Agarwal – 9-jul-19

Warm, cold, occ, stnry fronts explain and symbols.

Stationary Front

A stationary front forms when a cold front or warm front stops moving. This happens when
two masses of air are pushing against each other, but neither is powerful enough to move the
other. Winds blowing parallel to the front instead of perpendicular can help it stay in place.

Because a stationary front marks the boundary between two air masses, there are often
differences in air temperature and wind on opposite sides of it. The weather is often cloudy
along a stationary front, and rain or snow often falls, especially if the front is in an area of low
atmospheric pressure.

Occulted fronts -
An Occluded Front forms when a warm air mass gets caught between two cold air masses. The warm
air mass rises as the cool air masses push and meet in the middle. The temperature drops as the
warm air mass is occluded, or “cut off,” from the ground and pushed upward. Such fronts can bring
strong winds and heavy precipitation.
Occluded fronts usually form around mature low pressure areas.
Diurnal and semi diurnal range. –
Anish –
meteorological equip on board?

Barometer, Barograph, Thermometer

Hygrometer. The hygrometer consists of a “wet” and a “dry” bulb thermometer, mounted in a louvered
container called a Stevenson screen. It is used to measure the humidity of the air, ie the water carrying
capacity of the air.
Anemometer & wind vane. The anemometer measures wind speed whilst the wind vane measures
the direction of the wind.

Chutani
Hydrographic note
Hydrographic Notes allow you to inform us of any navigationally significant information. This information
could include new or suspected dangers, changes to navigational aids, amendments to details included in
publications and suspicious charts or publications that could be counterfeit.
For emergency information affecting safety of life at sea, forward to: navwarnings@ukho.gov.uk
The Hydrographic Note forms below contain information to help you complete any submission. These
details are also included within Chapter 8 of the Mariner's Handbook (NP100). Please note that you should
also contact the originating hydrographic office when navigating on IMO-approved, non-ADMIRALTY
nautical charts.
Explain egg code?

The Egg Code

The basic data concerning concentrations, stages of development (age) and
form (floe size) of ice are contained in a simple oval form. A maximum of three
ice types is described within the oval. This oval and the coding associated with
it, are referred to as the "Egg Code". To indicate ice observations interpreted
from radar imagery, the oval shall be omitted.
The symbols Ca CbCc and Fa FbFc correspond to SaSb Sc respectively.
There are some minor additions to the egg code symbology that are Canadian
practice. In Canada, to enable the reporting of additional ice classes,
especially during freeze-up and break-up, Cd Se and Fe can be used. This
should not be a common occurrence.

Concentration (C)

Total concentration (Ct ) of ice in the area reported in tenths and partial
concentrations of thickest (Ca ), second thickest (Cb ), third thickest (Cc ) and
fourth thickest (Cd ) ice in tenths.
Stage of Development (S)

Stage of development of thickest (So), second thickest (Sa), third thickest (Sb)
and fourth thickest (Sc) ice and the thinner ice types Sd and Se, of which the
concentrations are reported by Ca Cb Cc Cd respectively.

Form of Ice (F)

Floe Size corresponding to Sa Sb Sc Sd and Se (when Sd and Se are greater than

a trace).
Like - Pancake ice, Ice cake, Small ice cake, brash ice, agglomerated brash

North Atlantic currents –

North equatorial, Gulf stream, North Atlantic Drift, Labrador current(C), E

Greenland current (c), Norwegian current (W), canary ©

What reports to send prior arr. Canada?

Pre-Arrival Information Report (PAIR) for safety and security – atleast 96 hrs, if
voyage less than 96 then 24 hrs b4, if voyage less than 24 hrs then b4
departure.
ECAREG report prior crossing 66W 72 hrs notification.
Vsl in gulf of st lawrence in RV how will u make sure crew is rested?
How will u give compensatory rest? What is rest hour reqmnt (I was like f1 ka oral hai ya f3
ka 🤣)?

