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11 Sound
Fastrack Revision
Sound: It is aform of energy that produces a: sensation of Trough: It is the lowest point on the depression or hollow

hearing in our ears. of a transverse wave. between two

Wavelength: It is the distance
Vibration: It is a kind of rapid to and fro motion of an º compressions consecutive
(C) or two consecutiveerarefactionss(R).It is
object.
represented by and its Sl unit is metre (m).
magnitude of the
Knowledge BOOSTER Amplitude: It is the
either side of the maximum
Sound waves are characterised by the to and fro disturbance in the medium on mean
motion of the particles in a medium about their mean value.
One oscillation:The change in density from the maximum
position and so are called mechanical waves. They
then again to the
cannot travel through vacuum. value,to the minimum value, maximum
oscllation.
º Production of Sound: Sound is produced by vibrating value makes one complete
objects. Such objects are the source of all sounds, e.g., Time Period: It is the time taken to complete
oscillation or the time taken by two consecutive
a stretched rubber band when plucked vibrates and
compressions or rarefactionssto cross afixed point.Sl unit
produces sound. We can also produce sound by plucking,
(s).
scratching, rubbing, blowing or shaking different objects. of time period (T) is second
º Frequency: It is the number of oscillationssper unit time. It
Knowledge BÐOSTER is denoted by v(nu) and its Sl unit is Hertz (Hz) (vibratione
The sound of the human voice is produced due to per second). Asound of single frequency is called atone
vibrations in the vocal cords. The sound which is produced due to mixture of several
º Wave: A wave is a disturbance that moves through frequencies is called a note.
a medium when the particles of the medium set Speed: It is defined as the distance which a point on a
neighbouring particles into motion. The particles of wave (compression or a rarefaction), travels per unit time
the medium do not move forward themselves, but the Its Sl unit is metre per second(ms).
disturbance is carried forward. Speed =Wavelength x Frequency
º Types of Waves: Waves are of two types: longitudinal º Characteristics of Sound: Sound has the characteristics
waves and transverse waves. such as loudness, pitch and timbre or quality which are
> Longitudinal Waves: The waves in which the determined by the corresponding wave properties.
individual particles of medium move in a direction º Loudness: It is the measure of sound energy reaching the
parallel' to the direction of propagation of the
disturbance ie., particles oscillate back and forth ear per second and is measured in decibel (dB). It depends
about their position of rest. on the amplitude of sound waves.
º Intensity of Sound: It is the amount of sound energy
Knowledge BÔOSTER passing each second through unit area. Its Sl unit is watt
Longitudinal waves can be produced in solids, liquids per metre square (Wm).
as well as gases but transverse waves can be produced
only in solids and liquids. Pitch: It is the characteristic to distinguish between
Transverse Waves: The waves in which the different sounds of the same loudness. It depends on the
frequency of vibration.
individual particles of the medium move about its
mean position in a direction perpendicular to the Knowledge BOOSTER
direction of wave propagation i.e, particles oscillate Afthe frequency is high, the sound has high pitch and
up and down about their mean position. if the frequency is low, the sound has low pitch.
Compression: Aregion of high pressure formed when a º Timbre or Quality: It is the characteristic of sound that
vibrating object moves forward to push and compress the enables us to distinguish one sound from another havin9
air in front of it. the same pitch and loudness.
º Rarefaction: Aregion of low pressure formed when the Speed of Sound: lt is more in solids, less in liquids and least
vibrating object moves backwards. in gases. The speed of sound depends on the temperature
Crest: It is the highest point on the wave where the of the medium. If the temperature of the medium is more,
displacement of the medium is at its maximum. the speed of sound is more.
 Science
Infrasonic Sound: It is the sound of Class 175
9
Knowledge BOOSTER
The speed of sound in air is about 344 ms1 at 22°C than 20 Hz For
example, vibrations
frequences
of a
lower
and 331 ms at 0°C and the speed of light in air is earthquakes and some animals like whales andpendulum,
3x10 ms-1 produce infrasonic sounds. elephants
using infrasound of Rhinoceroses communicate
Reflection of Sound: It is the phenomena of bouncing frequency low as5 Hz.
as
back of sound when it strikesa hard surface. Ultrasonic Sound: It is the sound of frequencies higher
Laws of Reflection of Sound than 20000Hz (20 kHz).
The incident sound wave, reflected sound wave and
Dolphins, bats, porpoises and rats
can produced ultrasonic sounds.
the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the º Hearing Aid: It is an electronic, battery operated
same plane. for amplifying sound that is usually worn in or device
The angle of incidence of sound is equal to the angle ear of a person with hearing loss.
behind the
of reflection of sound.
º Applications of Ultrasound
Echo: It is the repetition of sound caused by reflection
of sound waves. We can hear the original sound and the It is used to clean parts located in hard to
reach
echo separately only if there is a time interval of at least places such as spiral tubes, odd-shaped machines
0.1 second between them. The minimum distance from a It is used for detecting cracks and fiaws in
metal
sound reflecting surface to hear an echo is 17.2 metres. blocks.
It is used toinvestigate the internal organs of the
Reverberation: It is the persistence of sound in a big hall
due to repeated reflections from the walls, ceiling and human body such as liver, gall bladder, uterus,
floor. kidney, etc.
º Sound Board: It is a concave board placed behind the It is used to break small 'stones' formed in the

