. An object projected upwards with speed 19.6 m/s. The maximum height attain by body is.
(A) 10m (B) 9.8 m
(C) 19.6 m (D) 29.4 m
19. The magnitude of acceleration due to gravity upon.
(A) depends upon mass of the body (B) depends upon velocity of the body
(C) increasing (D) decreases on increasing depth
20. A body projected upwards with speed 19.6 m/s. The velocity of body after 2 sec. is
(A) 19.6 m/s (B) zero
(C) 9.8 m/s (D) 39.2 m/s

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ASSIGNMENT – IV
1. Slope of distance-time graph of a moving body is equal to
(A) Velocity of the body (B) Speed of the body
(C) Acceleration of the body (D) None of these
2. Distance-time graph of a body is a straight line parallel to time axis. The body is
(A) moving with constant speed (B) moving with constant velocity
(C) at rest (D) moving in a straight line
3. Slope of displacement-time graph of a moving body is equal to
(A) velocity of body (B) speed of the body
(C) acceleration of the body (D) body in rest
4. Area under velocity-time graph is equal to the
(A) speed of the body (B) distance travelled by body
(C) magnitude of the displacement of body (D) acceleration of the body
5. Area under speed-time graph is equal to the
(A) velocity of the body (B) magnitude of displacement
(C) distance traveled (D) acceleration of body
6. The displacement-time graph of a body is shown in the figure. The part of the graph that
represent the body at rest is

(A) OA (B) AB
(C) BC (D) CD
7. Slope of velocity-time graph of a moving body is equal to
(A) speed of body (B) acceleration of body
(C) distance travelled (D) magnitude of displacement of body
8. Area under acceleration-time graph is equal to
(A) speed of body (B) magnitude of velocity of body
(C) distance travelled (D) magnitude of displacement of body
9. The velocity-time graph of a certain body is shown in the following graph. The path of
the graph that shows deceleration of the body is

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(A) OA (B) AB
(C) BC (D) CD
10. The figure give below shows the displacement time curve of the particle p and Q. Which
following statements is correct.

(A) Both p and Q moves with uniform equal speed

(B) P is accelerated and Q is retarded
(C) Both P and Q Moves with uniform speed, but the speed of P is more than the Q
(D) both P and Q moves with the uniform speed, but the speed of Q is more than the
speed of ‘P’
11. Figure shows the displacement (s) - time (t) graph of a particle moving on
the X–axis.


S

O t0 t→
Which is correct given below?
(A) The particle is at rest
(B) The velocity of particle increases upto time t0 and then increases
(C) The velocity of particle increases upto time t0 and then becomes constant
(D) The particle moves at a constant velocity up to a time t0, and then stops.
12. Which of the following displacement(x) – time(t) graph is not possible?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

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13. Which of the following distance – time graphs represents one dimensional uniform
motion ?
x x

x x

O T O T
(A) t (B) t
x x

x x

O T O T
(C) t (D) t

14. Which of the following cannot be the distance time graph ?

x x

(A) t (B) t

x x

t t
(C) (D)
15. The distance travelled varies with time for four different bodies as shown below. In
which case is the acceleration of the body is decreasing?

(A) (B)

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(C) (D)
16. The figure given here shows the velocity-time graph of a one-dimensional motion. Which
of the following characteristics of the particle is represented by the shaded area ?

(A) Velocity (B) Acceleration

(C) Displacement (D) Speed
17. Refer Figure, the ratio of speed in first two seconds to the speed in the next 4 seconds is

t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1
(C) 1 : 1 (D) 3 :1
18. Diagram shows a velocity time graph for a car starting from rest, the graph has three
sections AB, BC and CD.

The ratio of distance along AB and BC is

(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1
(C) 1 : (D) : 1
19. The displacement – time graph shown below.