Distance from the Atlantic Ocean to Duluth, Minnesota via Lake Superior is 2,038 nautical
miles and takes 8.5 sailing days.
Before passage began the risk assessment and during bridge team meeting I will put the
point related to taking permission from administration related reducing of rest period to 70
hrs in seven days, in case it is required the nature and associated risk of the passage.
This exemption shall not be allowed for more than two consecutive weeks. In addition, the
rest hours during the period of exemption may be divided into not more than three periods,
one of which shall be at least 6 hours in length and neither of the other two shall be less than
1 hour in length.
Also, if the hours of rest is reduced to 70 hours per week over a ‘two week’ period, then the
next ‘four weeks’ (double the period of exemption) at least have to comply with the general
rule of 77 hours rest per week and only two rest periods in any 24 hours.

Weather FX chart?
Synoptic charts and prognosis chart – page 108 sagar

Synoptic charts -
Synoptic charts provide information on the distribution, movement and patterns of air
pressure, rainfall, wind and temperature. This information is conveyed using symbols, which
are explained in a legend. Synoptic charts are used to report on the current weather and to
predict future weather patterns.

Air pressure
The most important feature of a synoptic chart is the fine black lines called isobars. While
isobars are similar to contour lines, which are used on topographic maps, they provide
different information. Contour lines connect points of equal altitude, while isobars connect
points which share the same atmospheric (air) pressure. closer isobars are, the stronger the
winds are.

Air pressure is essentially the weight of the air. Since humans cannot feel the weight of the
air unaided, a barometer is used to measure air pressure in hectopascals (hPa). These
measurements can be seen on synoptic charts.

Air pressure systems usually move from west to east, but change shape and position as they
move. Since the average air pressure at sea level is 1013 hPa, any measurement above this
number is called a high pressure system and is considered to be an area of sinking air. A high
pressure system generally means that the weather is fine and settled. On a map, high
pressure systems are often marked by an 'H'. These systems are often known as
anticyclones.

Conversely, any measurement below 1013 hPa is called a low pressure system and is thought
to be an area of rising air. A low pressure system usually means unsettled weather, which
could turn into rain. On a map, it is marked by an 'L'. These systems are often referred to as
cyclones.
'
When two masses of air with differing characteristics (warmer or colder) collide with one
another, it is called a front. A warm front usually results in an increase in temperature or
even light showers. A cold front can lead to cooler temperatures and rain. Synoptic charts
depict warm fronts using thicker lines with attached semi circles, while cold fronts are
represented by attached triangles. The air in fronts always travels in the direction that the
semi-circles or triangles are pointing in on the map.
Precipitation: rainfall
Precipitation includes snow, hail and dew. The most common form of precipitation, however,
is rainfall. Rainfall is a regular feature on synoptic charts, since it has a significant impact on
the daily activities of many people. On a synoptic chart, rainfall is usually shown using
shading. This shading is often explained in the legend as representing the areas which
received rainfall in the last 24 hours. Not all synoptic charts show rainfall using shading.
Rainfall can still be determined, however, by referring to the isobars on the synoptic chart.
Low pressure systems and cold and warm fronts are usually a good indication of rain.

Wind direction and speed

By wind rose
Wind generally refers to the horizontal movement of air. The Earth produces local winds,
which include land breezes and sea breezes, as well as permanent global winds, such as
Trade Winds and the Polar Easterlies. While synoptic charts do not distinguish between the
different types of winds, some do show wind direction and wind speed.

On a synoptic chart, wind speed and direction are shown using a wind barb (a dot with a
straight line attached). The direction that the stem of the barb is pointing in indicates the
direction that the wind is coming from. To represent an increase in speed, lines are added to
the barb to make it appear like an arrow. The greater the wind speed, the more 'vanes' the
barb has. The exact meanings of the various forms of the barb can be found in the legend. It
is also possible to refer to the closeness of the isobars to determine how windy it is.

