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UNITY UNIVERSITY

Unity University DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND CoTM

COURSE OUTLINE
Course Title:- Environmental Engineering/Planning
Course Code:- CEng 3221and CoTM
Method of Assessment
Activity & Att. -----
Assignment ----- 30%
Prerequisite:- None

Department of Civil Engineering and

Mid exam------- --- 20%
Credit Hours:- 2 and 3 Final Exam ------- 50%
Total ---------------100%
Instructor:- Semere Yilma (PhD Candidate)
Course Objective:- At the end of this course, the student will be able to:-

CoTM 


Discuss environmental disturbances and their causes
Discuss the importance of environmental considerations in all Engineering endeavors.
Describe the key technologies used to reduce the impact of human activities on the water, air, and
land environments
 Appreciate environmental impact assessment as a tool for sustainable development
 Environmental Policy
Course Outline
Chapter One: Introduction 4.2 EIA
1.1 Definition of Environment 4.3 Procedures in EIA

Course: Environmental Engineering and 1.2 Environmental system

1.3 Sustainable development
4.4 EIA and Construction
4.5 Environmental Audit (EA)

Planning
1.4 Construction & Environment Chapter Five: EIA Process
1.5 Environmental Planning and Engineering 5.1 Screening
1.6 Main environmental problems 5.2 Scoping (Impact analysis Mitigation Public
participation)
Chapter two: Resources (Water, Soil and Air)
5.3 Review
2.1 Water Resource

Program: B.Sc. in Civil Engineering and CoTM 2.2 Soil Resource

5.4 Monitoring
Chapter Six: Environmental Laws and Regulations
2.3 Air Resources
6.1 Introduction
2.4 Impact of Construction activities on water, soil and
Air resources 6.2 Environmental Laws

By: Semere Yilma

Chapter three: Environmental Quality and Pollution 6.3 Environmental Regulations
Management
6.4 Environmental Laws and Regulations in Ethiopia
3.1 Introduction
6.5 World Bank Environmental Policy (Safeguard
3.2 Pollution, sources and its impact Policies)
3.3 Human activities on water resources 6.6 International environmental agreements
3.4 Protection of surface & ground water resources from 6.7 Applications of Environmental Laws and Regulations

2022
Chapter 1 -7
point & diffuse sources of pollution
Chapter Seven: Ethics, Environmental Planning &
3.5 Environmental impacts of dams & Reservoirs Construction
Chapter Four; Environmental Impact Assessment 7.1 Introduction
(EIA)
7.2 Ethics & Envt’al Planning
4.1 Introduction
REFERENCES:
1. Mackenzie L. Davis, Susan J. Masten. (2003). Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science. 1/e .
2. International Environmental Agreement IEA Database project from 2002 -2020 https://iea.uoregon.edu/

Brain storming
What is
 Environment?

Chapter 1
 Environmental system?

 Sustainable development?

 Construction & Environment?

Introduction
 Construction Management?

 Planning?

 Environmental Planning?

 Engineering?

 Environmental Engineering?

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STRUCTURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT/ ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

1. INTRODUCTION  The environmental system may be understood as
the set of interactions between the elements of the
biosphere- ecosphere, the atmosphere, the
Environment = A multidimensional system that consists of hydrosphere, the lithosphere.
five interacting spheres.  The atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen (78%),
oxygen (21%), and traces (remaining 1%) of carbon
dioxide, argon, water vapor and other components.
The atmosphere is a prime mean for the spatial
diffusion of pollutants and a temporary mean of
their accumulation.
 The Atmosphere,  The hydrosphere is the accumulation of water in
all its states (solid, liquid and gas) and the
 Lithosphere, Natural elements dissolved it in (sodium, magnesium,
 Hydrosphere, and the calcium, chloride and sulphate). 97% of the water
forms the oceans, 2% is ice (north and south poles)
 Ecosphere-biosphere and 1% forms rivers, lakes, ground water and
+ atmospheric vapor. It covers around 71% of the
earth's surface and is an important accumulator of
 Antroposphere Man-made pollutants and a significant vector of diffusion.

STRUCTURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT/ ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

 The lithosphere is the thin crust between the FUNCTIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT/ ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM
mantle and the atmosphere. Although the
lithosphere is around 100 km thick, only 1 km of it
can be considered in interaction with the  The atmosphere - provides, shelter, air, rain,
biosphere. Main constituents are oxygen (47%), temperature regulation, energy and supports many
silicon (28%), aluminum (8%), iron (5%), calcium natural and socio-economic processes.
(4%), sodium (3%), potassium (3%) and magnesium  The Hydrosphere - provides water, habitat for much
(2%) in a crystalline state. The lithosphere is the of biodiversity, regulates temperature and supports
main source of pollutants and a permanent several other physical, biological and socio-
accumulator. Some are naturally released through economic systems.
sources like volcanic eruptions, while others like  The Lithosphere - provides the land, soil,
fossil fuels are the result of artificial extraction subsurface for life, minerals, heat sink, water sink,
and combustion. is a key component for meteorological processes.
Provides a diversity of resources to human life.
 The Biosphere - ecosphere refers to the biologically  The Biosphere - ecosphere is the set of all living
inhabited/ biologically active/ biotic part of the organisms, including animals and plants. They are
earth that occurs at the interface of the temporary accumulators (like lead) and sources for
Atmosphere, Lithosphere and Hydrosphere. pollutants (natural forest burning) in a very
Antroposphere = Man-made environments like built-up complex set of relationships with the atmosphere,

and working landscapes
hydrosphere and lithosphere.

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CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT IN TERMS OF LAND USE CONT…

In terms of land use the environment is made up of three main
components
1. Natural areas that provide environmental services, including
wildlife habitats, wetlands, water supplies, most coastal and
riparian regions, national and state parks, and wilderness
areas; natural areas that also contain lands that pose
environmental constraints, such as natural hazards, including
floodplains and landslide areas;
Environment
2. Working landscapes, including farms, rangelands, forests,
mines, and recreation areas, that provide jobs and contribute to
the health of rural economies; and
3. Built environments of cities and towns that involve the design,
siting, and type of buildings, transportation systems, sewer and

Environment
Landscapes
water facilities, and public spaces and parklands.

Working
Natural
 How these three land uses interact with one another affect a

Built-up
Areas
community's appearance, size, functioning, and environmental
quality. Deciding how, when, and where these land uses should or
should not change is the primary challenge of environmental
planning.

LANDSCAPE ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM

Landscape is a wider concept than land-use because it  In a very broad sense, environment
includes appearance, use, pleasure as well as system consists of:
fertility
 Landscape is a component of environment and  Resources, Land, human and other;
has five main compositional elements: Landform,
Vegetation, Water, climate, Paving and Structures.  Processes, that convert these
 Landscape Planning/Design is the art of arranging
these five elements to make good outdoor space. The resources into various other useable
aims of landscape planning and design are to
conserve and create good outdoor space. products and services; and
 Effects of these processes, which may
be negative or positive.

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES
TYPES OF RESOURCES
Manufacturing
•Mineral resources
Human Resources •Water resources Transportation
Land resources •Surface Water Construction
Flora and fauna Resources
Soils
•Ground Water Migration
Resources
Air •Energy resources Population Growth
•Finance
•Reusable and
Recyclable materials

Sustainable Development , Construction & Environment?

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS  Sustainable construction has not received sufficient attention in developing
countries, although it is an important aspect of sustainable development.

Government policies in areas of:

Negative Effects -


 housing,
 Pollution - air, water, noise  economics,

 Waste Generation – solid waste,  environment &

sewage  spatial planning are factors affecting sustainable development.

 Congestion, overcrowding
 These policies are concerned with alleviation of poverty, employment creation,
capacity building, etc.,
Positive Effects  However, methods adopted to enact these policies do not enhance

 Products, sustainable construction.

 Value-addition
 The impact of construction activities on the built environment is also the other
issue.

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What is Planning?