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From the graph the velocity between 4s to 6s is _____________

(A) 1.33 m/s (B) 2 m/s
(C) 4 m/s (D) none of these
20. *The displacement – time graph is shown below

A
E

B C

From the graph match the following given below

List - A List - B
(i) Velocity along AB (a) 1.25 ms–1
(ii) Velocity along DE (b) Zero
(iii) Average velocity along CE (c) -7.5 ms–1
(d) 2.1ms–1
(A) i-c, ii-a, iii-d (D) i-c, ii-d, iii-b
(B) i-a, ii-a, iii-d (C) i-c, ii-a, iii-b

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ASSIGNMENT – V
1. When a body projected obliquely, then it trajectory will be.
(A) straight (B) circular
(C) parabolic (D) eliptical
2. A object projected with speed 20m/s with 60° to horizontal. The horizontal speed of
object is.
(A) 30m/s (B) 20 m/s
(C) 10 m/s (D) 15 m/s
3. An object projected with speed 20m/s with 60° to horizontal. The vertical speed of object
is
(A) 10 3 ms −1 (B) 10 ms–1

(C) 20 ms–1 (D) 20 / 3 ms−1

4. An object projected with 20m/s and 30° with horizontal direction. The time of flight is
(g = 10m / s 2 )
(A) 4 sec (B) 2 sec
(C) 1 sec (D) 0.5 sec
5. From above the equation, maximum height gain by object is
(A) 5m (B) 10m
(C) 15 m (D) 20m
6. For maximum horizontal range. Angle of projection will be
(A) 90° (B) 60
(C) 45 (D) 40
7. For the maximum vertical height, angle of projection will be.
(A) 90 (B) 60
(C) 45 (D) 40
8. When a body projected obliquely from the earth surface. The velocity of body along
horizontal direction is
(A) variable (B) zero
(C) always constant (D) none of these
9. A body projected with speed 10 m/s with 30 to horizontal the horizontal range acquire
by body is (g= 10m/s2)
(A) 10 m (B) 10 3m

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(C) 5 3m (D) 3m
10. The maximum height acquire by the projected body is
u2 u2
(A) (B)
2g 4g
u2 2u 2
(C) (D)
g 4g
11. A player kicks up a ball at an angle  with the horizontal. The horizontal range is
maximum when  is equal to

(A) 90 (B) 60

(C) 45 (D) 30

12. If the velocity of projection of a projectile is tripled at a given place, then its maximum
range will be

(A) quadrupled (B) nine times

(C) six times (D) eight times

13. If air resistance is ignored, then the horizontal motion of the oblique projectile takes place
at

(A) uniform acceleration (B) variable acceleration

(C) uniform retardation (D) uniform velocity

14. Two projectiles thrown from the same point at angles 60 and 30 with the horizontal
attain the same height. The ratio of their initial velocities is

(A) 1 (B) 2

1
(C) 3 (D)
3

15. A projectile is thrown at angle  with vertical. It reaches a maximum height H. The time
taken to reach the highest point of its path is

H 2H
(A) (B)
g g

H 2H
(C) (D)
2g g cos 

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16. Two stones of different masses are dropped simultaneously from the top of a building.
Then which is correct among these?
(A) large stone hits the ground earlier.
(B) smaller stone hits the ground earlier.
(C) which of the stones reaches the ground earlier depends on the composition of the
stone.
(D) none of these.
17. A stone is dropped from the top of the tower and reaches the ground in 3s. Then the
height of the tower is (g = 9.8m / s 2 )

(A) 18.6m (B) 39.2m

(C) 44.1m (D) 98m
18. A stone released with zero velocity from the top of a tower reaches the ground in 4
second, the height of the tower is about [g = 10 ms-2]
(A) 20 m (B) 40 m
(C) 80 m (D) 160 m
19. *Take the uniform acceleration near the surface of earth to be 9.8 ms-2 for a free fall.
What is the velocity of a body at the end of two second of free fall, if the initial velocity is
zero? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(A) 9.8ms −1 (B) 19.6 ms −1
(C) 29.4 ms −1 (D) 4.9 ms −1
20. How far a stone shall free fall in 1 second released from rest? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(A) 4.9 m (B) 9.8 m
(C) 19.6 m (D) 29.4 m

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ASSIGNMENT – VI
1. A ball released from certain height h reaches the ground in time T. Where will it be from
5T
the point of release at time ?
6
2 2
1 3
(A)   h (B)   1h
2 4
2 2
5 3
(C)   h (D)   h
6 2
2. A body is released from the top of the tower H metre high. It takes t second to reach the
ground. Where is the body t/2 second after release?

