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16. Steel bridge are set in place on their bearings when the ambient
temperature is 65°F if the temperature of the steel is expected to reach the
extremes of 15°F and 95°F, what is most nearly the expansion gap that must
be provided at the bearings?
The coefficient of thermal expansion for steel: a= 7.3×10-6 /°F
a) 1/8 in
b) ¼ in
c) ½ in
d) ¾ in

yt = LT

yt = 7.3×10-6 /°F(90ft*12in/1ft)(95-65)°F
yt = 0.24 in (1/4 in)

17. A 112 -in diameter, 7 wire prestressing strand is to stressed in the pre-tensioning
bed shown with a jacking force of 14 Tons. The length from the dead –end
anchorage to the back of the live end hydraulic jack is 310 ft. For the strand
properties indicated, the expected strand elongation (in) is most nearly
a) 3.5
b) 12.3
c) 19.3
d) 24.7

yp = PL/AE
yp = 14*2000*310’*(12in/1ft)/(7*0.153*27,500,000)
yp = 3.53 in

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Theory of Structures

Topics:
- Statical stability and determinacy
- Shear and Moment in beams and Frames
- Analysis of Indeterminate Beams by
a) Moment Distribution
b) Slope Deflection Method
c) Double Integration Method
d) Area Moment Method
e) Three Moment Equation
f) Conjugate beam method
- Influence Lines

Types of Supports

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Types of Supports

Statistical Stability and Determinacy of

Truss/Frames/Beams
I. Truss: Additional condition for
stability:
For rigid simple truss: 1. The reactions are neither
b = 2j – 3 parallel nor concurrent.
2. Bars are arranged in
b = no. of members/bars adequate manner
j = no. of joints
r = no of independent reaction
(component)
when r+b 2j  unstable
when r+b =2j  statically determinate
when r+b 2j  statically indeterminate

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Problem1****
Classify the determinacy of the following:
a) Unstable
b) Indeterminate – 1st Degree
c) Stable
d) Zero

r = 3;
b = 13 ; j = 8
r + b = 16 ; 2j = 16
r + b = 2j

Example x : Unstable Structure:

r = 3;
b = 13 ; j = 8
r + b = 16 ; 2j = 16
r + b = 2j
Example xxx

Unstable Structure:

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Problem 2****:
Classify the following structures according to stability and
determinacy.
a) Unstable
b) Indeterminate – 1st Degree
c) Indeterminate – 2nd Degree
d) Zero

r = 4;
b=9 ; j= 6
r + b = 13; 2j = 12
D.I = 1st , stable

II. Frames:

j = no. of rigid joints

S= no. of special equations of conditions
b = no. of bars
r = no. of reactions
When:
3j+s  3b+r, the frame is unstable
3j+s = 3b+r, statically determinate
3j+s  3b+r, statically indeterminate
s = equation of condition
= 1 ( internal hinge)
= 2 ( for roller)

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III. Space Framework

For non-collapsible Framework

If:
b + r  3j, the structure is unstable
b+ r =3j, statically determinate
b + r  3j, statically indeterminate

IV. Beams:
r  3 + s , the structure is unstable
r = 3 + s, statically determinate
r > 3 + s, statically indeterminate
Degree of
s = equation of condition Indeterminacy =
= 1 ( internal hinge) No of unknowns – No. of
= 2 ( for roller) available equations

Beams:
Problem 3.0
****The degree of indeterminacy of the beam
given in the given figure is
A.zero
B.one
C.two
D.three
r = 5;
s= 1
r>3+s
Indeterminate, 1st degree

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Problem4
A steel beam supports a uniformly distributed live load w =
6kips/ft over a simple span L =25 ft as shown below. The code
permits a maximum live load deflection of L/480. The required
moment of inertia of the beam shown is most nearly:
max = 5wL4/384EI
a) 2600 in4
b) 2800 in4
c) 2700 in4
d) 2000 in4
Es = 29,000 ksi
L = 25 ft(12in/1ft) = 300 in.
w = 6kip/ft=6000lb/12in = 500 lb/in
max = L/480 = 300/480 = 0.625
0.625 = 5(500)(300)4 /384(29,000,000)I
I = 2909 in4

