Nueva Vizcaya State University

College of Engineering
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Name
REVIEW MATH PLANE GEOMETRY
Course & Yr

I.
DEFINITIONS: respectively to the three sides of the Given diagonals and included angle:
1
Altitude of a Triangle - is the perpendicular other. A= 2 d 1 d 2 sin θ
from any vertex to the side opposite Right Triangles: Given four sides and sum of two opposite angles
Apothem of a polygon – is the radius of its If a perpendicular is drawn from the A= √(s−a )(s−b)( s−c )( s−c )( s−d )−abcd cos 2 θ
inscribed circle vertex of a right angle to the a+b+c+d
s=
Center of a regular polygon – is the common hypotenuse of a right triangle: 2
center of its inscribed and circumscribed a) the two triangles formed are θ=
∠ A +∠ C
or θ=
∠ B +∠ D
circles similar to each other and to the 2 2
Concurrent lines – three or more lines which Given four sides and two opposite angles:
given triangle;ABC, ADC,
have one point in common Divide into two triangles .
and BDC are similar.
Locus – is a figure containing all the points, Parallelogram:
b) the perpendicular is the mean
and only those point, which fulfill a given 1. The opposite sides of a
proportional between the
requirement parallelogram are equal, and so also
segments of the hypotenuse;
Regular Polygon – a polygon whose angles are the opposite angles.
BD:CD=CD:AD or (CD)2 = (BD)
and sides are equal 2. The diagonals of a parallelogram
(AD)
Similar polygons – two polygons whose bisect each other.
c) the square of either side about
corresponding angles are equal and their 3. If two sides of a quadrilateral are
the right angle equals the
corresponding sides are proportional equal and parallel, then the other
product of the whole
Tangent to a curve – a straight line which two sides are equal and parallel, and
hypotenuse and the segment
touches the curve at only one point the figure is a parallelogram.
adjacent to that side.
Vertical angles – two angles which have the (BC)2 = (AB)(BD) and
same vertex and the sides of one are the (AC)2 = (AB)(AD)
prolongation of the sides of the other
D
I. PLANE AREAS Given diagonals and included angle:
1
A= 2 d 1 d 2 sin θ
A. TRIANGLES
Theorems and Properties of Triangles
Given two sides and one angle:
1. The sum of the angles of a triangle A = ab sin A
is equal to 180o. B. QUADRILATERALS
2. The sum of two sides of a triangle is Rectangle: Rhombus:
greater than the third side, and their Area = Length x Width A parallelogram with four equal sides.
difference is less than the third side. Perimeter = sum of the The diagonals of a rhombus intersect
3. If the sides of a triangle are unequal, sides each other at right angles.
then the angles opposite are Square:
unequal, and the greater angle is Area = (side)2
opposite the greater side, and Perimeter = sum of the
conversely. Sides
4. If the sides of a triangle are equal, General Quadrilateral:
the angles opposite those sides are Given diagonals and included angle:
1
equal, and conversely. A= 2 d 1 d 2
5. Two triangles are congruent if two
angles and the included side of one
Given two sides and one angle:
are equal respectively to the two A = a 2 sin A
angles and included angle of the
other. Trapezoid:
6. Two triangles are congruent if two A quadrilateral with only two sides
sides and the included angle of one parallel.
are equal respectively to two sides
and included angle of the other.
7. Two triangles are congruent if the
three sides of one are equal
 4. The diagonal of a polygon is the line
segment joining two non - adjacent
sides. The number of diagonals is
n
D= (n−3 )
1 given by: 2 1
A= 2 (a+ b) h θ= 2 α
Length of dividing line parallel to the Regular Polygons: 5. An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is
two parallel sides of a trapezoid: Polygons with sides and angles equal. a right angle.
6. An angle formed by two chords
A1 intersecting within the circle is
c
measured by half the sum of the
A2 intercepted arcs.
7. If two chords intersect in a circle, the

√
ma + nb m A 1
2 2 product of the segments of one is
c= ; = equal to the product of the segments
m +n n A2 360
θ= of the other.
n
Cyclic Quadrilateral: n n
A quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the
A= R 2 sin θ= ( xr)
2 2
circumference of a circle. P=(n)( x )
n−2
β= x 180o
n
( AE )(BE )=(CE )( DE)
α=θ 1
θ=2 (arc AC +arc BD )
D. CIRCLES ∠ ADC =∠ ABC
∠ BAD =∠ BCD
8. An angle included by a tangent and
a chord drawn from the point of
A= √(s−a )(s−b)( s−c )( s−d ) contact is measured by half the
intercepted arc.
a+b+c+d
s=
2
Ptolemy’s Theorem: For any cyclic
quadrilateral, the product of the diagonals Theorems on Circles:
equals the sum of the products of the 1. Through three points not in a straight
opposite sides. line, one circle, and only one, can be
d 1 d 2 =ac +bd drawn. 9. An angle formed by two secants, two
tangents, or a tangent and a secant,
C. POLYGONS drawn to the circle from an external
Convex Polygon – one in which any side, point, is measured by half the
when extended, WILL NOT pass inside difference of the intercepted arcs.
the polygon 2. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular 10. If from a point outside the circle, a
Concave polygon – one in which any to the radius at the point of secant and a tangent are drawn, the
side, when extended, WILL pass inside tangency, and conversely. tangent is the mean proportional
the polygon. between the whole secant and its
external segment.