(A) At H/2 metre from ground (B) At H/4 metre from ground

(C) At 3H/4 metre from ground (D) At H/6 metre from ground
3. A body is dropped from the top of a tower. It acquires a velocity 20 ms-1 on reaching the
ground. Then the height of the tower is (Take g = 10 ms-2)

(A) 10 m (B) 30 m

(C) 20 m (D) 15 m
4. A body freely falling from rest has acquired a velocity ‘v’ after it falls through a height h.
The distance it has to fall further for its velocity to become double is

(A) 3 h (B) 4 h

(C) 8 h (D) 10 h
5. If a freely falling body in the last second travels a distance equal to the distance travelled
in the first three second, the time of its travel is

(A) 3 sec (B) 4 sec

(C) 5 sec (D) 6 sec

6. If a body is projected vertically up, its velocity decreases to half of its initial velocity at a
height ‘h’ above the ground. The maximum height reached by it is

(A) 3h (B) 4h

(C) 2h (D) 4h/3

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7. A body is dropped from a height of 20 m above the ground. If gravity disappears 1 second
after it starts falling, the total time it takes to hit the ground is (g = 10 ms-2).

(A) 4.5 s (B) 2 s

(C) 2.5 s (D) 3 s

8. A body is thrown vertically up with velocity of 100 m/s and another on is thrown 4sec
after the first one. How long after the first one is thrown will they meet? [g = 10m/s2]

(A) 12s (B) 25s

(C) 2.8s (D) 2.5s

9. Two bodies are thrown vertically upwards with their initial velocity in the ratio 2:3. Then
the ratio of the maximum heights attained by them is

(A) 1 : 1 (B) 4 : 9

(C) 2 : 3 (D) 2 : 3
10. A body is projected vertically upwards with a velocity of 19.6 m/s. The total time for
which the body will remain in the air is (Take g = 9.8 m/s2)

(A) 4s (B) 6s

(C) 9s (D) 12s

11. A body is projected vertically upwards with a velocity 40 m/s. The maximum height
reached by the body. [g = 10 ms/2]

(A)80 m (B) 20 m

(C) 30 m (D) 40 m
12. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. It returns 6seconds later. The greatest height reached
by ball is ( g = 10 ms-2)

(A) 90 m (B) 70 m

(C) 20 m (D) 45 m
13. A ball is thrown at a speed of 40m/s at an angle of 60 with the horizontal. The maximum
height reached by ball is.

(A) 60m (B) 40m

(C) 35m (D) 45m

14. From above question the horizontal distance covered by body is

(A) 40m (B) 40 3 m

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(C) 80 m (D) 80 3 m
15. If R is the range for an angle of projection of 15° with the horizontal, then the other angle
of projection for which the range is R, is

(A) 75° (B) 60°

(C) 45° (D) 30°

16. An object is thrown along a direction inclined at an angle of 45° with the horizontal
direction. The horizontal range of the particle is

(A) four times the vertical height (B) thrice the vertical height

(C) twice the vertical height (D) equal to vertical height.

17. If air resistance is ignored, then the horizontal motion of the oblique projectile takes place
at

(A) uniform acceleration (B) variable acceleration

(C) uniform retardation (D) uniform velocity.

18. If the velocity of projection of a projectile is trebled, then its maximum range will be

(A) quadrupled (B) nine times

(C) six times (D) eight times.

19. A body is thrown with a velocity of 10 ms-1 at an angle of 60° with the horizontal. Its
velocity at the highest point is

(A) 7 ms-1 (B) 9 ms-1

(C) 18.7 ms-1 (D) 5 ms-1

20. A ball is projected upwards. Its acceleration at the highest point is

(A) infinite (B) zero

(C) directed upwards (D) directed downwards.

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COMPETITIVE CORNER
Straight Objective Type
This section contains multiple choice questions. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C), (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct. Choose the correct option.

1. A rider on horse back falls when horse starts running all of a sudden because
(A) rider is taken back
(B) rider is suddenly afraid of falling
(C) inertia of rest keeps the upper part o both at rest whereas lower part of the body
moves forward with the horse
(D) none of these
2. Inertia is the property of a body by virtue of which the body is
(A) unable to change by itself the state of rest
(B) unable to change by itself the direction of motion
(C) unable to change by itself the direction of motion
(D) unable to change by itself the state of rest and of uniform linear motion.
3. Newton’s first law of motion describe the following
(A) energy (B) work
(C) inertia (D) momentum of inertia
4. Newton’s second law gives the measure of
(A) acceleration (B) force
(C) momentum (D) angular momentum
5. A force 100 N acts in a body mass 2 kg for 10s. The change in the velocity of the body is
(A) 100 ms–1 (B) 250 ms–1
(C) 500 ms–1 (D) 1000 ms–1
6. A man is at rest in the middle of a pond on perfectly smooth ice. He an get himself to the
store by making use of Newton’s
(A) First law (B) Second law
(C) Third law (D) All the laws
7. A body, whose momentum is constant, must have constant
(A) Force (B) Velocity
(C) Acceleration (D) All of the these
8. The motion of a rocket is based on the principle of conservation of
(A) Mass (B) Kinetic energy
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(C) Linear momentum (D) angular momentum

