oN6 26 x, af ay! ta * inn VP = 2x? Zit 2 y2 i420 Pak SUNG a ey = 24 2f-2k = 2(i+j-ky In order to find the direction of the tangent, let 7 xityjszk Pe i, Ped +(142sint) [+ (t~cost) k = a it Qcostj+(1+sint)k is the tangent vector. P= (x, 9,2) = (1,1, -1) by data, é=15 142sintea Here e = 1 => t= 0 and this value of ¢ Satisfy all the equations. > Thus (i } i trcost = —1, at this direction is the required directional derivative of f(x, y, 2) along the tangens w the curve isvee VEC! Uf n= 2i+j-k) « ae by using (1) Thus Vf. n Gilt2- -1) = ed ee als S 2s [a «>>. The angle between the surfaces is defined to be equal to the angle between their normals and we know that V@ isa vector normal to the surface. We have the equation of the two surfaces given by PePs? =9 and 24-2 =3 Let 6, = tty 42 and g) =P 4y-z We have von Rin Bis he Vo, = 2xit+2yj+22k and Vo, = 2xi+2yj-k (VO, Mea, o1, 2) = Si 25+ ak = 2(Zi-F42K) (V0) ](2, -1, 2) = 487 3- If @ is the angle between these two normals we have fi «Voy oe en T¥6, | 1% ie., cos 8 = 2(842-2 oe V2 (44144) Verde | 321 cos”! (8/3 V21)>> Wehavetofind « and b such hat cut P= 7” i i k rp-| 2 a ee vxPs] 2 fF [ro (ay) (32-2) (im? -y) ie, i(-141) ~j(b22= 324) +k(6x- ar) = 7 ie, -2(b-3) j+x(6-a) k=O : The above equation is identically satisfied when b-3 = 0 and 6-a=0 . a= 6 andb=3 Now consider Vp = F’when a = 6, 6 =3 fe ee Bj Wee (eyed) i+ (32-2) jr Oey) k at ay! = Be oysd 1 o= [(ayte) arth (y=) ie, = Baty ta tf, (y 2) ol) fe cae-2) a 62 [G2=2) dyt f(x, 2) ie, § = 3Cy-yet h(x 2) rm) Beaty). g= f(y) dethon 9)VECTOR DIFFERENTIATION fe, = x2 yet f(x, y) S Qe. Letus choose f, (y, 2) =z, fy(x 2) = 325, A(x y Thus the required $ = 3x7 y+x2—yzFind div Fand om P 3 3 where P= V (+ +2 -3xyz) 3 3 = eae ae = grad > = Vo = 140s Bk272 VECTOR CALCULUS | Pa (32 =3yzy i+ (ay2—332 yj +32 ary yk Now div Pav F | PeveP a,,4,,a P , | ie =H H IRE) LOP a 1+ OF-2)) + 02-30% | =2 e- ® aye ola aaee = 5, OH Be) + 5 OF Suz) + 50 (32 —3xy) Thus div P= 6x+6y+6z = 6(x+y+z) i | PevxP-| 2 a ar ay (3x2 =3yz) (39? 382) (37 =) Flew ia a ys is (32-3) oS cF-a)] a -j {2 (32-19) -2 cot-ae}+ k {k (33x) - «a?—w} = i {-3x-(-3x)} - j [-3y-(-3y)} + & [-32-(- Thus div P= 6(x+y+z) ; curl P= y(axy-2) (a-2) 2 (1-a) x2 ie, (0-0) ~j {(1—a) 22432] + & {(a-2) 2x-ax} = 7 ie, (a4) 2 j+(a-4y k= 7 The above equation is identically satisfied when a = 4. Now consider Vp = (F’) a4 4 ig go cay oay foo? 1 Rat gy Ft Be he (haya?) 14232 ju k 28 sary > Rt by-Z ie, = Py tf (y, 2) = J(ay-2) arth (y 2) ae 2 oe [ardyth(s 2)290 VECTOR CALCULUS ie, 0 = By +f, (x 2) = 