See image 3

Temperature
Synoptic charts do not usually feature any symbolic or numerical measurements of
temperature (degrees of hotness or coldness). Temperature recordings and forecasts are,
instead, displayed in an accompanying table where they can be easily identified and
interpreted by the general public. There are ways, however, in which synoptic charts can be
used to give a basic indication of temperature.

A cold front, for example, brings cool temperatures since it involves cold air forcing warm air
upwards. A wind coming from the ocean onto the land will also bring cooler temperatures. It
has been proven that a wind coming from the tropical area of northern Australia is likely to
bring warmer temperatures.

Ques - Types of depression in ocean?

A low pressure system, also known as a depression occurs when the weather is dominated by
unstable conditions. Under a depression air is rising, forming an area of low pressure at the
surface. This rising air cools and condenses and helps encourage cloud formation, so the
weather is often cloudy and wet. In the Northern Hemisphere winds blow in anticlockwise
direction around a depression. Isobars are normally closely spaced around a depressions
leading to strong winds.

Depressions can be identified on weather charts as an area of closely spaced isobars, often in
a roughly circular shape, where pressure is lower than surrounding areas. They are often
accompanied by fronts.

Ques- Aghulas current-location and type?

The Agulhas Current is the western boundary current of the southwest Indian Ocean. It flows
south along the east coast of Africa from 27°S to 40°S. it is warm current.
Types of ocean currents –
Based on temp – warm and cold
Warm - They bring warm water into cold water areas. Warm currents are generally
experienced along the western shores of large oceans.
Examples: The Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Drift, The Norwegian Current, The
Brazilian Current, The Kuro Shio, The Alaskan current, the East Australian current, the
Mozambique current, the Agulhas current.

The Cold Currents: These currents have a lower surface temperature and bring cold water
into warm water areas.
. Cold currents are generally experienced along the eastern shores of large oceans.
Examples: the Labrador current, the Portuguese and canary current, the Benguela
current, the Oya shio, the Californian current, the West Australian current, the Kamchatka
current.

Based on their depth the ocean currents can also be divided into two categories:
a. The Surface Currents: These currents constitute about 10 per cent of all the water in
the ocean, these waters are the upper 400 m of the ocean.
b. The Deep-Water Currents: These currents make up the other 90 per cent of the
ocean water. These waters move around the ocean basins due to variations in the density
and gravity. Deep waters sink into the deep ocean basins at high latitudes, where the
temperatures arc cold enough to cause the density to increase.

19-SEPT-22 – Awasthi
WEATHER EXP AT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT
The Australian High, also known as the Great Australian Bight High or Southern Australian
High, is a large semi-permanent high pressure area or subtropical anticyclone that stretches
from the Great Australian Bight in Western Australia and South Australia to the southern
Victorian coastline on Bass Strait and the east coast of Tasmania, between 30 and 40 degrees
of south latitude.

The anticyclonic circulation produces a dry climate, bringing warm to hot weather in the
southern Australian summer.
Season - November–April

The Australian High tends to follow the seasonal variation in position of the sun; it is
strongest and most persistent during the southern hemisphere summer and weakest during
winter.

Weather at south china sea

Typhoons occur very often in China. On average, they happen about 16 times a year. The
hardest hit regions are East China (Huádōng) and Northeast China (Dōngběi).

The South China Sea has a predominately tropical climate, dictated by two monsoons
that are characterised by their direction of airflow.
NE – Nov to March (during winter)
SW – May to sept (during summer)

Northeast Monsoon
As the landmass of east Asia cools towards the end of the summer large high pressure systems form over Siberia
which intensifies as the temperatures drop further. Winds travel clockwise around these large systems tracking over
mainland China and then through the South China Sea.
Enhanced flow is usually experienced through the Taiwan Strait during these events, which can reach Bf 8 but
sometimes Bf 9 or 10 in extreme cases.
New high pressure systems develop every 3-10 days, which results in the NEly winds surging and then waning as the
high either dissipates or moves out into the Pacific, and the cycle starts again. These strong winds can create rough
sea conditions with stronger swell travelling southwards towards Borneo and Malaysia.