 Most projects focus on the economic angle, but ignore the aspect of quality of  Planning is thinking ahead. Planning is a management activity and a continuous process,

environment, preservation of green, water, etc. where the following analysis is carried out:
1. Where are we now?
 In addition, (for instance infrastructure and services provision), energy and water
2. Where to go?
are constant requirements for the success of the construction sector. 3. What goals and objectives are to be set?
4. How to select best method?
 The intensive consumption of these by the construction industry generate:
5. What is to be done?
 waste disposal on construction sites, 6. When it is to be done?
7. People Responsible?
 disposal of by-products of construction materials &
8. How it is to be done?
 unused building materials which become an environmental concern. 9. Identifying resources and persons to be consulted.

 Generally, construction and the technology in developing countries like  “Planning is deciding in advance about what to do, How to do it, when to do it and who is to

Ethiopia is not in a position to create sustainable development through do it. It provides the ends to be achieved.‖

sustainable construction. (Stephen P. Robbins)

 “Planning is the process by which managers define goals and take necessary steps to
ensure that these goals are achieved‖.
(Richard Steers)

Environmental planning?  Environmental planning & management may be:

it is the process of planning to: 1. reactive,

 environmental protection and problem solving. 2. proactive, or

 Environmental planning is deciding how to use : 3. integrative.

 natural resources, Reactive measures try to correct prior environmental damages,

 financial capital, and

E.g.
 remediation of old waste dumps,
 people to achieve/maintain healthy communities and
 reclamation of abandoned mined lands, or
 quality of life.
 cleanup of polluted waterways.
 Environmental Planning also means avoiding problems before they occur.
Proactive measures are taken explicitly to enhance environmental quality,
 Environmental planning can help communities to:
E.g.
 avoid or minimize air and water pollution,
 land use controls to preserve wildlife habitats and wetlands,
 loss of wildlife,
 protect aquifer recharge areas, or
 the conversion of farm and forestlands, and  restrict future floodplain development..
 degradation of the built environment.

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Integrative environmental planning involves:

1. The rational-comprehensive approach:
 early and essential consideration of environmental and social factors
it is based on the scientific method & has five basic steps of :
in the formulation of development plans and projects,
 Objectives,
E.g. highway, Dams .
 information,

 alternatives,
Planning Approaches
 impact assessment, and evaluation.
 There are four basic approaches to planning.
2. The Incremental approach:
1. The rational-comprehensive approach
 it accepts limitations in human knowledge & understanding,
2. The Incremental approach,
 and as a result, focuses on short-term goals & objectives & small
3. The participatory approach
sequential actions.
4. The Advocacy approach
How each approach is distinguished?

3. The participatory approach suggests that: What is Engineering and Science?

 Science is improve our understanding of natural processes
 neither rational-comprehensive nor incremental approaches deal explicitly
with the diverse stakeholder perspectives & conflicting values;

 it aims to inform & involve the public in planning & decision making.  Engineer is use this understanding to develop and apply
technologies that will maintain or improve environmental
The advocacy approach recognizes that:
4.
quality
 interested stakeholders do not speak with one voice but often line up in
well-established camps & fight for their special interests;
 What is an engineer?
 this situation often requires some advocacy of the under-represented &  Problem solver.
mediation to resolve differences.  Specifically one who uses science to solve real world problems.
Generally, Environmental planning requires:

 a rational-comprehensive & participatory framework,  What about an environmental engineer?

 with elements of adaptive-incremental management & advocacy  Solves environmental problems using scientific tools
planning as appropriate

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Top 10 Environmental Issues

Environmental Engineering  Population
 It is the application of science and engineering principles
 Climate Change
to minimize the adverse effects of human activity on the
environment  Loss of Biodiversity
or
 The Phosphorus and & Nitrogen cycles‘
 Environmental Engineering is the integration of science
and engineering principles to improve the natural  Water
environment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for  Ocean acidification
human habitation and for other organisms, and to
remediate pollution sites.  Pollution

 Ozone Depletion

 Over fishing

 Deforestation

 Population growth continues to grow across the world,

 This population growth needs the expansion of infrastructures,

 All infrastructure development passes through construction,

 Construction disturbs the natural environment,

Thank you
 If such trends continues the whole environment will be covered by impervious
layers & the natural environment will be lost.

 What will be the responsibility of construction engineers??

 All these human activities poses considerable problems on the environment,

 Thus, as a proactive measure construction activities should be performed with

Environmental planning.

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Presentation Content

Brain Storming what is

Chapter 2 water Resource?

Soil Resources?

Water, Soil, Air Resources and Construction activities Air Resources?

Construction activities on Water, Soil, Air ??

2.1 Water Resources

what are soil, water & air?

what are the impacts of construction on water, Introduction

soil & air?  Water resource, generally, divided in to two:

1. surface water: the availability of water on the surface

what possible solutions are at hand to prevent the
of the earth such as in rivers, streams, lakes, seas,
negative impacts of construction on water, soil & --- etc.
air? 2. Ground/sub-surface water: water that occurs below
the surface of earth such as in wells, bore holes-- etc.

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Differences between surface and Ground water resources:

 Surface water:
easily accessible,
need less/minimal pressure to utilize it but need high cost,
(Reservoir canal (supply lines from source to main reservoirs)
reservoirs, …)
exposed for evaporation,
travels faster than ground water,
the majority of the water is not fresh, and vulnerable for pollution.

 Ground water:
o need high pressure to utilize it, but less cost (we can use it directly)
o confined within the soil,
o not exposed for evaporation,
o relatively fresh than surface water,
o less polluted and take longer time to be polluted,
o not accessible on the earth surface. Table.1: Estimates of Relative Volumes of Water of Various Kinds on Earth
(source: The hand book of Ground water Engineering, 1987)
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Availability of water:
 oceans = 97.2%

 Glaciers = 2.15%

 Ground water = 0.62%

The attainable water resource in the Globe comprises of:

10,530,000 km3 of groundwater,

1,000 km3 of fresh water in lakes, and

2,120 km3 of water in rivers are considered as attainable for use

and comprise a total of 10,623,120 km3.

 (see the table, above, and chart, below).

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 The main source of groundwater is infiltration.

1. Ground Water: water below the ground surface: wells, boreholes, ….
 The infiltrated water after full saturation percolates deeply and
becomes groundwater.

 The groundwater has minimal probability for pollution and is very

useful for domestic use in small towns and isolated farms.

 It can be made available at a small capital cost and also in least

possible time.

 In arid regions, groundwater is often the only reliable source

water for irrigation.

 Alike other natural resources, groundwater is limited.

 Thus, it must be wisely managed and protected against undue

exploitation and contamination by pollutants or salt water.
Fig-1:The relation ship b/n Hydrology cycle and Ground water reserve.
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The selection, preparation and control of catchment areas,

2. Surface water resource the choice and treatment of reservoirs sites and operation of
It is water found on the surface of the ground including river, reservoirs,
streams, lakes etc. the design, construction and maintenance of dams,

There exists a variation in the yield of the sources from The design, construction & maintenance of intake and outlet
structures.
season to season.
 These water resources are vulnerable to degradation &/or pollution
The development of surface water supplies depends on the through human activities.
nature of their sources and involves:  One of the human activities which degrades the water resources is
construction.
 Construction (Road, Housing, Water resource devt, & others)
pollutes the water resources. (Examples are presented next
slides)

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. Housing Construction 2.2 Soil Resources

Impacts:
 the excavated materials from
 The word 'soil' has different meanings for different
construction sites joins the water
professions.
resources & pollute them, To the agriculturist:
 reversing the effects will be soil is the top thin layer of earth within which organic
disastrous, forces are predominant & which is responsible for the
 the uncontrolled storm water
support of plant life.
Drainage line Construction from storm water drainage lines
To the geologist:
or
 drainage lines without proper soil is the material in the top thin zone within which roots
outlets are the causes of water occur.
resources pollution. From the point of view of an engineer:
 solution: Pro-active measures
i.e. Envtal Planning soil includes all earth materials, organic & inorganic,
occurring in the zone overlying the rock crust.