Problem5
Consider the following statements
In a simply supported beam subjected to uniformly
distributed load throughout the length, at which
points is the stress due to (i) flexure and (ii) shear
equal to zero selectively is the stress
1. At support section at neutral fibre
2. At mid span section at neutral fibre
3. At mid span section a top fibre
4. At support section at bottom fibre
5. Which of the above stream is correct?
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 2 and 4
d) 1 only

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Problem6
6.1The slope at C (the mid-span of
the beam) for the beam shown
below is:
A. Zero
B. 2916.66/EI
C. 16666.67/EI
D. 3333.333/EI

6.2The vertical deflection of C is

given as:
A. 8072.92/EI
B. 36936/EI
C. 51840/EI
D. 10677.66/EI

Common deflection/rotation formulae (cantilever beam)

=ML/KEI y =ML.L/KEI
 y y =ML2/2EI
M= M
=ML/EI 1 2

y =PL3/3EI
 y 2
=PL2/2EI 3
M= PL

y =wL4/8EI
 y 3
= wL3/6EI 4
M= wL2/2

 y
y =wL4/30EI
= wL3/24EI 4 5
M= wL2/6

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Common Deflection Formulae

Problem7
Given the two beam analysis as
shown below. Find the slope B at
the first beam is:
A. PL2/16MEI
B. PL2/2EI
C. ML2/2EI
D. 3ML/16PEI

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Problem8
Consider two beams with equal cross-sections, made of the same
material, having the same support conditions, and each loaded with
equal uniform load per length. One beam is twice as long as the other.
The maximum bending stress in the longer beam is larger by a factor of:
Select One:

Problem9
Find the deflection at the end of the hollow rectangular section shown.
Outside dimensions of the section is 12 × 12 inches and the thickness is
0.25 inches. The young ‘s modulus of steel is 29 × 106 psl.
Y1 = wL4/8El , ½=PL3/3EI, I=207.125 in4

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Problem10
****The deflection at the free end of a cantilever of rectangular cross-
section due to certain loading of 0.8 cm. If the depth of the section is
doubled keeping the width the same, then the deflection at the free end
due to the same loading will be
A. 0.1 cm
B. 0.4 cm
C. 0.8 cm
D. 1.6 cm

Problem11
****A propped cantilever of span 4 m is fixed at A and propped at B. The
beam carries a u.d.l. of 1 t/m over the entire span. The reaction at B is
A. 5/2 t
B. 2t
C. 1t
D. 3/2 t

Deflection of
Truss (Unit Load Method)
I. Due to Joint Loads

yp = u*PL/AE
Where:
P = stress due to applied loads
u = stress due to unit load
L = length of member
A = cross section area
E = Modulos of elasticity
II. Due to Change in
Temperature

yt = u*L(T)

Where:
L(T) – deformation of individual member due to
change in temperature

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Problem12
For the truss shown below, use the virtual work method to
find the following: (Take E = 250 Gpa [250 x 106 kN/m2]
and A =350 mm2 for all members).
Q1The horizontal displacement of joint B;Bh due to the
external loading is;
A. 311 100/AE mm
B. Zero
C. 200,000/AE mm
D. 100, 000/EA mm
Q2The horizontal displacement of joint E; ;Eh due to the
external loading is;
A. 8.074 mm
B. 6.661 mm
C. 13.450 mm
D. 666.1 mm Q6If no loads act on the truss and
Q3The vertical displacement of joint C; Cv due to
member AB is 3 mm short. Then the
external loading is;
A. 100,000/EA mm horizontal displacement of joint B; Bh is;
B. -100,000/EA A. +3.0 mm
C. 243,000/EA mm B. -3.0 mm
D. -203,000/EA mm C. +6.0 mm
Q4The rotation of member AB is ; D. -6.0 mm
A. 0.0378 deg.
B. 0.02601 rad.
C. 0.00046 rad. Q7If no loads act on the truss, and
D. zero members AB is 3 mm short. Then the
Q5If member CB experience an increase in the vertical displacement of C;Cv is;
temperature by 100o F . Then the horizontal displacement A. Zero
of joint E; ;Eh due to temperature change only is given B. -3.0 mm
as; (Take the thermal coefficient, = 6.6 x10-6 ).
C. +4.0 mm
A. +3.52 mm
B. -6.72 mm D. +3.0 mm
C. -5.28 mm
D. +7.80 mm