3x2» = J-3rP eth (% 9) 8) a dz ie, 6 = +h (% 9) Let us choose f, (2) = 0, fy(as 2) = 2s fy y) = Be yom EC)1M-F Vinsof 6 Featuate ff J uyzdedyd o 4 0 Wine vine a | Joye dady de 220 yo 220 x20 y=0MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 237 1 T=3 j [2x (1-3) -28 1-4) -2(1-2 PY as x=0 1 -3 J(2x 2x8 203 42x - 428-8) ax =0 1 J (8-28 +x) dxao ty 8. Evaluate [J fet? dedydx re) ax vty LrrLrLrs—srs—S—sS wa0 y=0 2-0 ax Te || fore paar x=0 y=0 a x =f ferret tY-tydyax x=0 y=0 oo af feet eee) dy de x20 y=0 -ie[3]_-- pel, |«MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 239=2and y= 0 ex yt® 2 qhelines y = X and y+x = 2 intersect at (1, 1) 1 2-y re pe [feyardy= J fa? ydedy = wf 2] R y=0x=y yao d= 1 3 (8y— 1247 + 6y? ~ 2y") dy Thus T= 11/30 Note: Alternative form of I _— 2 2x JPyayaxs J fxr ydyde ; 20 y=0 x= y=0 seatnate [JP yavdy where Ris the region bounded by the lines ‘ R 1 J y(a-12y +67 -P - dy y=0+Y a i x or a a dy = J { fyaxay io Bee oe ayy 2 Ken over the y » [fay dy dy ta : nate JIM peal : aries from 0 to @ va x,Ye1o0r y= (ans) aye ; bY 2.2 J (a= 37) we (oa Nie J b(a-x)/a p< "gion bounded by PAP sy Wi xy dydx | = 1 and248 Thus u 2 @ 7 fbx 8 a x4 P29) de i 0 ay 2_3 xB J2(ax?=23) de ei 1=f¥/12 INTEGRAL CALCULUSda 2Nax (jen oer integration and ence eae fo fixy ay ae 0 ¥/sa 4a sy = 2Nax >> Wehave, I = J J xy dy dx =0 y=x/4q Y owe 4 3 Webave = 20a or xf = 6409 x ie, x(x9- 640)Pia weget y=0 and y= 42 From Thus the points of intersection ofthe parabolas y = 27/42 and y = and (43,42) On changing the order of integration we have y varying from Oto 42 and 2) Day (oye xvarying from 7/4a Cr 1 = 5 (40960) 2 J Ya" | 1] aie rae) ota! 2,3 - 3 [3 Thus f= 64a /3Jy yeatnate f J(2=9) dy dv by charging the Un ¥ CO -2 0 2° N4 wehave =f f (2-x)dydx order of integration yor, y= Neo or Cys ere, / qhis isa circle with centre origin and radius2. y = 0 to is the upper half of the circle being bounded by anes x=-2 and2. On changing the order we must have _y varying from 0to2 and x from -V4-y* to V4— am : ; 2 Va-¥ 1=f J Q-x)dxdy Nee o.2) Papag= 258 INTEGRAL CALCU 2 Va-9 =] [=-2] ay y=0 Jay 2 2 i= J [2-2Va-P-olay =4 [VP-P dy y=0 y=0 2 ve i i [AEE Sorry = 4(0+2sin7!1) =8- 0a Waras 2 2 e 5 Change the integral { J Ag+? dy dx into polars and hence evatugy , -a 0 same. >> The region of integration is as shown in the figure. Clearly @ varies from 0 to ™ If x=rcos0, y=rsind, r+ =r po ie., r varies from 0 to a. Also dxdy = rdrd0 a t=) J r-rardo 0 r=0 7 3 a +4 =f [5] do _ 20 /” Josolution of the cardioide 6 = a(1+ eq, 4. Find the volume generated