Soil is a very important material for all human activities to take Process of Erosion: Detaching Transportation Deposition

place such as: Soil erosion may cause:

 Farming, infrastructure development Gulley formation,

But if these activities are carried out improperly this basic Road side/base degradation/erosion,
resource which is core for all human activities will be degraded. Building side erosion,
Improper or bad construction management leads to soil erosion.
Utility line degradation,
Soil erosion removes the top soil which is important for
River bank erosion,
agriculture and construction.
Mountain degradation
 Therefore a proactive measure will help to prevent such a critical
resource before a problem happens. sedimentation/siltation (on dams, reservoirs/water supply sources,
drainage structures, irrigation canals, ----)
 Thus, including environmental planning/Engineering as part of
construction management is a best remedy.
(Examples presented on next slides)

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Downstream effect: Reservoir sedimentation is a common negative

effect of erosion in the catchment.
A damaged bridge as a downstream impact of runoff and erosion.
Expensive rehabilitation by de-silting the reservoir only helps in the
long run, when the catchment is protected.

Erosion on Earth dam

 Note: Erosion not only degrades the soil resource

but also affects/deteriorates infrastructures
constructed with huge investments.
(pictures on previous slides are notable examples)

Construction activities can contribute to erosion of soil that may impact on water
quality downstream of the site and cause siltation of watercourses.
 Water including surface, groundwater or marine areas should not be
contaminated by activities on the site.

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Gully erosion  Rehabilitating/restoring the previous soil/land resources requires huge

investment.
If a pro-active measures were put in to practice, such devastating effects
would not occur.

2.3 Air Resource & Quality Air pollution from road construction
 it is one of the basic resources to living things.

Construction activities can lead to dust emissions from traffic,

cleared areas, stockpiles, and blasting.

Dust can cause a nuisance to neighbors & impact on the

environment by contaminating plants and watercourses.

Other air emissions are related to the exhaust fumes of

equipment.

Stone crushing is also the other air quality degrading activity.

 Such air quality degrading activities can generally be controlled by

including environmental planning. (see next examples)

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Air quality degradation from Stone Crushing

Air emissions from exhaust fumes

Conclusion
 Soil, water & air besides their support to life, they are important raw
materials/inputs for construction activities. For example soil, water & air
are important for the construction to stand-on, the construction materials

Thank you
to be produced from, …. (consult the knowledge of soil mechanics,
construction Materials…etc)

 Therefore, these very crucial, scarce & basic resources which guarantees
the existence of life on earth should be prevented from any degrading
activities.

 For such preventive measures the knowledge of Environmental planning

for construction managers & engineers is paramount & thus should be
incorporated in each construction activities.

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Presentation Content

Environmental Quality and Pollution Management

Chapter 3 Introduction
Pollution, sources and its impact
Human activities on water resources,
Protection of surface & ground water resources from
Environmental Quality and Pollution Management point & diffuse sources of pollution,
Environmental impacts of dams & Reservoirs

Introduction
Pollution? The process of degrading the quality of a given natural
Brain storming resource with unwanted materials or particles.
Generally Pollution sources categorized in to two:

1. Point source- with defined source e.g. septic tanks, WWTPs

What is Pollution?
2. Non-point sources- with no defined source e.g. Storm water
Which are Major Pollution Sources?
Sources of Pollution?
what Construction activities pollute the Env’t?
1. Domestic activities
Is Construction Management part of Pollution mgt?
2. Institutions
If so How and if not why?
3. Commercial activities

4. Industries

5. Agriculture

 Principles of Pollution Management (Best Approach)

Reduction at the source Re-use Recycle Disposal

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Impacts of Pollution Human activities on water resources

Impacts on: • Environment - the complex web of inter-relationships between

water resource degradation- e.g. water borne diseases,

abiotic and biotic components which sustain all life on earth,

reduce the strength of concrete/mortar (cement + water + including the social/health aspects of human group existence.

aggregates) Thus, this complex nature easily affects the water resource if care

Air resource degradation- degrading air quality e.g.

is not given.
• The combination of construction (dams, wing dams, and other river
Respiratory diseases
training structures) and operations and maintenance continue to affect
soil resource degradation- e.g. reduce soil productivity, soil
the water resource systems.
structure failures, reduce the strength of concrete/mortar
(cement + water + aggregates)

 Generally, it leads to Global warming.

• The major threats to water resources in lakes, rivers and wetlands come in
several forms, among them: • Besides:

• eutrophication, o the introduction of unknown/new fish species,

• salinization and o de-vegetation of catchment areas,
• pollution from industrial effluents and chemical spills, and o use of pesticides, and
• extend to broader ecosystem concerns, including:
o disposal of wastes driven by a variety of competing human
 exotic weed infestation,
needs, have severely impacted the water resource of a
 loss of fish population,
given area.
 habitat destruction, and

 loss of biodiversity.

 Most of these caused by human activity.

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• The fundamental issue facing water resources does not appear to be one of
water availability only, but also of human factors.

• These human factors are related to: • The following factors causes serious quality degradation
 the governance of the available water resources,
of surface and groundwater:
 legislative and institutional frameworks,

 overexploitation and pollution of the resources,  The fast population growth,

 conflict and political instability,  uncontrolled urbanization and industrialization,
 inadequate technical know-how and institutional capacity, and  poor sanitation situation,
 low priority given to water in terms of human resources and budgetary
 uncontrolled waste disposal
allocations.
 etc.
o For example, certain water-scarce regions in northern Africa have succeeded in
providing water resources to large segments of their population,

o while other parts of Africa with abundant water occurrence, such as Central
Africa, have limited water supply coverage (<50% of the population).

Table-Summary of human activities on water resources.

Distribution category: P – point; D – diffuse; L – linear

Main types of pollutant: F – faecal pathogens; N – nutrients; O – organic compounds including chlorinated
solvents or aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX); P – pesticides; M – metals; S – salinity; A – acidification
Relative hydraulic loading: + to ++ (increasing importance; relative volume or impact of water entering with pollution load
By-pass of soil zone: + to ++ (with completeness of by-pass of soil and depth of penetration into unsaturated
and saturated zones)

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Protection of surface and ground water resources from point &

diffuse sources of pollution
• Groundwater pollution can be described as degrading of water quality
for any usage. Sources of pollution are grouped into two as natural
pollution and man-made pollution.

I. Naturally Occurring Groundwater Pollution includes:

1. Sea Water Intrusion: if groundwater is overexploited, sea water moves

to the aquifer and quality of groundwater starts to deteriorate. Salt
concentration increases.

2. Lake – River- Aquifer Relations: In hydraulic cycle, lake, river and

aquifer affect each other. That‘s why, if any of them is polluted, that
pollution makes negative impact on the others.

II. Groundwater Pollution Produced By Human Activities

B. Industrial Disposal
• Pollution sources produced by human activities can be grouped into
three general categories. These are: • Because many factories have been constructed on the aquifer systems
and unfiltered waste water has been infiltrated to groundwater, heavy
municipal,
metals released in to the groundwater.
industrial and
• In order to minimize water pollution, waste water treatment plants have
agricultural disposal.
to be constructed.
A. Municipal disposal
• Besides, waste water should be stored in the waste water dam.
• Pollution sources may be point sources or non-point sources.
• So, seepage to the aquifer should be prevented or after treatment
• In developing country, point sources are mainly municipal disposal due
polluted water can be conveyed to disposal area.
to fewer services such as poor sewerage systems.

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c. Agricultural Pollutants • Groundwater contamination

• The use of pesticide and fertilizer is growing due to agricultural activities. When compared to surface water pollution, ground water pollution occurs in the
 This causes water pollution (surface as well as ground water). long run.

• To prevent pollution, the sources of pollution should be controlled.  ground water contamination is the degradation of natural water quality
as a result of human activities, and
• Especially, groundwater recharge area must be protected and the usage
 pollution occurs when contaminant concentration levels restrict the
of chemicals must be prohibited in that area.
potential use of groundwater.
• Non-point pollution caused by fertilizers and pesticides used in
 Groundwater remediation aims to reduce contaminant concentrations
agriculture, often dispersed over large areas, is a great threat to fresh
to below the threshold standard for the intended use.
groundwater ecosystems.