3. The tangents to a circle drawn from

an external point are equal, and
make equal angles with the line
Theorems on Polygons:  
joining the point to the center.
1. The sum of the angles of a convex 

polygon of n sides is 2(n – 2) x 90o.

2. The sum of exterior angles of a
polygon, made by extending each of
its side in succession, is equal to
360o. 4. An inscribed angle is measured by Two Secants:
3. Homologous parts of congruent one-half the intercepted arc. ( AB )( AC )=( AD )( AE )
1
figures are equal. θ=2 ( arcCE −arc BD )
∠CBE =∠CDE ;∠ BCD =∠ BED
 Secant and a Tangent AT AT
( AB )2=( AD )( AC ) r a= r b=
s−a s−b
θ=12 ( arc BC−arcBD ) AT
α= 12 arc BD rc =
s−c
11. A perpendicular from a point on the 4. Circle circumscribed about a
circumference to a diameter of a quadrilateral
circle is a mean proportional
between the segments of the H. AREA BY COORDINATES
diameter. h2 =ab
(X1, Y1)
h

r= √
(ab +cd )( ac+bd )(ad +bc )
a b
4 A quad (X2, Y2)
(Xn, Yn)

12. The circumferences of two circles

(X5, Y5)
are in the same ratio as their radii,
and the arcs of two circles 5. Circle inscribed in a quadrilateral
subtended by equal central angles (X3, Y3)
are in the same ratio as their radii.
(X4, Y4)
Circumference of a circle: C=2 πr=πD