Southwest Monsoon This monsoon develops as the Asian landmass warms during the Spring and into the Summer
creating low pressure and allowing the ITCZ further northwards. This results in winds travelling towards the low
pressure at the surface with the southeast trade winds in the southern hemisphere crossing the Equator and veering
southwest through the South China Sea.

What type of weather u will exp at high up north latitude

Oceanic subarctic (subantarctic) climate is observed over the oceans along the north and south polar circles, and also
on islands and continental coasts in latitude 60 to 70 deg. The climate of these regions is considerably influenced by
cyclonic activity, which is very intensive during the year here.
Intensive cyclonic activity results in great variability of wind direction, frequent storms, considerable cloudiness and
increased precipitation amount. One of the cloudiest regions of this belt is situated over the sea near Greenland.
Annual precipitation volume reaches 500 mm, and at some locations even higher. The precipitation maximum
usually occurs at the end of summer and at the beginning of autumn.On turning to summer processes, cyclonic
activity gradually weakens. Summer temperatures grow slowly, because of cloudiness and loss of heat by melting of
the ice. In the Bering Sea and in the cold water of the Labrador Current there are ice floes even in summer. Usually
monthly mean temperatures do not exceed 10 °C. Frequent fogs and high relative humidity (more than 70%) are
typical for summer.

Why no trs in high latitude?

DEVESH

For what ports SHM calculation is mandatory?

For the tide calculation of secondary ports.
Why do u write sea water temperature in deck log book?

IYYER
17-Nov-22
7) Slide of a Synoptic Chart and asked to identify all the symbols.
High pressure or anticyclones, Low pressure or depressions
Jb
7-dec-22

Current on US east Coast Gulf stream going up Labrador current coming down Then he ask me where these two
current meet which I don't know. Then he told me at Savanna area
The Labrador Current meets the Gulf Stream near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina
near Newfoundland.

Ques – How will you detect fog?

From routing charts – I will get % frequency of fog occurrence.

Ranganathan

How ocean currents formed

Sharda – 2nd may

16. Weather associated with cold fronts

a) Cold Front:

 After a front passes over a

place, if the atmospheric
temperature is lower than
before, the front is called a
cold front.
 They tend to move faster than all
other types of fronts. They
move the farthest while maintaining their intensity.

 They are generally associated with the most violent weather among all types of
fronts. They are associated with strong thunderstorms along and ahead of the
front and a broad area of clouds immediately behind the front.

 They are usually associated with squall lines which are a line of strong
thunderstorm parallel to and ahead of the front.
 They usually bring cooler weather, clear skies and sharp changes in wind
direction.
 On weather maps, blue line denotes cold front. In facsimile, conical symbols
(like icicles) are used to denote cold front.
Ques - 20. What is gradient current bay of Bengal

Major current in BoB : East Indian Coastal Current (EICC)

EICC - seasonally reversing western boundary current
• Pre Monsson : EICC flows northward.
• Post Monsoon : EICC flows southward.

-Flows southward during post monsoon

-carries Ganges Fresh water to southwards
-Drives strong salinity gradients

Miscellaneous –

Ques - How will forecast sea FOG?

The surface analysis and prognosis charts provide information on air temperature by
using isotherms which are lines joining areas of same atmospheric temperature.
Making use of this information, along with information on sea water temperature and
dew point / relative humidity, we can forecast sea fog.

Ques - What is significant wave height?

Significant wave height is defined traditionally as the mean wave height (trough to
crest) of the highest third of the waves.
This is the average of the highest one-third (33%) of waves (measured from trough
to crest) that occur in a given period. This is measured because the larger waves are
usually more significant than the smaller waves. For instance, the larger waves in a
storm cause the most beach erosion, or the larger waves can cause navigation
problems for mariners. Since the Significant Wave Height (Seas) is an average of the
largest waves, you should be aware that many individual waves will probably be
higher.