• Intensive use of chemical fertilizers in farms and indiscriminate disposal

of human and animal waste on land result in leaching of the residual
nitrate causing high nitrate concentrations in groundwater

• Point source of pollution: a pollution where their source or origin of

contaminants is known such as:

treatment plants,

domestic activities,

toilets,

sewerage systems,

industries,

Health centers,

Garages.

 that is, these are some of the point source contaminants of

water resources.
Fig-Human, Human activities and Environmental pollution

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Non-point (diffuse source pollution): Environmental impacts of Dams and Reservoirs

 These are those pollutants whose source/origin is not known such as storm  Dams or reservoirs are temporary water storing structures either
water drainage because it has no defined origins. for domestic, Energy or Agricultural purposes.
Water pollution have continued to generate unpleasant implications for
Environmental effects
health and economic development, • Environmental effects are of increasing concern in the planning and
The concern for increases in the level of pollutants in surface and
management of water-resources projects during construction.
groundwater is justified since a large proportion of rural and urban dwellers
obtain domestic water, and: • The creation of reservoirs usually has a very important influence on
 sometimes drinking water from ponds,
ecology.
 streams and

 shallow wells. • In the case where the storage volume is large in relation to annual runoff,

leachates from such waste dumps may contain organic and eutrophication can have a significant impact on the quality of the water in
inorganic toxic pollutants which may flow laterally or percolate through
the reservoir because of long residence times.
permeable soil strata and pollute surface or groundwater.

• However, reservoirs also cause changes that have beneficial effects. In

• The reservoir exerts a great influence on the temperature many cases, the environment in the vicinity of reservoirs and
downstream has been greatly improved by providing:
and oxygen content of the release water.
 recreation,
• The regulation of flow will also change the nature of land
 aesthetic,
use downstream of the reservoir.
 ecological and
• The increase in water use usually results in an increase in  health benefits.
the amount of waste water that may lower the quality of • It is of primary importance to assess continuously all environmental
water in the receiving river. effects of storage reservoirs and dams to provide monitoring facilities
for measuring environmental factors both before and after construction.

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Poor land use practices (e.g. unmanaged high construction) have resulted in
Environmental degradation
sedimentation of river channels, lakes and reservoirs and changes in
For countries relying on hydropower generation for their electricity
hydrological processes.
supply, environmental degradation is a serious concern.
Deterioration of the quality of water resources resulting from further
Hydropower generation requires the reliable water for most of the time
increases in nutrient loads from irrigation (irrigated agriculture) and
(wet and dry seasons).
the domestic, industrial and mining sectors has also significantly depleted
Degradation of the catchment area‘s environment results in the decline available fresh water resources and increased water scarcity.
of springs, streams and rivers with catastrophic consequences for
Increased human activities lead to the exposure of the water environment to
human welfare and environmental integrity. a range of chemical, microbial and biological pollutants, as well as micro-
Pollution of water resources is also a great concern as it is a threat to pollutants.
both the environment as well as availability of freshwater. The mining and industrial sectors in particular produce high concentrations
of waste and effluents that act as non-point sources of water quality
degradation, including acid mine drainage which pollutes groundwater
resources.

Africa‘s water resources are thus already facing serious risks from prevention
development pressures. Water wells protected by adequate seal can not be polluted.
Large dams (over 60 meters high) have been built on many basins such At the same time, this protection is useful for well casing.
as the Nile, Volta and Zambezi rivers for water supply and power Properly located, designed, constructed and maintained wells can be
generation, and used for water supply.
The construction of dams has caused significant changes in the flow Integrated water shed management
regimes of rivers resulting in negative impacts on the environment and
Pollution control at the source.
loss of ecosystems functioning.

Hence there is need for a balance between water resources

development and ecosystems degradation due to water resources
development.

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Pollution Prevention Hierarchy - Pollution should be prevented or

reduced at source whenever feasible.

Pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an

Thank you
environmentally safe manner whenever feasible.

Pollution that can not be prevented or recycled should be treated in an

environmentally safe manner whenever feasible, and

Disposal or the release into the environment should be employed only as

a last alternative and should be conducted in an environmentally safe
manner.

Presentation Contents
 Brain storming

Chapter 4  Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Introduction

EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Procedures in EIA

EIA and Construction

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. INTRODUCTION
Bear in mind that:

Brain Storming Whenever any:

program
o what do you understand from EIA or any experience to share? Policy
construction activity or
o what is the linkage b/n Construction & EIA?
site development is introduced in to a country, society or specific area,
o what is the significance of EIA in construction industry? Two new things will be injected in to the Environment & the Society.
o what do you expect to gain from EIA? 1. Positive +ve = Encourage them
2. Negative -ve = Mitigate them with appropriate measures

e.g. Road Construction: -----------------Discussion??

In the light of this all the fore-coming discussions under this part will spin
around on such issues

 EIA was first employed by industrialized countries in the early 1970s.

 Since that time, most countries have adopted EIA processes to examine
 Economic development in developing countries has been
focused: the social and environmental consequences of projects prior to their

 on immediate economic gains. execution.

 The purpose of these processes is to provide information to decision

 environmental protection has not been a priority in these countries;
makers and the public about the environmental implications of proposed
 because the economic losses from environmental degradation
actions before decisions are made.
often occur long after the economic benefits of development have
been realized. Development & Environment

 The past failure of development planning processes to take adequate  Agriculture expansion, urbanization & infrastructure development are

account of the detrimental impacts of economic development activities the major causes of environmental degradation.

led to: For example;

 the advent of environmental impact assessment (EIA) processes with Agr‘al expansion: Deforestation, pollution (water, Air & Land)
occurs

with Urbanization: Deforestation, pollution (waste generation) occurs

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Pollution is widespread.

Existing air pollution is being aggravated by increases in the use Aims & objectives of EIA
of low quality petroleum and coal for transportation and energy. EIA can:
Consequently, ambient levels of suspended particulates and modify and improve design
other forms of pollution in most large cities far exceed ensure efficient resource use
recommended public health criteria. enhance social aspects
The amount of toxic and hazardous material discharged into the identify key impacts and measures for mitigating
them
ambient environment is also rapidly increasing.
inform decision-making and condition-setting
Urban populations are being exposed to un-quantified or qualified
avoid serious and irreversible damage to the
levels of toxic pollutants because of industrial growth. environment
 All these are the bad faces of development. protect human health and safety
 It is these negative impacts on the environment that calls ESIA to be
considered before any project, program or policy is enacted.

The EIA process addresses the following

environmental effects:
The EIA process should be
Biophysical and resource use purposive – meeting its aims and objectives

Social and cultural focused – concentrating on the effects that matter

adaptive – responding to issues and realities
Health and safety
participative – fully involving the public
Economic and fiscal transparent – clear and easily understood
Landscape and visual rigorous – employing ‘best practicable’ methodology
practical – establishing mitigation measures that work
Indigenous peoples‘ rights and traditional area
credible – carried out with objectivity and professionalism
efficient – imposing least cost burden on proponents

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EIA & Development Planning

Key operating principles of good EIA practice  EIA has an important role to play in resolving the aforementioned
environmental problems through its ability to:
EIA should:
 contribute to environmentally sound and sustainable development.
be applied to all proposals with significant impacts EIA Inputs to the Project Cycle
 Increasingly, countries are enacting laws requiring EIAs for all major
begin early in the project cycle
projects.

address relevant environmental, social and health impacts  A generalized project cycle can be described in terms of six main stages:
1) project concept;
identify and take account of public views
2) prefeasibility;
result in a statement of impacts and mitigation measures 3) feasibility;
4) design and engineering;
facilitate informed decision making and condition setting
5) implementation; and
6) monitoring and evaluation.
 EIA has a role to play at each stage in the cycle,

Outputs of the EIA Process Analysis of Environmental Effects

 The main goal of EIA is:  EIA analysis has three sequential phases:

 to influence development decision-making by providing sound  identification,

information on environmental and Social impacts and the means  prediction, and
for preventing or reducing those impacts.  assessment.
 Three major outputs of the EIA process provide the primary means for  Identification involves characterizing the existing physical, social,
integrating the results of a specific EIA into the development planning economic, & ecological environment & identifying components of a
decision process. development project which are likely to impact that environment.
1. An identification & analysis of the environmental effects of For example Results of an analysis of the environmental effects of a
proposed activities, highway project may include:
2. An environmental management plan which outlines the mitigation 1. Noise: The planned highway may to pass through residential areas
measures to be undertaken; which will disturb the surrounding residents.
3. An environmental monitoring program which outlines the data that 2. Social Impacts: Social impacts includes the interference of the highway
must be collected in conjunction with the project. with pedestrian traffic routes.