Problem12
For the truss shown below, use the virtual
work method to find the following: (Take E
= 250 Gpa [250 x 106 kN/m2] and A =350
mm2 for all members).
Q1The horizontal displacement of joint
B;Bh due to the external loading is;
A. 311 100/AE mm
B. Zero
C. 200,000/AE mm
D. 100, 000/EA mm

yBh = u*PL/AE
0 0 yBh = +1.0*25*4000/AE
0
yBh = 100,000/AE mm
0
0 0
+1.0 +1.0

Bar forces due to

actual load

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Problem12
For the truss shown below, use the virtual
work method to find the following: (Take E
= 250 Gpa [250 x 106 kN/m2] and A =350
mm2 for all members).
Q2The horizontal displacement of joint E;
;Eh due to the external loading is;
A. 8.074 mm
B. 6.661 mm
C. 13.450 mm
D. 666.1 mm

MB = 0 1*8 = Ray (4) ; Ray = 2

FY = 0 RBy = Ray = 2
@JOINT B:
FX = 0
CBX = 1.0
+2.0 CBcos45 = 1.0
+1.0
+1.0 CB = 1.414 (comp)
yEh = u*PL/AE
Ray Rby yEh = [1*25*4+2*25*4+(-1.414*-35.35*5.66)]/AE
+2 +2 yEh = [582.914kN.m/AE
Bar forces due to
actual load yEh = [582.914(1000)2N.mm/(350mm2 *250,000N/mm2 )
yEh = +6.66 mm

Problem12
For the truss shown below, use the virtual work method to
find the following: (Take E = 250 Gpa [250 x 106 kN/m2]
and A =350 mm2 for all members).
Q3The vertical displacement of joint C; Cv due to
external loading is;
A. 100,000/EA mm
B. -100,000/EA
C. 243,000/EA mm
D. -203,000/EA mm

yCv = u*PL/AE

0 yCv = -1.0*25*4000/AE
0
yCv = -100,000/AE mm
0
Note: negative means opposite direction
0
-1.0 0 yCv = 100,000/AE mm 
0

Ray = 1.0

Bar forces due to

actual load

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Problem12
For the truss shown below, use the virtual work method to
find the following: (Take E = 250 Gpa [250 x 106 kN/m2]
and A =350 mm2 for all members).
Q4The rotation of member AB is ;
A. 0.0378 deg.
B. 0.02601 rad.
C. 0.00046 rad.
D. zero

Answer is zero
There is NO member
rotation however there is
joint rotation.

Problem12
For the truss shown below, use the virtual work method to
find the following: (Take E = 250 Gpa [250 x 106 kN/m2]
and A =350 mm2 for all members).

Q5If member CB experience an increase in the

temperature by 100o F . Then the horizontal displacement
of joint E; ;Eh due to temperature change only is given
as; (Take the thermal coefficient, = 6.6 x10-6 ).
A. +3.52 mm
B. -6.72 mm
C. -5.28 mm
D. +7.80 mm

MB = 0 1*8 = Ray (4) ;

FY = 0 RBy = Ray = 2
@JOINT B:
FX = 0
CBX = 1.0
+2.0 CBcos45 = 1.0
+1.0
+1.0 CB = 1.414 (comp)
YCB(T) =LT
Ray Rby YCB(T) = 6.6x10-6/oF (5656mm)(100oF)
+2 +2 YCB(T) = 3.73 mm
YEh = u* yt
YEh = -1.414* 3.73 mm
YEh = -5.28 mm 

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Problem12
For the truss shown below, use the virtual work method to
find the following: (Take E = 250 Gpa [250 x 106 kN/m2]
and A =350 mm2 for all members).