*9. A bullet of mass 5 g is shot from a gun of mass 5 kg. The muzzle velocity of the bullet is
500 m/s the recoil velocity of the gun is
(A) 0.5 m/s (B) 0.25 m/s
(C) 1 m/s (D) Data is insufficient
10. A force of 50 dynes is acted on a body of mass 5 kg which is at rest for an interval of 3
seconds, then impulse is
(A) 0.15´ 10–3 Ns (B) 0.98´ 10–3 Ns
(C) 1.5´ 10-3 Ns (D) 2.5´ 10-3 Ns
11. A jet engine works on the principle of
(A) conservation of mass (B) conservation of energy
(C) conservation of linear momentum (D) conservation of angular momentum
12. When a body is stationary
(A) there is no force acting on it
(B) The force acting on it is not in contact with it
(C) The combination of force acting on it balance each other
(D) The body is in vacuum
13. A person is sitting in a traveling train and facing the engine. He tosses up a coin and the
coin false behind him. It can be concluded that the train is
(A) moving forward and gaining speed (B) moving forward and losing speed
(C) moving forward with uniform forward (D) moving backward with uniform
speed
14. Your are on a frictionless horizontal plane. How can you get off if no horizontal force is
exerted by pushing against the surface.
(A) By jumping (B) By spitting or sneezing
(C) By rolling your body on the surface (D) By running on the plane
15. Newton’s third law of motion leads to the law conservation of
(A) Angular momentum (B) energy
(C) mass (D) momentum

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Multiple Correct Answer Type

This section contains multiple choice questions. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C), (D), out of
which ONE or MORE is correct. Choose the correct options.

16. The accelerated motion of a body can occur

(A) due to change in its speed only
(B) due to change in direction of motion only
(C) due to change in both speed and direction of motion
(D) due to constancy of velocity.
17. Which of the following statements are correct for action and reaction forces ?
(A) These act on two different bodies.
(B) These are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
(C) These act on a single body
(D) These are necessary to explain reactions in third law.
*18. Which of the following statements are correct regarding linear momentum of a body ?
(A) It is measure of quantity of motion contained by the body
(B) Change in momentum is the measurement of impulse.
(C) impulse and acceleration act in same direction to the change in momentum.
(D) Incase of uniform circular motion, the linear momentum is conserved.
19. Which of the following statements are true?
(A) Impulse is the product of force and time for which the force acts.
(B) SI unit of impulse is N s
(C) When two bodies have the same velocity; the lighter body has more momentum
(D) conservation of linear momentum has no connection with “Newton’s third law of
motion”

Linked Comprehension Type

This section contains paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph multiple choice questions have to be answered. Each
question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY ONE is correct. Choose the correct option.
A hammer weighing 1kg moving with a speed of 20 m/s strikes the head of a nail driving it 10
cm into a wall. neglecting the nail,
20. The acceleration during the impact is
(A) –1000 m/s2 (B) –3000 m/s2
(C) –4000 m/s2 (D) –2000 m/s2
21. The time interval during impact is
(A) 0.02 sec (B) 0.01 sec
(C) 0.03 sec (D) 0.015 sec
*22. The impulse will be
(A) –20 Ns (B) –10 Ns
(C) –25 Ns (D) –60 Ns
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Matrix Match Type

This section contains Matrix-Match Type questions. Each question contains statements given in two
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) in Column–I have to be matched with
statements (p, q, r, s) in Column–II. The answers to these questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
illustrated in the following example.
If the correct matches are A-p, A-s, B-q, B-r, C-p, C-q and D-s, then the correctly bubbled 4  4 matrix
should be as follows:
23. Match the column
Column-A Column-B
(A) Inertia (p) Newton’s III law
(B) Recoil of gun (q) Kg f
(C) Momentum (r) 105 g cm s-1
(D) 1 kg m s-1 (s) Newton’s I law
(E) Weight (t) Newton’s II law
24. Match the column
Column-A Column-B
(A) Newton’s 1st law of motion (p) Nature of force
(B) Newtons 2nd law motion (q) defines force nad inertia
(C) Newtons 3rd law of motion (r) measure of force
(D) Rate of change in linear momentum (s) real law of motion