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3. Water Resources Impacts: The flood which will be discharged in to the Environmental Management Plan
nearby water resources will degrade the water quality.  Environmental protection measures are taken to:
 While the impervious highway surface would increase run-off during & 1. mitigate environmental impacts;
after rain, the steep gradients of the small watercourses which drain the
2. provide in-kind compensation for lost environmental resources;
highway would make significant flooding.
4. Air Impacts: Air pollution from vehicle exhaust will pollute the air
or
resource.
3. enhance environmental resources.
5. Traffic Impacts: The impact on traffic during the construction phase is
 One of the goals of the EIA processes is to develop an
expected to increase congestion, particularly at the entry and exit points,
implementable set of environmental protection measures.
and the presence of maintenance vehicles, machinery and staff on the
road.  These measures are normally set out in an environmental
6. Erosion & Slope Stability Impacts: Erosion is expected to continue management plan.
through the construction phases on embankments & cut slopes,
especially where vegetation cover was incomplete.

Environmental Monitoring Program Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

 Environmental monitoring involves the systematic collection of  It refers to the need ―to identify & predict the impact on:
data to determine: the environment and

1. the actual environmental effects of a project; on man‘s health and

2. the compliance of the project with regulatory standards; or well-being of legislative proposals, policies, programs, projects &

3. the degree of implementation of environmental protection measures operational procedures, and to interpret & communicate information

& success of the environmental protection measures. about the impacts‖,

 The information generated by monitoring programs provides the  ―The term ‗environmental assessment‘ describes:

feedback necessary to: a technique & a process by which information about the
environmental effects of a project is collected, both:
ensure that environmental protection measures have been
effective in helping achieve an environmentally sound  by the developer & from other sources, and

project.  taken into account by the planning authority in forming their

judgments on whether the development should go ahead.‖

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Benefits of EIA include ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE EIA PROCESS

environmentally sound and sustainable design Project Proponent
Consultant
better compliance with standards
 Interested & affected parties
savings in capital and operating costs  Decision Maker (e.g. EPA)

reduced time and costs for approvals  elders

 women
increased project acceptance
 youths
better protection of the environment and human health  disables

EIA PROCESS
The EIA process comprises
Prescreening
screening - to decide if and at what level EIA should be
applied
Screening
scoping - to identify the important issues & prepare terms
of reference
Scoping
impact analysis - to predict the effects of a proposal &

Reviewing evaluate their significance

mitigation - to establish measures to prevent, reduce or

Monitoring compensate for impacts

Note: Each will be discussed in next slides

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reporting - to prepare the information necessary for decision-

making

Chapter 5
review - to check the quality of the EIA report.

decision-making - to approve (or reject) the proposal & set

conditions

follow up – to monitor, manage and audit the impacts of project

implementation

public involvement - to inform and consult with stakeholders

EIA Process Flowchart

Generalized EIA Process Flowchart

Proposal
identificatio n

EIA required Screening No EIA

Initial
Scop ing environmental
examination

SCREENING
Impact analysis

Mitigation
and impact
management
*Pub lic involvement
Resubmit EIA repo rt
*Pub lic involvement typically
occurs at these po ints.
It may also occur at any
Redesign Review other stage of the EIA Process

Not ap proved Decision-making

Approved
Information from this process
co ntributes to effective EIA in the future
Implementatio n
and post-EIA
monitoring

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What is screening?

 The screening process determines: Screening outcomes

 whether or not EIA is required for a  Full or comprehensive EIA required

particular project  Limited EIA required

 No EIA required
 what level of EIA is required
 not required
 partial or
 full

Typical proposals requiring a full EIA

Screening tools (methods)  dams and reservoirs

 legal/policy definition  resettlement and urban development

 Project lists:  infrastructure (e.g. transport and sanitation)

 Inclusive — listed projects must undergo EIA  industrial facilities (e.g. manufacturing plants)

 Exclusive — listed projects exempted from EIA  energy and minerals extraction (e.g. oil & gas, coal)

 Case-by-case examinations:  waste management and disposal of hazardous and

 determine whether projects may have significant toxic materials

environmental effects  energy development (power stations, transmission

 if so, project should undergo EIA lines, pipelines)

 Combination of above

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An Initial Environmental Examination

(IEE) Recommended elements for effective screening in Ethiopia

describes the proposal  Mandatory application of EIA should be based on the list
established in Annex I of the EIA Guideline Document
considers alternatives

addresses the concerns of the community  Case-by-case screening should be applied, based on criteria
defined in the Procedural EIA Guideline
identifies potential environmental effects
(get the doct & keep it for your future use)
establishes mitigation measures

includes monitoring and follow up (as necessary)

What is scoping?
 An early stage of the EIA process

 begins once screening is completed

 identifies key issues and impacts to

SCOPING be considered

 establishes the content and scope of an

EIA report

 It is the most important step in EIA lays the foundation of an effective

process, saves time and money, and reduces conflict

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Guiding principles to conduct scoping

Emphasis to be given during scoping phase
scoping is a process not an activity or event
early step:- begins once screening completed design the scoping process for each proposal

open, interactive process: – involves the public start early, as soon as information permits

lays the foundation of an EIA: – by identifying prepare information package on what is expected

specify the role of the public in decision-making

 boundaries of the EIA study
approach should be systematic; implementation should be
 the information necessary for decision-making
flexible
 key issues and significant impacts to be considered document the results to guide preparation of EIA

respond to new information and issues as necessary

Elements of scoping Consideration of alternatives

define the parameters of the EIA study
demand alternatives
Identify & inform stakeholders
supply or input alternatives
identify stakeholder concerns
activity alternatives
agree on the means of public involvement & methods of
analysis location alternatives

identify the main issues & impacts to be studied process alternatives

consider feasible & practical alternatives scheduling alternatives

establish ‘Terms of Reference’ for the EIA

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EIA ‘ToR’ to be included in outline

Who should be involved in scoping? study area and boundaries

o proponent alternatives to be examined

o EIA consultant impacts and issues to be studied

o supervisory authority for EIA approach to be taken

o other responsible agencies requirements for mitigation and monitoring

o affected public information and data to be included in the EIA report

o interested public timetable and requirements for completion of the EIA process

opportunities for wider public involvement

Screening and scoping compared

Screening

determines the requirement for EIA

establishes the level of review necessary

REVIEW
Scoping

identifies the key issues and impacts

establishes the Terms of Reference

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Goals of an EIA review

 The purpose of the review process is to: Considerations during an EIA review

The review complies with terms of reference for the EIA Report.
 establish if the information in an EIA report is sufficient
for decision-making. Information is correct and technically sound.

 Key objectives are to: Public comments are taken into account.

There is a complete and satisfactory statement of key findings

 Review the quality of the EIA report.
Information is clear and understandable.
 Take public comments into account.
Information is sufficient for decision-making.
 Determine if the information is sufficient.

 Identify any deficiencies to be corrected

EIA review types

 Internal review
Formal Review of EIA Reports
Features:
7- 20 working days to declare if the EIA Report meets the
requirements of the laws or whether it needs additional
 low operating costs
information.
 can lack rigour and transparency
Series Review Guidelines are prepared to assist Environmental
 often no documentation of result.
Protection Agencies in considering the adequacy of EIA reports.
 External review
Features: The EIA Report is checked against the terms established during
scoping, which includes public participation.
 independent, expert check on EIA quality

 more rigorous and transparent

 report on sufficiency or deficiency

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Why is monitoring needed?

Monitoring is an essential but

MONITORING
neglected component of EIA

implementation & follow up.

Other components include

supervision, auditing & ex-post evaluation.

Aims of monitoring

Ensure the implementation of conditions attached to a When is monitoring needed?

decision.  Monitoring and auditing should be undertaken when:
Verify that impacts are as predicted or permitted.  potential impacts are significant or uncertain; and/or
Confirm that mitigation measures are working as  mitigation measures are untried and outcomes
expected. uncertain.
Take action to manage any unforeseen changes

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Design considerations of EIA monitoring

Key components of monitoring What is required?

Establish baseline conditions.  Identify the scope and components.

Who will carry out the activities?

Measure impacts of a project as constructed.
 Specify roles and responsibilities.

