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Cambridge IGCSE & O Level Complete Geography Student Book

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Cambridge IGCSE & O Level Complete Geography Student Book

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=) OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Complete Geography for Cambridge IGCSE® & O Level ROTC) David Kelly Muriel Fretwell jad. Oxford excellence for Cambridge IGCSE° & O Level OXFORD We ensure every Cambridge learner can... Aspire ‘We help every student reach their full potential with complete syllabus support from experienced teachers, subject experts and examiners. Succeed We bring our esteemed academic standards to your classroom and pack our resources with effective exam preparation. You can trust Oxford resources to secure the best results. Progress We ernbed critical thinking skills into our resources, encouraging students to think independently from an early age and building foundations for future success. Find out more www.oxfordsecondary.com/cambridge ASPIRE SUCCEED PROGRESS OXFORD RUZ a Seamus Complete Geography for Cambridge IGCSE® & O Level Second Edition David Kelly UTC eta OCR ce ue Met aCe at ae wen Ra] OXFORD Ree rrner tg Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 GDP, United Kingdon ‘Oxford University Press Isa department ofthe Unversity of Oxford. I fthers the Unlvelty« objective of excellence in research scelachip, and edacation by publishing worldvide. Otord is registered trade mark ‘f Oxford University Press in the UK and in cstain other counties (© Mute Fretwell and David Kelly 2018 ‘The moral rights ofthe authors have been asserted Fieteitian published 2012 ‘This edition published 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduce, stored In aretsieval systems, or transite, lv any for or by any means, wlthout the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press or as expressly permitted by aw, by licence or under terms sarced with the appropriate ‘eprographics rights onganzatin. Engi concerning repratcton outside the ape of the abow sould be sent to the Rights Department ‘Oxford University Press, atthe adress above ‘You must not circulate thls work in any other frm and you must impose {his same condition en any acqiter British Library Cataloguing in Publiation Data Data avaiable ISAW 97R0.19.8524956 Paper used in the production ofthis book isa natura, reoyabtepreact made ftom wood grown in sustainable forests, The manuracturg process Confers to the envtronmental egulaions ofthe country of erg, Printein the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd Acknowledgements ‘The pulishers would like to thank the fllewing for permissions to use thei photographie (Cover: imageBROKER amy Stock Photo; Dennis HalinanjAlamy Stk Photo; ddtakStockphote, Bartz HadynlaklStockphoto:R.Fasbing) Shutterstock’ aeytoShuterstock I: OUPPhotadise pL: Mike Goldwater/Aoiny Stock Photo p43: Tim {rahamalamy Stock Photos p1S: Seam Spragse: p18(D}: John MoorjGctty Images pt S(t Bloombergicetty Images Poa: sauy/Shutterstock ‘Stan Aonlgomery(Shutterstock; p38: Joe DoylemAlamy Stock Photo ‘pad: Friedrich Starklamy Stock Photo PSO: Marco CristofoeGetey Images p50(b: Paulo Fridman|Gety Images; pBEkM} OUP|Core, pB6kt): ‘OUPightal Vision, poBlee OUPRmage Sure, POR} OUPannes Hay Photonlte: peairy OUP Robert stoitorth; pom’ OUPPhotadise po) Dinodia Photon Alany Stock Photo: peabY- Datel Berchet at ages: pOB(tr: Fredrik RenanderjAlamy Stock Phot: p7O(0: Adrian Fisk _p7O(O Punt ParanjpeiReuters: p71: By FemnandeztGety Images: p72: [SEBASTIAN D’SOUZA/Cetty Images p70}: SERASTIAN D SOUZA\Cetty Images, p73(er BloomberslGetty Images: p74: OUPPotodise p75 ‘by OUPPhotedisc:p76UL, FF OUP tess. p77(): OUP/Digitl Vision, p27(rE OUP|Fuse; p7A(N OLP)Keth Levi, pA t, br): OLPPAccodie; p79: OUP Photodisc: p80: OUD/FOTOG: pt, Bf OULPhotodis. pam): FeterAdanne Phtogeephy LeAlamy Stack Phota: pa: BloombergtGety Images 6: OLP/Photodie: pA Tim Clayton Cobis(Getty Images PI: ‘OUPPhotodsc:pB4(bIE OUR Pnotodsc: pBB(b}: OUFPhotodse 104 BloombergiGett Image: p107: OUNPhotodise, pO}: ageBROKER] ‘Alam Stock Photo: pL1S(b): PETER BOWATER/SCIENCE PHOTO UBRARY. ‘PIR? AsianctPakistan/Alamy Stock Photo: pt 24: Andree Findlay Alam Stock Phot: pt24(D} Ralsel CareaBalade/Alamy Stock Photo p125(0) Gaal Warming ItagesAlamny Stock Photo; pL25(O) © chisetackphe tographyilamy stack Photo. pL4afbry Dan Burton PaeojALamy Stock Photo; pLS7: OUP|Corbis; PUG) OUP/Photodse;pSB(E: sencephotos ‘Alam Stock Pnot: pI6A(Ore Hornbil Images/amy Stock Photo; PLG4 ‘uPfon Cartwight, pl6sty Hugh ThreltaljAlamy Stock Phote, PLEO} David) Crees -tchnlogyfilamy Stock Phot: p167: jan sutlAlamy Stock Phote; PLONE): GiPoteStock X(Aamy Stock Photo, pL6WDY Peter Jordan, EU/Alany Stock Phot; pt (0): Gelty images/Photodise; pl NASA; piBO: NASA; p199{Q: OUP Phetadkse, NANAK Martin HarneyCetty nage pabaftn ens Lanting StucojAlamy Stock Photo, p202(OPR nelzajamalshattersoek; p28: Photofsion Picture LibraryAlamy Stock Photo: p2O4(): KSTFOLgAlamy Stock Photo: p2LO(:imagesRORER/Alamy Stock Photo: p20 BildagenturonlineBeysteige|Alamy Stock Photo: ‘p2LOKDry lekvinkel/Alamy Stock Photo: p212: arian acbibAlamy Stock Photo: pat3(0 Aurora PhotosiAlamy Stock Photo: PAL ADE NASA: PALAU avian arbb/ALamy Stock Photo; p24.4(D Jin WestAlamy Stock Photo. 216; shuterstck: p24, by Shutterstock. p219: Shutterstock: p20, {bl br Shuttesiock; p223()y Shutterstock: p22) Shuttestack; 1p224: Volkswagen Group! p229: Ant Clausen/Siutersock, p232(6 1 mir} OUPPRotodse p232{bry Horizon international Images Lmltedilary Stork Photo: p25: OUP learviewstock p25: OUP Photodisc p239: Shut- terstock:paa0: Worldwide Picture LibraryiAlamy Stock Photo: p24 DE (OUPPhotodisc: p242: Tyler Olson{Alamy Stock Photo: p244: Nell Cooper) Alay Stock Peto, p25: OUP Photodisc. p258: OUPDisial Vision: 'p259ft: Aerial Archves/Aamy Stock Photo: p259(b) Dave Portr(Alamy Stock Photo; p260: Visions of Ameria, LLC/Mamy Stock Phote; p261(t Dosing Kindersley lAlany Stock Photo: p26Ub):Lan Masterton Aly Stack Photo: p262:OLE/Phetodse: p268: Dave PrayPA Archive Images /p272: HemisJAamy Stock Photo, p273: Dad Cumming/Getty Images 'p274{U: Rot Richardson/Alamy Stok Photo: p277: KhaShutlerstock: 280X(: OUPPhotodise:p28O(m): OUPDgtal Vision: p2BOAby OUP/Tips Thlla RF p2s4ll OUP White: p28i(ej OUPPhotedsc:p282: OUP Stock. byte: p24 Paul GlendellAlamy Stock Photo; p285: Ea & Navima Kewalll Getey Images: p28: OUP Nick Doldnge p289:0U0Ph otal: 290: Ashley Comperioety Images; p29240): WIS BenardGetty Image; p292(0): (Geof Kirbyjalamy Stock Phot: p29: CHRISTIAN RIZZIGetty images /p295: Meise ShanclzjGetty Images: p296: Prisma by Dukas Presseagen {ur Gmbl/Alamy Stock Photo p297: Regs BOSSUIGety Images: p29e: LOOK Die Bldagentur der Fotografen GmbllAlamy Stock Phot: PSO: Friedrich Strk/Alamy Stock Poot, p30} Friedrich Stark/ALamy Stock Photo: p304: Corbis RjAlamy Stock Photo: p80: Dotothy Burrows). GPL Aamy Stock Phota, 40,41, 45, 46.147 5512 Se 574) SH). BA 83, 84 97 100,102,106). 110.111, mb} 112, 114m}. 114, 115, 1208) 17 136m), 280. 20(r 246, 31010, 31200. 3131 3), 1) 3210 32500, ‘tml; ms. Bb reproduced with permission from David ell. Sefbr, 0st. r) 950 96,9771, be, 126,129), 1540, rh. 2, 1551 ‘br 13) 135, 136 by) 157%U bl 138,140 bl 141, 1b fe), 192, 144m, b} 145, 1460, 55, 480), 1494, By. 150 154 x}. 14, Sit by), 195,17 e176 en be 171 BL bo, 1730 ‘be 174185, 186,151, 194, 196, 1979). 198, 1991, 300, 204%), 205, 206,207 tr, Bl. br), 208,209, eb, be), 211,215), 247,252, 26k, { Dlbr, 267 te bl.) 269, 270( tm lr 271. 274). 275, 276i, mb), 287,332,347, repreduced with permission from Muriel Fretwell Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with permission af Orda. Illustrations are by. Barking Dog Att and Thamson Inc ‘The publishers ate gratefl to the following for permission to reprodice copyright materia Enerdata for map af ‘Global Total Energy Consumption’ in hal Bury Stasi Yearbook 2017, https fyearbook.ener data ne(ftoal-energyword consumption tatsies html {Global Wind Energy Council (WEG for graph of world wind power generating eapacty at wwwgwecnet ‘World Tourism Organization [UNWTO) for extracts ftom tale “The top ten counties for tourist arivae in 2006 in UN Ture High 2017, copyright © UNWTO, 9283456), ‘World Trade Ongantzation foc srl “The growth in world trae ‘between 2005 and 2015"inInematinal Trade Suteti 2015, copyright © ‘Werld Trade Organlzition 2018. Although we have made every effort to trace and contat al copytight holders before publication this has net been possible in sll canes If rotted the publisher wll ectiy any esvors or emissions atthe calest ppartunity Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for Information ony. Oxford disiaims any responsibilty forthe materials contained in any third party website referenced inthis work GCSE isthe registered trademark of Cambridge Assessment International Education, Al examinationstyle questions ane answers within this publication have Been writen by the authors, [In examination, the Way masks ae awarded may be diferent

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