stage in big halls, so that sound after reflecting from it, kidneys into fine grains.
evenly spreads across the hal. Ultrasonography is used for examination of the
foetus during pregnancy.
Knowledge BOOSTER
Stethoscope is a medical instrument used by the Knowledge BOOSTER
doctors for listening to the sounds produced within Echocardiography is a technique used to diagnose the
Xthe human body mainly in the heart and lungs. heart diseases by internal scanning of heart.
º Audible Range: It is the average frequency range over ºEcholocation: It is the method used by animals ike bats,
which the human ear is sensitive. For human beings, its porpoises and dolphins to locate the objects by hearing
range is 20 Hz-20000 Hz. the echoes of their ultrasonic squeaks.
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10 Work and Energy
Fastrackk Revision
º Work: It is said to be done when the force applied on the Knowledge BÐOSTER
Thesum of kinetic and potential energies ofan object
body displaces its position in the direction of the applied energy.
force. iscalled its mechanical
Conditions for Work to be Done: Gravitational Potential Energy: It is the work
" Aforce should act on the body. done in raising a body from the ground to the
" The body must be displaced from its position. point above the ground against gravity. It ie
Work Done by a Constant Force: It is the product given as,
of the force and the distance moved by the body in PE or E, =mgh
the direction of the applied force, i.e., W= Fxs. It is
be
a scalar quantity. Law of Conservation of Energy: "Energy can neither
SIUnit of Work: The Sl unit of work is Newton-metre created nor be destroyed, it can only be transformed
(N-m) or Joule (J). and
1Joule: It is the amount of work done on a body from one form to another. The total energy before
when a force of 1N displaces it by 1 malong the line after transformation remains the same.
of action of the force.
Nature of Work Done mgh +mv²
2
=Constant
" If displacement is in the direction of force, º Transformation of Energy: One form of energy can
W= Fx s.
be converted into other form of energy. When a body
If displacement is in the direction opposite to
is dropped from a certain height, its potential energy
the force, W=-Fx s or Fx(-s). converts into kinetic energy and when it is thrown
" IF displacement is perpendicular to the force,
upwards, its kinetic energy is converted to potential
W=0.
energy.
Knowledge BÐOSTER Some Energy Transformations
Frictional force acts in the direction opposite to the " Electric Motor: Electrical energy into mechanical
direction of displacement, so work done by friction will energy.
m be negative. " Electric Generator: Mechanical energy into
Energy: It is the capacity or the ability of the body to do electrical energy.
work. Its Sl unit is Joule (J) and is a scalar quantity. " Steam Engine: Heat energy into kinetic energy.
Forms of Energy: There are various forms of energy
" Electric Bulb: Electrical energy into light energy.
such as kineticenergy, potential energy, etc.
" Dry Cell: Chemical energy into electrical energy.
" Kinetic Energy: It is the energy possessed by " Solar Cell: Light energy into electrical energy.
a body due to its motion. It increases with the
º Power: It is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer
speed of the body. It is given as, of energy. Its Slunit is watt and is a scalar quantity.
KE or E, =m' Power, P=
W
t
Knowledge BOOSTER 1watt is the power of an agent, which does work at the
Heavyy objects which are moving with a high speed rate of 1joule per second.