Verify conformity with established with conditions and How will these be implemented?
acceptable limits.  Allocate resources.

Establish links to environmental management plans.  Define procedures and arrangements.

Who can access outcomes of monitoring?

Carry out periodic checks and third-party audits.
 Only decision-maker and the wider public may access monitoring
outcomes.

Purposes of EIA
1. An aid to decision-making
 EIA is a process with several important purposes.

 It is an aid to decision-making.

 For the decision-maker it provides a systematic examination of the

environmental implications of a proposed action, program or project and
sometimes alternatives, before a decision is taken.
Impact Analysis
2. An instrument for sustainable development (SD)
 SD is the central and ultimate role of EIA as one of the instruments to achieve
sustainable development: ―development that does not cost the Earth‖

 Existing environmentally harmful developments have to be managed as best

they can.

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The term ‘environment’ encompasses

The 'impact analysis'
human health and safety
 It is the detailed study phase of EIA which involves
flora, fauna, ecosystems and biodiversity
identifying the impacts more specifically soil, water, air, climate and landscape

predicting the characteristics of the main impacts use of land, natural resources and raw materials

evaluating the significance of the residual impact protected areas and sites of special significance
heritage, recreation and amenity assets
livelihood, lifestyle and well being of affected communities

Example of a checklist
For Water Supply and Sanitation Projects
Methods for identifying environmental impacts Aspec ts of EIA Che cklist Que stions
Will the proje ct:
Ye s No Additional
Da ta ne e ds

Source s of Impa cts 1. Re quire the acquisition or conversion of significant areas

of land for rese rvoir /treatment works etc. (e .g. > 50 ha
rur al, > 5 ha urba n)?

checklists 2. Re sult in sign ifica nt quantities of erode d material, e ffluent

or so lid wastes?

3. Re quire significan t accommodation or service amen ities to

su pport the workforce d uring construction (eg > 1 00
manua l workers)?

matrices Re ce ptors of Impacts 4. Flood or othe rwise affect areas which suppor t
co nser vation wor thy terr estrial o r a quatic e cosystems,
flo ra or fauna (eg pro tecte d ar eas, wilder ness ar eas,
forest rese rves, critical ha bitats, endanger ed species) ; or
that co ntain sites of h istorical or cu ltural importance?
5. Flood or othe rwise affect areas which will a ffect the
liveliho ods of local pe ople (eg require popu la tion

networks resettlement; affe ct local ind ustry, agricu lture , livestock

or fish stocks; r educe the availability of natural resource
good s and services)?
6. Involve siting sanitatio n treatment facilities clo se to
human settlements (par ticularly where loca tions a re
su sceptible to flooding) ?

overlays & geographical information systems (GIS) 7. Affect sour ces of water extraction?

Environme ntal Impact s 8. Ca use a noticeable perma nent or se asona l red uction in
the volume of gro und or surface water supply?

expert systems
9. Present a significan t pollutio n risk through liquid or solid
wastes to h umans, sour ces of water extr action,
co nser vation wor thy a quatic e cosystems and species, o r
co mmercia l fish stocks?
10. Ch ange the local hydrolog y of sur face water- bodies (eg
strea ms, rivers, lakes) such that conservation -wo rth y or
co mmercia lly significant fish stocks a re a ffected?

professional judgement 11. Increase the risk of diseases in areas of high population
density ( eg o ncho cerciasis, filar iasis, malaria, h epatitis,
gastr ointestin al disease s)?
12. Induce secondary d evelop ment, eg alo ng a ccess ro ads,
or in the fo rm o f entrepren eurial services for co nstruction
and oper ationa l activities?

Mitiga tion M e asure s 13. Be likely to re quire mitigation measures that may re sult in
the p roject being financially or socially unaccep table?

Comments

I re comme nd that the programme be ass igned to

Ca te gory

Signature: Delegation.........................................Desk...................................

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Main advantages and disadvantages of impact identification methods Impact characteristics can vary in
AD VANTAGES DISADV ANTAGES
Checkli sts • s imple to unders tan d • do not dis tinguis h
nature (positive/negative, direct/indirect)
–si m ple and us e bet w een direc t and
–ranki ng • good for s ite s elec tion indirect imp acts
and and prior ity s etting • do not link action an d magnitude (severe, moderate, low)
weightin g impac t
• the proces s of
inc or porating values
can be c ontr over sial
extent/location (area/volume covered, distribution)
Matri ces • link ac tion to imp act • dif ficu lt to dis tinguish
dir ec t and indirec t
• good method for
dis playing EIA res ults impac ts timing (during construction, operation etc, immediate, delayed)
• s ignificant poten tial
for double-c ounting of
impac ts duration (short term/long term, intermittent/continuous)
Networks • link ac tion to imp act • can become ver y
• us eful in s imp lif ied co mp lex if used beyond
s implified vers ion
form for ch ecking for
s econd order impac ts
reversibility/irreversibility
• han dles direct and
indirect imp acts
Overlays • eas y to unders tand • addres s only dir ect likelihood (probability, uncertainty)
• good dis play method impac ts
• good siting tool • do not addr ess impac t
duration or probability significance (local, regional, global)
GIS and • exc ellent for imp act • heavy reliance on
com puter iden tific ation and know led ge and data
expert analysis • of ten c omp lex an d
systems
• good for ‘experimenting’ expens ive

Impact characteristic summary table Health impacts

Examples of health impacts by sector
IMPACT T YPE
Communicable Non Nutrition Injury Psyc hosocial
disease communicable disorder and
IMPACT
CHARACT ERISTIC air quality health etc disease loss of well-
being
Mining Tuberculosis Dust induced Crushing Labour migration
nature lung disease

magnitude Agriculture Parasitic Pesticide Loss of

infec tions poisoning subsistence
extent/lo cation Industry Poisoning by Occu pational Disempowerment
pollutants injury
timing Forestry Loss of food Occu pational
production injury
duratio n
Dams and Water borne Poisoning by Increased food Drowning Inv oluntary
irrigation diseases pollutants production displacement
reversibility schemes

likeliho od (risk) Transportation HIV/Aids Heart d isease Traffic injury Noise and
induced st ress
significance Energy Indoor air Electro magnetic Community
pollution radiation displacement

Source: Birley, 2000

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Factors affecting economic impacts

duration of construction and operation

workforce requirements for each period

skill requirements (local availability)

MITIGATION
earning

raw material and other input purchases

capital investment

outputs

the characteristics of the local economy

Purpose of mitigation
Proponents have a responsibility to:
 Defined as ―measures envisaged in order to avoid, reduce and, if
possible remedy significant adverse effects‖. o avoid, minimise and remedy adverse impacts

 A measure before any problem/impact occurs. o internalise the environmental & social costs of the
proposal
find better ways of doing things
o prepare plans for managing impacts
to avoid, minimise or remedy adverse impacts
o repair or make compensation for environmental damages
to ensure that residual impacts are within acceptable levels

to enhance environmental and social benefits

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Impact avoidance can be achieved by:

Framework for impact mitigation
 not undertaking certain projects or elements

Common (desirable)
 avoiding environmentally sensitive areas
Alternative sites or
Avoidance technology to
eliminate habitat loss  use of measures to prevent impacts from occurring

Actions during
design, construction and
 site remediation bonds
Mitigation operation to minimise
or eliminate habitat
loss  resettlement plans

Used as a last resort  in kind measures and offsets

Compensation to offset habitat loss
Rare (undesirable)

Impact compensation can be achieved by

rehabilitation of resource or environmental components

Public Participation
restoration of the site to its previous state

replacement of the environmental values lost at another

location

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Public participation:- is the direct involvement/consultation of the public

in any devt activities, programs or policies.
Key stakeholders

 This is to inform the public about these activities & include their local people affected by a proposal/activity, policy, program

ideas/knowledge in those devt activities, programs or policies.