Integer Answer Type

25. Calculate the momentum of toy car of mass 200g with a speed of 5 m/s.
26. What is the acceleration produced by a force 12 N exerted on an object of mass 3kg.
27. A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with a constant acceleration. It travels a
distance of 400 m in 20 sec. The force acting on 7 metric tunnel is 14 10n N . Find the
value of ‘n’.
28. A force of 5 N gives a mass m1 an acceleration of 8 m/s2 and a mass m2 an acceleration
of 24 m/s2. What acceleration would it given if both the masses are tied together?
*29. A body of mass 5 kg is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s. A force is applied to it so that
in 25 sec. It attains a velocity of 35m/s. Calculate the value of the force applied.

❖ ❖❖

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KEY & HINTS

Kinematics
ASSIGNMENT – I
1. (A) 11. (D)
2. (C) 12. (C)
3. (C) 13. (A)
4. (A) 14. (A)
5. (A) 15. (C)
6. (C) 16. (A)
7. (B) 17. (D)
8. (C) 18. (B)
9. (C) 19. (A)
10. (C) 20. (B)

ASSIGNMENT – II
1. (B) 11. (B)
2. (A) 12. (B)
3. (B) 13. (A)
4. (A) 14. (B)
5. (A) 15. (C)
6. (D) 16. (D)
7. (A) 17. (A)
8. (D) 18. (B)
9. (B) 19. (A)
10. (B) 20. (A)

ASSIGNMENT – III
1. (D) 11. (D)
2. (A) 12. (A)
3. (C) 13. (B)
4. (A) 14. (C)
5. (C) 15. (A)
6. (D) 16. (A)
7. (A) 17. (B)
8. (B) 18. (C)
9. (B) 19. (D)
10. (A) 20. (B)

Narayana IIT Foundation Programme 40

Kinematics Physics, Class : VIII

ASSIGNMENT – IV
1. (B) 11. (D)
2. (C) 12. (D)
3. (A) 13. (D)
4. (C) 14. (B)
5. (C) 15. (C)
6. (B) 16. (C)
7. (B) 17. (D)
8. (B) 18. (A)
9. (D) 19. (D)
10. (C) 20. (A)

ASSIGNMENT – V
1. (C) 11. (C)
2. (C) 12. (B)
3. (A) 13. (D)
4. (B) 14. (D)
5. (A) 15. (D)
6. (C) 16. (D)
7. (A) 17. (C)
8. (C) 18. (C)
9. (C) 19. (B)
10. (A) 20. (A)

ASSIGNMENT – VI
1. (D) 11. (A)
2. (C) 12. (D)
3. (C) 13. (A)
4. (B) 14. (D)
5. (D) 15. (A)
6. (D) 16. (C)
7. (C) 17. (D)
8. (D) 18. (B)
9. (B) 19. (D)
10. (A) 20. (D)

41 Narayana IIT Foundation Programme

Kinematics Physics, Class : VIII

COMPETITIVE CORNER
1. (C) 20. (D)
2. (D) 21. (B)
3. (C) 22. (A)
4. (C) 23. A-s, B-p, C-t, D-r, E-q
5. (C) 24. A-q, B-r, C-p, D-r
6. (C) 25. 1
7. (B) 26. 4
8. (C) 27. 5
9. (A) 28. 6
Mass of bullet = 5g = 5 10−3 kg F = 5N
5
Velocity of bullet = 500 m/s m1 =
Mass of gun = 5 kg 8
By newton’s third law of motion 5
m2 =
m1v1 = m2 v2 24
5 × 10–3 × 50 = 5 × v2 5 5 
v2 = 0.5 m/s 5 =  + a
10. (C)  8 24 
1 dyne = 10–5N  3 +1 
5 = 5 a
50 dyne = 50 × 10–5N  24 
Impulse = Force × time a
= 50 × 3 × 10–5Ns =1
6
= 1.5 × 10–3Ns a = 6 m/s2
11. (B) 29. 5
12. (B) F=m×a
13.
14.
(D)
(C) F = 5
( 35 − 10 )
15. (C) 25
16. (A),(B),(C) 25
F = 5
17. (A),(B),(D) 25
18. (A),(B) F = 5N
19. (A),(B)

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Narayana IIT Foundation Programme 42