possess more kinetic energy as compared to smaller
objects moving with less speed. Average Power: It is the ratio of the total energy
" Potential Energy: It is the energy possessed by consumed by the total time taken, It may vary with time
a body due to its change in position or shape. depending on the energy consumed.
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9 Gravitation
Fastrack Revision
Gravitational Force: It is the force of attraction
between
any two objects in the universe. Knowledge BÓOSTER
º Gravity: It is the force with which the Earth pulls the fromvalue
A The the centre
decreases as the distance of an object
of g of the celestial body increoses ond this
obiects towards its centre.
T value is less at equator than at poles.
iniversal Law of Gravitation: This law was given by Isaac Gravitational
Motion of Objects under the influence of
Newton and states that, "the force of attraction between Force
any two objects in the universe is directly proportional to Equations of
the product of their masses and inversely proportional to Equations of motion
General motion for a
rhe square of distance between them' equations of for a body thrown
motion
freely falling vertically upward
GMm
Gravitational force,F= body
V=U+ ot V=U+ gt v=U-gt
Here, G =6.673 x 10-11 N-m² kg? is the universal
gravitation constant. 1 1
s=ut + at² h=ut-;g h=ut-g
The direction of the force is along the line joining the
centres of two object. v²=u'+ 20s v2=-2gh =u- 2gh
Importance of the Universal Law of Gravitation Mass: It is the total quantity of material contained in an
The universal law of gravitation successfully explained object. Its Sl unit is Kilogram (kg) and is ascalar quantity.
The mass of an object is constant and does not change
several phenomena which are as follows:
from place to place.
the force that binds us to Earth,
the motion of the Moon around the Earth,
Knowledge BOOSTER
Spring balance is used to measure the weight of an
the motion of planets around the Sun, and () object and pan balance is used to measure the mass
the tides due to the Moon and the Sun. n of an object.
Weight: It is the force with which an object is attracted
Knowledge BOOSTER towards the Earth. It is the product of mass and
The strength of gravitational attraction between two acceleration due to gravity. Its Sl unit is Newton (N) and
objects depends on how big the objects are and how is a vector quantity. Weight of an object depends on its
M far apart they are. location and may have different values at different places.
º Centripetal Force: It is the force that keeps a body º Weight of an Object on the Moon: It is one-sixth of its
moving along the circular path, to act towards the centre weight on the Earth.
and is responsible for the change in direction of velocity Thrust: It is the force acting on an object in perpendicular
or acceleration, e.g, motion of Moon around the Earth. direction to its surface. Its SI unit is Newton (N) and is a
ºFree Fall: It is the motion of objects that fall towards the vector quantity.
Earth under the Earth's gravitational force alone. Pressure: It is the force acting on the unit area of surface
º Acceleration Due to Gravity (g): It is the acceleration in perpendicular direction. Its Sl unit is Newton per metre
due to the Earth's gravitational pull when an object falls square (Nm ) and is a scalar quantity. The Sl unit of
towards the Earth. It does not depend on the mass of a pressure is also called Pascal (Pa).
falling object but on the mass of the Earth or celestial ThrustF
Pressure =
bodies. Area A