proponent and project beneficiaries
Purpose & objectives of public involvement
government agencies
informing stakeholders
NGOs
gaining their views, concerns and values
others, e.g. donors, the private sector, academics
taking account of public inputs in decision making

influencing project design

obtaining local knowledge

Public involvement in key stages of the EIA process

screening Principles for successful application of public involvement techniques

determining the need for, and level, of EIA provide the right information
scoping
allow sufficient time to review & respond
identifying the key issues and alternatives
impact analysis provide appropriate opportunities/means for stakeholder involvement
identifying the significant impacts and mitigating measures
respond issues & concerns raised
review
commenting on/responding to the EIA report feed back the results of public input

implementation and monitoring choose venues and times of events to suit stakeholders
checking EIA follow up

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Conclusion
Principles for minimising conflict  EIA is an important tool to conduct a healthier construction & hence it should be included
in each construction activity once in which category the concerned activity is categorized
involve all stakeholders (EIA requiring, partial or not)

 Therefore as a construction manager, do not forget to:

establish communication channels
o “Consider EIA as part of environmental planning for any construction activity”.
describe the proposal & its objectives  Because EIA is a tool which helps to encourage positive impacts & discourage negative
impacts.
listen to the concerns & interests of affected people
 During Rural Road construction & provision:
treat people fairly & impartially  Possible +ve impacts: facilitating transportation, economic devt, social devt,

 Possible -ve impacts: Land degradation, Water resources pollution, Relocation of

be flexible
residents, Forest destruction,

mitigate impacts & compensate for loss and damage  Hence, there is a need to include mitigation measures for the negative impacts.
Note: The EIA processes & procedures must be considered to prepare a sound EIA
acknowledge concerns & provide feed-back. document.
The EIA Guide lines can be obtained from the Ethiopian Environmental Protection
Authority or from its web-site.

Thank you Chapter 6

Environmental Laws and Regulations

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Contents of the Presentation

o Brain Storming Brain Storming

o Environmental Laws and Regulations what do you understand from Envt’al Laws & Regulations?
Introduction what is the significance of acquainted with environmental laws?
 Environmental Laws The contribution of Environmental Laws in Construction
Environmental Regulations Industry?

o Environmental Laws and Regulations in Ethiopia what would happen if there were no such laws?

o Applications of Environmental Laws and Regulations

Environmental Policy  Environmental issues generally addressed by environmental policy

 A policy is a rule or decision about how to act or deal with problems. include (but are not limited to):
 Environmental policy refers to:  air and water pollution,

 official rules & regulations concerning the environment that are  waste management,

adopted, implemented & enforced by some government agency, as  ecosystem management,

well as to general public opinion about environmental issues . OR  biodiversity protection, and the protection of natural resources, wildlife

 Environmental policy: is any (course of) action deliberately to manage and endangered species.

human activities with a view to prevent, reduce or mitigate harmful  Thus, environmental policy focuses on problems arising from human
effects on nature & natural resources, and ensuring that man-made impact on the environment, which retroacts onto human society by
changes to the environment do not have harmful effects on humans having a (negative) impact on human values such as good health or the
'clean and green' environment.

Retroactive (esp. of law): having effect on the past and as well as on the future

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The need for environmental policy development Procedures in formulation of Environmental Policy & Environmental
policy cycle
 Natural Resources are the basis of economic development  Situation Analysis and Identification of Policy Issues (problem
definition)
 Human intervention in the natural environment, causes negative impact Problem definition

on the environment  Formulation of Policy:

Formulation of Policy
 Vision,
 Development on the other hand are basis for economic development vision, Goals, Objectives, …
 Goals,
and quality of life
 Objectives and Guiding Principles
Policy Formulation
 Sustainable Development is the solution for this paradox and can be  Policy Formulation: Solutions development,
addressed through environmental policy of Nations . Solutions comparison, Policy selection
Implementation
 Thus, the need of environmental policy formulation is quite
 Implementation: Supporting Institutions, Laws,
important to limit or guide the effect of development on the regulations, guidelines, Standards Policy Analysis
Environment.
 Policy analysis: Monitoring, Evaluation & Review

Environmental Law
Environmental Policy Cycle  Environmental planning and management is based on technical
principles and public values, but it operates through the legal system.
Situation Analysis
and Identification
 Environmental law encompasses those legal principles and prescripts
of Policy Issues
(problem that have been used through the judicial system to protect human health
definition)
and environmental quality.
Monitoring Formulation of Policy
Vision, Goals,  According to Findley and Farber (2000):
Evaluation Objectives and
and Review Guiding Principles
 It is a composite discipline drawing from a number of legal subjects,
including

common law,
Policy
Implementation Formulation
Institutions, laws, Solutions property law,
regulations, development
guidelines, Solutions constitutional law,
standards comparison
Policy selection
administrative law and the writing and interpretation of legislation.

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Objectives of Environmental Policy/Laws

 To limit/avoid the ever increasing environmental problems including:

 Environmental law includes official rules, decisions, and actions
concerning environmental quality, natural resources, and ecological  Water pollution, Radiation & radioactivity, Solid waste disposal,

sustainability. Hazardous air pollutants, Ambient air quality, Acid rain, Stratospheric

 Countries across the world have a variety of environmental laws set by ozone depletion, & Global climate change (greenhouse effect), & Damage

the respective country. to ecosystems.

 to enable professional & all interested parties to take it in all activities

where necessary (e.g. construction industry -----)

 To create awareness,

 to prevent environmental degradation,

 to conserve natural resources.

Environmental Laws. Can be Formulated at:  To protect wildlife, wildlife habitat ,and the oceans:
 The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
1. International
Heritage was held in Paris in 1972
2. National  Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979,

3. Regional  The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer
Space, and Under Water in 1963
4. Local levels
 The Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident in 1986
International conventions/Laws:
 The Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or
 There are over 260 international Conventions & agreements that deal Radiological Emergency in 1986
with environmental issues  The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was held in
 Require countries to establish implementation & monitoring programs in 1985.

support of the particular issue covered by the Convention.  The Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (known as ―the
Montreal Protocol‖) in 1987.
 some of these includes the following:
 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal In 1989,

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Regional Conventions & agreements:

 the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

 The three most significant documents produced
(1968),
through international conventions includes:
 the Convention on Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific (1976),
1. the 1972 Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment
 the Treaty for Amazonian Cooperation (1978),

 the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats 2. the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
(1979),
3. The World Summit on Sustainable Development in
 the Convention on Long-Range Trans-boundary Air Pollution (1979), which was
Johannesburg in 2002
followed by specific protocols to the 1979 convention in 1984, 1985, and 1988,

 the ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

(1985),

 the Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of
Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa (1991), and

 the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Trans-boundary Context

(1991)

Ethiopian Environmental policy

Environmental Policy in Ethiopia
Proclamations :

 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia  Environmental Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation (Proclamation

No. 295/2002),
National legislative framework for the sustainable  Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation No.
299/2002),
management of natural and physical resources
 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proclamation No. 300/2002),

Various regulations and strategies are being  Draft Industrial Pollution Prevention and Control Regulation,

 Draft Industrial Environmental Policy and Strategy,

developed
 Industrial Sector Strategy, together with

 Ethiopia is signatory to many international treaties on  Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

the environment  These are important stepping-stones for the improvement of

the environment.

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Environmental Policy Implementation Environmental Policy Implementation

Problems in Ethiopia in Ethiopia
Lack of appropriate: problems of policies and regulations in Ethiopia

The policies and regulations are too general and lack clear
Institutions, and specific guidelines, technical and operational standards

laws, The regulation/policy failed to indicate the way of involvement

of the community, private and informal sectors
regulations
Sectoral in nature without broad framework that would
enable to examine cross-sectoral and cumulative impacts of
guidelines, various activities.

standards

Environmental Laws, Regulations, Guidelines & Standards of Ethiopia

 The absence of an institutional body that coordinates or oversees Environmental protection adopted in Ethiopia since1992

 It has started through the incorporation of environmental issues into the supreme law
cross-sectoral issues would lead to conflicts and ambiguity
of the country.
thereby creating appropriate conditions for incapable institutions
 The 1994 Constitution of Ethiopia under Articles 44 and 92 proclaims that :
and offenders to avoid the rules and regulations Article 44: Environmental Rights

The institutional framework that could help to enhance public  All citizens shall have a right to live in a clean and healthy environment.

participation is not yet established Article 92: Environmental Objectives

 Government shall endeavor to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy
The policies lack legislative frameworks and strategies so as to
environment
ease their implementation.  The design and implementation of programs and projects of development shall not damage
or destroy the environment.