by the re about the initial line. SS Volume of the solid of revolution in polars is given by V = JJen? sinodra A Recollecting the nature and shape of the cardioide we have nm a(1+cos0) =| [ 2aPsinodrde 6-0 r=0 T (1+4cos0) =J2 [5 i sin dO =0 r=0 x - J «(1 +cos 0)? sin 0 0 6=0 Pit 1+cos0=t -. ~sin0d0 = dt If orObe a eam oe 3 0 ne Tet — at) = 2 sf Ing ae Tus the required volume (V) = 8md'/3 cubic units.jug FUNCTIONS relationship Between Beta and Gaming fangs #8 tions ron) Pony perm Loneny jwwehave by the definition of Reta and Gamma ro a ma functions 0 Toman) = 2 feo BONA gp . i n Now Pry PEny = 4 [fEO 2-4 2-1 a dy fe a0 Letusevaluate RIS by changing into polars. Putting x = rc0s@, y = rsin@, wehave x2+y? Also dx dy = rdrd@._r varies from 0 to %, 6 varies from Oto 7/2 (Analogous to Problem-38). Wenow have (5) in the form = Ww Fom-rony=4 J fe? (rosa) (rsino "tr dr do r=0 0-0 =m ef PoP 2m 21g? ene Fotedo 10 0-0 . mies reel 2 J sind" acoso i 7 ona Fom)-r(n) P(m+n)-B Cm, m) byw hs Bio, ny = FP nd (i) and276 INTEGRAL cay Corollary :To show that (1/2) = Vi Putting 1 = 1/2 in this result we get, raa)-ra) : rq)=1 B(1/2, 1/72) Td) But T'(1) B12, 2) = {raayp i 2 Now consider B(m,n)=2 [sin’”=0cos™"-10d0 o 2 w2 a (12, 1/2) =2 J sin®ocos’oao = 2 f 1 = 2[0] ® 0 0 0 Now we have from (6) m= (P'(1/72)" Thus 1(1/2) = vt Note : We can independently prove that 1 (1/2) = Vit. The proof is as follows. We have by the definition P'(n) = 2 for o PN 2 POR) =2 fe" dr =2 Je Pay 5 0 vee ((1/2)P «4 Je Daeg oa. 00 (We need to retrace the steps of Problem-35 ) Thus 1(1/2) = vrusing the relation B(m, 1) = EC) 1 (t/t Cim+n) for the Purp” evaluation. Remark ; We have discussed te evaluation of the integral in (1) with the help of formulae which is applicable only when p and q are positive integers. But the ret he, applicable in general when pand qare real numbers mi) LO n/2 m2 a 6 do = _ ZA. Show that J ne * ba dO = m2 n/2 >> Let, = fsin”'/?0 do = fsin- 7 0 cos oa 0 0 m2 n/2 and, = fysin-d0 = fsin!/7 0 cos? 0 do 0 0 0g yi 288 [ain? aos! 0.d0 = 5 ee gal wet 2 1,(-V2+1 O+1)_1,(1 1 sooe 1 = 25 | 2° 2 = 96 i] 1, (1241 O41) _1,/3 1 49 2° 2 )728 al I xh = B(4, 1/2)-B(3/4, 12) “irae? PQA) PUA) 43/4) r(5/4) - = pase At = OM aA)2 72. Let l= f(4-x’ oO Put x =2sin@ «. dx = 2cos0d0 23/2 ty 7 = [4(1 sin? 0) P? = (27 cosy”? = 8 c0s3 ) 8cos’6 If x =0, 2sin@ =0 or sinOd=0 =» 0=0 =2, 2sin@ = 2 or sin@=1 > 0=7/2 #a est FUNCTIONS et 2 w2 wd i yore T= [scos? @- 2 cos 6 a0 = 16 cost 0 do ° 0 1. (O41 441)_ ga(t 8 so s=16-30(°5" —- \=s0(5.3) peg LUMO) gn 3/2- VME 45 - r(3) 7 2