Pressure in Fluids: Fluids exert pressure on the base and

where M
gR2
nass of Earth, R= radius of Earth
walls of the container in which they are enclosed and the
pressure exerted on fluids is transmitted equally in al
and g=9.8 ms directions.
134 MASTERMIND CHAPTERWISE JUESTION BANK
Ifthe buoyant force is more than the weight of the
Buoyancy: It is the tendency of a liquid to exert an upward object, the object will rise in the liquid and then it
force on an object immersed in it.
º Buoyant Force: It is the upward force which acts on an will float.
object when it is immersed in a liquid. It is also called Archimedes' Principle: "When an object is fully or
upthrust. partially immersed in a fluid, it experiences abuoyant
to the weight of
force or upthrust which is equal liquid
Factors Affecting Buoyant Force: The magnitude of displaced by the object'.
of
buoyant force depends on density of the fluid and the Upthrust acting on an object = Weight liquid displaced
by an object
volume of object immersed in the liquid.
Knowledge BOOSTER
Knowledge BOOSTER Density is used to determine the purity ofa substance
It is the buoyant force due to which heavy object and decreases with the increase in temperature.
seems to be lighter in water. This reduced weight of an
Robject in liquid is called apparent weight. Applications of Archimedes' Principle: It is used in:
designing ships and submarines.
Floating or Sinking of Objects: The conditions are: lactometers (used to determine the purity of a
If the buoyant force or upthrust exerted by the liquid sample of milk).
is less than the weight of the object, the object will hydrometers (used for determining density of
sink in the liquid.
liquids).
º Density: It is the mass per unit volume of a substance. Its
If the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the SIunit is kilogram per metre cube (kg m3) and is ascalar
object, the object will float in the liquid. quantity.
 º º º º º
decreases
kilogram Mass: > > Types
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e.g.,Motion:
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it than Scalar
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Acceleration
Types of where, and
moving
Acceleration: Velocity It body.the m
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inintervals with in Timetaken(t) Initial intervals ixed It speed Viadn geoet
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 103
Science| Class 9
velocity of a
Graphical Representation of Motion straight line if the
The graph is a
} Disttance-time Graph: In this graph, time is an uniformly at a constant rate.
odependent variable plotted along Xaxis and body changes
ictance is a dependent variable plotted 60T1T
Vaxis. The results obtained are:
along
, The graph is a straight line parallel to time axis h)50
Velocity
(km
when the object is at rest.
. The nature of graph is a straight line when the 40
obiect is in the state of uniform motion.
30

40 20
(km)
Distance

E30 10

20 25 30
5 10 15
10 Time (s)
having increasing slope if
" The graph is a curve
changes non-uniformly.
the velocity of body
20 40 60
Time (min) Velocity
(ms)
" The nature of graph is a curve having varying 30
slope when the object has non-uniform motion.
40
20
35
10
30
Distance
(m) 0 10 14 16 20
25
Time (s)
time axis
20 " The area enclosed by the graph and the
represents the displacement.
" The slope of the graph gives the acceleration.
ºEquations of Motion: When abody is moving along a
10 straight line with uniform acceleration, the relation can
be established between velocity of the body, acceleration
5 of the body and the distance travelled by the body in a
particular time interval through a set of equations called
as equations of motion.
2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (s) The three equations of motion are:
1. v=u+ at
" The slope of graph gives the speed of object. 1
> Velocity-time Graph: In this graph, time is plotted 2.5=ut +2 at
along Xaxis and velocity of the body is plotted
along Yaxis. The results obtained are: 3. v2 = u2+ 2as
" The graph is a horizontal line parallel to the time where, u is the initial velocity of the body which moves
axis if the velocity of a body remains constant. with uniform acceleration a for time t, vis the final velocity
and sis the distance travelled by the body in time t.
h-l)
(km
Velocity
50 Uniform Circular Motion: When a body travels along a
I 40 circular path of constant radius with a constant speed,
then its motion is uniform circular motion, e.g., motion of
moon and earth, motion of a car on a circular path with
20 constant speed, etc.
The linear velocityofa body moving along a circular path
of radius'r' in time interval 't'is given as,

Linear velocity = Circumference

Time (h) Time