 People have the right to full consultation and to the expression of views in the planning and
implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly.

 Government and citizens shall have a duty to protect the environment.

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Contents of Environmental policy of Ethiopia 3. Sectoral Environmental Policies

1. The Resource Base and the Need for a Policy Soil husbandry and sustainable agriculture

 The natural Resource base and the rural environment Forest, woodland and tree resources

 The urban Environment Genetic, species and ecosystem biodiversity

Water resources
 Natural and cultural heritage
Energy resource
 The need for a policy on natural resources and the environment
Mineral resources
2. The Policy Goal Objectives and Guiding Principles
Urban environment and environmental health
 The overall policy goal
Control of hazardous materials and pollution from industrial waste
 Specific policy objectives
Atmospheric pollution and climate change
 The key guiding principles
Cultural and natural heritage

4. Cross-Sectoral Environmental Policies

Population and the environment Solid Waste Management Proclamation
Community participation and the environment
Objective of the Proclamation
Tenure and access rights to land and natural resources
Land use plan  The objective of this proclamation is to enhance at all levels
Social and gender issues
capacities to prevent the possible adverse impacts while creating
Environmental economics (Environmental management, Environmental Engineering)

Environmental information system

economically and socially beneficial assets out of solid waste.
Environmental research

Environmental impact assessment (auditing)

Environmental education and awareness

5. Policy Implementation

Institutional framework, responsibilities and mandates

Legislative framework

Monitoring, evaluation and policy review

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Standards  Presently there are eight major sectors in which the majority of industrial
activity within Ethiopia is focused. Provisional Standards were set for the
 Environmental standards include emission limit values for following Specified Industrial Sectors
discharges to receiving waters in the case of effluents, to 1. Tanning and the production of leather goods;

atmosphere for gaseous emissions for manufacturing industry and 2. The manufacture of textile;
3. Extraction of mineral ores, the production of metals and metal
noise levels.
products;
 Recent data collected by Addis Ababa Environmental Protection 4. The production of food products including beverages, meat and
on industrial establishments indicates that over three thousand meat products;
5. The manufacturing of cement and cement products.
industrial establishments exist in the country.
6. Preservation of wood and the manufacture of wood products
 The industries operating in the country vary considerably in terms including furniture;
of process technology, size, nature of produces, characteristics of 7. The production of pulp, paper and paper products;

the wastes discharged and the receiving environment. 8. The manufacture & formulation of chemical products including
pesticides.

Urban Environmental Management Programs in Ethiopia: The case of Addis Urban Environmental Management Programs in Ethiopia: The
Ababa City

Objectives of environmental management case of Addis Ababa City

to restrict and regulate the exploitation and utilization of natural A. Pollution control: air, water, soil
resources, mainly non-renewable natural resources;
to regenerate degraded environment and to renew natural resources  Waste (solid, liquid, hazardous)
(renewable);
 Industrial Pollution
to control environmental degradation and pollution;
to reduce the impacts of extreme events and natural disasters;  Pollution from transport Sector
to make optimum utilization of natural resources by recycling and reusing
waste materials produced from one activity to another economically and  Indoor Air pollution
environmentally viable activity;
 Climate Change due to Air Pollution
to assess the impacts of proposed projects and activities on the environment;
to review and revise the existing technologies of production in terms of their  Mitigating Noise Pollution
adverse effects on the environment; and B. Regeneration of degraded environment
to formulate laws and regulations for the implementation of environmental
 Reclamation and rehabilitation of quarry sites
protection and conservation programs to maintain the environmental quality ;
and  River bank rehabilitation
awareness creation and Environmental Education  Soil and water conservation and plantation to rehabilitate degraded lands

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Conclusion
C. Mitigation of man-made and natural Environmental threats: risks and
Environmental Policies are backbones to Sustainable development,
hazards
Environmental policies guide every developmental activity to run within the
flooding, frame work of countries ‘ Environmental laws & regulations,
landslides, Environmental Policies raises the knowledge of countries’ citizens & others
thereby helps to protect natural resources and the human health pro-actively.
earthquake,
Construction industry (Road, Dam, Water Supply, Mining, Housing
land subsidence,
development, ….) should give due attention to prevent the Environment & the
groundwater hazard, Human health.
soil erosion, That is, Environmental Policies particularly benefits the Construction Managers
& Engineers to prepare construction activities within the frameworks of Existing
wind hazards, etc..
Environmental Policies.
 These will help to wisely use their resources: Time, Money, Human Labor &
Natural Resources.
All these fundamentally contributes to sustainable development.

Chapter 7 Presentation Content

Ethics, Environmental Planning & Construction
Introduction
Ethics, Environmental Planning & Construction
Ethics & Envt’al Planning

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• Introduction
• Environmental planning has been characterized as a decision-making process
Brain storming where the planner attempts to achieve a sustainable balance between human
needs and environmental protection.

• This planning specialization places a high priority on environmental matters

concerning land use, policy, and design, and
what Ethical values are expected from Construction • as a decision process, encourages decisions that maximize benefits to both
managers and Engineers in keeping out environment alive ??? people and the environment in which they reside.

• Yet, any decision-making process is confronted with the larger issues of not
simply making decisions, but with the more daunting responsibility of having
made the correct decisions.

• construction industry is one of the disciplines which needs a prioritized

Environmental planning intervention b/c the majority of its activities work against
nature. If it is guided by environmental planning good built- environment can be
created.

• Ethics and values Ethics are the values, standards, and philosophies that people live by.
• Whether we realize it or not, each of us possesses a set of values and Ethics help individuals established codes of personal behavior, and,
calls upon those values as we make judgments and decisions in our daily
collectively, ethics become translated into institutional, business,
lives.
and governmental policies and programs.
• In the practice of planning those values often introduce themselves in
Ethics form the basis of legal systems, economic systems, political action,
ways we may not be aware of, yet their influence can be undeniable.
and public policy on the environment. Yet, what one person values
• Situations we encounter constantly ask us to make choices, and when
we choose we are expressing our values, rating things as better or about the environment may not mesh with someone else's beliefs.

Hence, there are almost always competing interests for using natural
worse, important or unimportant, good or bad .
resources, the working landscape, and the built environment.
• Enviromental ethics is a search for moral values and ethical principles in
human relations with the natural world.

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• There are three ethical approaches to environmental planning: • Environmental ethic becomes a working hypothesis that links humans,

1. the cornucopias, nature, and values to include:

2. the alarmists, and  A theory about what nature is and what kinds of objects and processes

3. the cautionaries. it contains.

The main differences among the three groups are:  A theory about human beings, providing some overall perspective on
human life, the context in which it lives, and the problems it faces.
o their ethical beliefs,
 A theory of value and an account of the evaluation of human action with
o how they interpret data,
reference to nature.
o their faith in technological advances, and
 A theory of method, indicating by what standards the claims made
o the amount and pace of change they feel can be accommodated
within the overall theory are to be tested, confirmed, or rejected
consistent with a sustainable environment.

Entities involved in deciding planning issues. • As a type of decision-making, environmental planning requires a
sensitivity to the issues that underlie any given planning problem and the
• Landowners and landholders
decisions that must be made that concern them.
• Builders and land developers
• The ethical principles planners may call upon to provide insight and
• Users of public lands
guidance centered around fundamental questions of right and wrong
• Community interests groups
and the ability to understand good versus bad decisions.
• Elected and appointed government officials
• The treatment of root ethical principles led to a discussion of
• Planning and environmental professionals
contemporary environmental thought and introduced new directions that
• Banks and lending institutions are challenging traditional point of views.
• Homeowners

• Environmental and conservation groups

• Engineers and Construction Managers & Technologists

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Conclusion
 Environmental Planning and Protection is not a responsibility of a single
profession but of multidisciplinary.

 In the view of this particularly Construction Technology and managers,

and Engineers should have special attention to protect the Environment. Thank you for your attention
 Thus, they need to include environmental planning in all their designs End…
and should be consulted and should consult environmentalists for better

achievements and mutual benefits .

 Ethics is thus including in our design what is needed from us and what
we have learnt in school & hear it from different sources about our
environment which serves as a home for us and will serve our
generation too.

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