Q6If no loads act on the truss and member AB is 3 mm

short. Then the horizontal displacement of joint B; Bh is;
A. +3.0 mm
B. -3.0 mm
C. +6.0 mm
D. -6.0 mm

LAB = -3 mm

0 0
yBh = u*L
0
yBh = +1.0 *-3 mm
0
0 0 yBh = -3 mm 
+1.0 +1.0

Problem12
For the truss shown below, use the virtual work method to
find the following: (Take E = 250 Gpa [250 x 106 kN/m2]
and A =350 mm2 for all members).

Q7If no loads act on the truss, and members AB is 3 mm

short. Then the vertical displacement of C;Cv is;
A. Zero
B. -3.0 mm
C. +4.0 mm
D. +3.0 mm

LAB = -3 mm

0
0 yCv = u*L
0
yCv = 0*-3 mm
0
-1.0 0 yCv = 0 mm
0

Ray = 1.0

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Problem13
The truss shown below is loaded
by a concentrated force P at joint
A as shown.
The vertical deflection at joint A;
Av is:
A. 9.5P/EA
B. 7.657P/EA
C. 21P/EA
D. 42P/EA

Problem14
(Moment Distribution) For the following structures
shown below do the following: Q2:The fixed-end moments (FEMAB,
FEMCB) IN (kN.m) are:
A. (-10.0, 7.5)
B. (-7.50, -10.0)
C. (-7.5, 10.0 )
D. (7.50, 10.0)
Q3:The moments at the supports A, & C
(MAB, MCB) in (kN.m) on the B.M.D are:
A. (-6.79, 10.54)
B. (-6.79, -10.54)
C. (10.54, 6.79 )
Q1The distribution factors (DFBA, DFCB,) D. (6.79, 10.54)
are : Q4:The moment at the support B (MBA) in
A. (0.571,1.0) (kN.m) on the B.M.D is
B. (1.0, 0.0 ) A. 10.54
C. (0.571,0.0) B. 6.79
D. (0.429,0.571) C. -8.93
D. 8.93
E.

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BY MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

also applicable in the analysis for rigid frames
STEPS:

FIXED END MOMENT

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Problem14
(Moment Distribution) For the following structures
shown below do the following: Q2:The fixed-end moments (FEMAB,
FEMCB) IN (kN.m) are:
A. (-10.0, 7.5)
B. (-7.50, -10.0)
C. (-7.5, 10.0 )
D. (7.50, 10.0)
Q3:The moments at the supports A, & C
(MAB, MCB) in (kN.m) on the B.M.D are:
A. (-6.79, 10.54)
B. (-6.79, -10.54)
C. (10.54, 6.79 )
Q1The distribution factors (DFBA, DFCB,) D. (6.79, 10.54)
are : Q4:The moment at the support B (MBA) in
A. (0.571,1.0) (kN.m) on the B.M.D is
B. (1.0, 0.0 ) A. 10.54
C. (0.571,0.0) B. 6.79
D. (0.429,0.571) C. -8.93
D. 8.93
E.

SOLUTION

Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB FEM(AB)= wL^2/12
= 10(3^2)/12
Length 3m 3m 4m 4m = 7.5 kN.m

K = 1/L 1/3 1/3 1/4 1/4

DF 0 0.571 0.429 0
FEM -7.5 +7.5 -10 10 FEM(BC) = PL/8
-2.5
1st Balance 0 +1.428 +1.071 0 = 20(4)/8
= 10 kN.m
C.O.M +0.714 1/2 1/2
0.536
Ma =6.79kN.m
2ND Balance 0 0 Mc =10.54kN.m
Final Moment at B on
Moment
-6.786 +8.9286 -8.9286 10.54
BMD = -8.93 kN.m

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