A=πr 2 =
πD
2
A quad
[
A= 12 |
x 1 x 2 x2 x 3
|+|
y1 y2 y2 y3
x x
|+⋯+| n 1 |
yn y1 ]
Area of a circle: 4 r=
s
Sector of a circle:
A quad = √ abcd PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
s=rθ (radians ) 1. Two sides of a triangle measure 36
1 2 E. PARABOLIC SEGMENT m and 49 m. One possible
A= 2 r θ( rad ) dimension of the third side is:
2
A= 3 bh a. 84 m c. 85 m
Segment of a circle:
b. 12 m d. 13 m
A= A sec tor ± A triangle 2. The altitude of the hypotenuse of a
right triangle divides the hypotenuse
1 2 1 2
A= 2 r θ( r)±2 r sin θ into two segments of 8 cm and 2 cm
in length. Find the area of the
triangle.
Radius of Circles: Length of Arc: a. 10 cm2 c. 30 cm2
1. Circle circumscribed about a triangle A= A ADB− A ADE+ A BFC + ACFE b. 20 cm 2
d. 40 cm2
(circumcircle) 3. A cord 93 cm long is divided into two
2
A=3 ( AC )( h) parts from which two equilateral
abc Spandrel of a Parabolic Segment triangles are formed. If the total area
r= of the triangles is 220 cm2, find the
4 Atriangle A= 3 bh
1
ratio of the perimeter of the smaller
F. ELLIPSE and the larger triangle.
2. Circle inscribed in a triangle (incircle) A=π ab a. 0.66 c. 0.72
G. AREA BY APPROXIMATION b. 0.75 d. 0.61
A triangle 4. The sides of a triangle are 127 m,
r= Trapezoidal Rule:
s 188 m, and 203 m. It is divided into
d
s=
a+b+ c
2
A= [ h +2(h2 +⋯+hn−1)+h n]
2 1
two equal parts by a line parallel to
the 188 m side. Find the length of
Simpson’s 1/3 Rule: n must be odd the dividing line.
3. Circles escribed about a triangle d a. 123.94 m c. 116.94 m
3 [ 1 ∑ odd ∑ even n ]
(excircle) A= h +2 h +4 h +h b. 132.94 m d. 161.94 m
5. The sides of a parallelogram are
17.78 cm and 10 cm. If one of the
diagonals is 16 cm long, compute
the length of the other diagonal.
a. 24.01 cm c. 20.93 cm
b. 30.62 cm d. 25.49 cm
6. The diagonals of a rhombus 14. A goat is tied outside a triangular shorter diagonal is 42 cm. Determine
measure 32 cm and 40 cm. How far fenced garden at point A. The sides the smallest interior angle of the
is the intersection of the diagonals of the fence are AB = 8 m, BC = 9 parallelogram.
from the sides? m, and CA = 12 m. If the rope with a. 23.87o c. 49.45o
o
a. 12.49 cm c. 14.29 cm which the goat is tied is 14 m, find b. 30.27 d. 12.65o
b. 9.11 cm d. 17.80 cm the area over which the goat can 22. Determine the area of the
7. The base angles of a trapezoid are graze outside the fence? quadrilateral ABCD shown if OB =
34o and 48o, respectively. If its upper a. 565.87 m2 c. 500.32 m2 80 cm, OA = 120 cm, OD = 150 cm,
2
and lower bases are 120 m and 220 b. 597.34 m d. 532.64 m2 and  = 25o.
m, respectively, compute the area of 15. In the figure, find the area of the a. 2272 sq cm c. 2572 sq. cm
the trapezoid. shaded region. b. 7222 sq. cm d. 2722 sq. cm
a. 400 m2 c. 460 m2 a. 35.16 m2 c. 30.95 m2 23. In the figure shown, ABCD is a
b. 440 m 2
d. 420 m2 b. 39.27 m 2
d. 25.13 m2 square and PDC is an equilateral
8. A trapezoid with bases and altitude triangle. Find .
measuring 100 m and 160 m, 12 m, 5m
A  B
respectively, is to be divided into two P
equal parts by a line parallel to the
bases. Find the length of the dividing 5m
line.
a. 133.42 m c. 120.53 m D
16. A road is tangent to a circular lake. C
b. 145.16 m d. 126.09 m
Along the road and 12 miles from
9. A quadrilateral ABCD has sides AB a. 5o c. 20o
the point of tangency, another road
= 57 m, BC = 32 m, CD = 41 m, and b. 15 o
d. 25o
opens towards the lake. From the
DA =25 m. If its area is 1,300 m2, 24. Determine the area, in square units,
intersection of the roads to the
one possible measurement of BAD of the quadrilateral having (8, -2), (5,
periphery of the lake, the length of
is: 6), (4, 1), and (-7, 4) as consecutive
the new road is 11 miles. If the new
a. 122.82o c. 68.69o vertices.
road will be prolonged across the
b. 103.19 o
d. 89.97o a. 22 c. 32
lake, find the length of the bridge to
10. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a b. 44 d. 48
be constructed.
circle. Its consecutive sides are 25. The area of a decagon inscribed in a
a. 1.92 mi c. 2.13 mi
68.50 m, 155.54 m, 101.61 m, and circle of 15 cm diameter is:
b. 2.09 mi d. 2.17 mi
127.11 m. Find the radius of the a. 156 sq. cm c. 165 sq. cm
17. A regular hexagon is inscribed in a
circle. b. 158 sq. cm d. 177 sq. cm
circle. The area of the circle outside
a. 69.91 m c. 90.57 m 26. A circle is circumscribed about a
the hexagon is 122.2912 cm2. What
b. 83.47 m d. 102.64 m triangle. The radius of the circle is 9
is the area of the circle in cm2?
11. Find the length of the common cm. The area of the triangle is 43.23
a. 804.25 c. 615.75
external tangents to two circles of sq. cm and one of its side measures
b. 530.93 d. 706.86
radii 10 cm and 18 cm if the distance 18 cm. Determine the measure of
18. A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in
between their centers is 32 cm. one of the other two sides of the
a semicircle with side AD coinciding
a. 37.33 cm c. 43.10 cm triangle.
with the diameter of the circle. Side
b. 33.16 cm d. 30.98 cm a. 15.32 cm c. 13.25 cm
AB = 8 cm, BC = 10 cm, and CD =
12. Find the area of the shaded region b. 8.98 cm d. 17.29 cm
12 cm. What is the diameter of the
shown in the figure. 27. The owner of a rectangular parcel of
circle?
a. 312.88 cm2 c. 256.08 cm2 land that is 50 m x 200 m wishes to
a. 22.3 c. 18.5
b. 282.74 cm2 d. 305.31 cm2 double the area of the lot. She wants
b. 20.1 d. 24.7
19. Three circles of different diameters to acquire a strip of land to the end
are tangent externally. The triangle of the lot and another strip exactly
formed by the line joining their the same width to add to the side of
centers have sides 16 cm, 20 cm, the lot. What should be the width of
and 24 cm, respectively. Find the the strips?
area of the biggest circle in square a. 24.12 m c. 52.36 m
cm. b. 45.87 m d. 35.08 m
a. 897.67 c. 678.98 28. A regular hexagon have sides
36 cm b. 543.21 d. 615.75 measure equal to “h”. Find the area
13. A railroad curve is to be laid on a 20. A chord is 24 cm long and its of the largest equilateral triangle that
circular path. What should be the midpoint is 8 cm from the midpoint of can be inscribed in this hexagon.
radius if the track is to change its shorter arc. Find the radius of the a. 1.3h2 c. 1.4h2
direction by 30o at a distance of 300 circle. b. 1.2h 2
d. 1.5h2
m? a. 15 cm c. 8 cm 29. The area of a rhombus is 132 sq.
a. 303.77 m c. 275.48 m b. 5 cm d. 13 cm cm. If its shorter diagonal is 12 cm,
b. 572.96 m d. 325.31 m 21. Two sides of a parallelogram find the length of the longer
measure 68 cm and 83 cm and the diagonal.
 a. 20 cm c. 22 cm
b. 21 cm d. 23 cm
30. A trapezoid has an area of 36 m2
and an altitude of 2 m. Its two bases
have ratio of 4:5. What are the
length of the bases in meters?
a. 12 and 15 c. 16 and 20
b. 7 and 11 d. 8 and 10