Ques - What is Isolines or isopleths

lines joining areas of equal wave heights info given on wave chart.

Ques - What is geostrophic wind scale?

Y axis is lat. Mark ur own lat, and on X mark the distance between two isobars, this will give
u the wind speed at the geostrophic wind height of approx 600 mtr. Above sea level we want
wind speed at sea level which 70% of Geostrophic wind speed

Ques - How you will get synoptic charts?

From weather facsimile.
A weather fax is not a mandatory device for installation on a ship. Weather maps can also be
obtained via satellite Internet or special applications on the computer when connected to a HF
antenna.

Ques - Explain EGC and its categories?

Enhanced Group Call (EGC) service is a part of the GMDSS system for the transmission of
maritime safety information (MSI) in areas where the NAVTEX service is not available. These
messages could be e.g. Navigational warnings, Meteorological warnings, Meteorological
forecasts and Search And Rescue messages. The EGC service uses the Inmarsat C system for
broadcasting these messages. The Enhanced Group Call (EGC) service is used for the
transmission of messages to a group of ships or to ships in a specified area via the Inmarsat
satellites.

The EGC messages can be divided into two categories known as:
SafetyNET and
FleetNET

SafetyNET
SafetyNET is a system that transmits EGC MSI messages via the Inmarsat C system which
will be received by all vessels that are logged-in to the satellite that broadcasts MSI for those
international NAVAREA/METAREA's.
FleetNET
FleetNET are messages addressed to a dedicated group of mobile stations such as all
ships from the same company or all ships from the same country (having the same
nationality) transmitted via the Inmarsat C EGC system.

How you will read egc message?

Prediction of sea fog onboard ships:

The possible time of occurrence of sea fog can sometimes be predicted onboard by plotting
the temperature of the sea surface and the dew point of the air as two separate curves
against ship’s time.
If the two curves appear to converge, then we can extend the curves using dotted lines and
estimate the time when sea fog would be experienced.

What are the causes for Monsoons in India? With a diagram, explain the SW and NE
monsoons.

Causes for Monsoons in India:

Over large landmasses, the atmospheric pressure is low during summer and high
during winter. This seasonal change of atmospheric pressure over large landmasses,
results in seasonal winds. The monsoons of the Indian Ocean are a classic example of
such seasonal winds which are caused due to the pressure gradient between the large
landmasses and the sea.
SW Monsoon:

 During northern summer, the continent of Asia gets very warm and the
resultant low pressure over it centers over the Thar Desert (NW part of the
Indian sub-continent). The pressure here is lower than the equatorial low and
hence a pressure gradient exists from the equator towards the NW India.
 The SE trade winds blowing from the oceanic high of 30 0S towards the equatorial
low, cross over the equator and blow as a strong SW wind called the SW
Monsoon, towards the low over NW India.
 The SW Monsoon blows from June to October and brings heavy rain to the
West Coast of India, Bangladesh and Myanmar.

NE Monsoon:

 During northern winter, the continent of Asia gets cold and resultant high
pressure over it centres over Siberia. This pressure is much higher than the
pressure of the equatorial low which remains unaffected by the change in
season.
 The anti-cyclonic winds blow from the Siberian high to reach the Bay of Bengal
and Arabian Sea as the NE Monsoon with a force of 3 to 4.
 They blow from December to April and bring heavy rainfall on the East Coast of
India.

What are isallobars?

• Barometric Tendency is the difference between the atmospheric pressure at the time of
observation and the atmospheric pressure 3 hours earlier.
• The characteristics of the tendency observed may be described as rising, falling or
steady or a combination of these terms.
• When observed barometric tendencies are plotted on a chart, the points having the
same tendencies are joined by lines called isallobars.

Nayar – 3rd apr –

5. Dangerous quadrant why is it called so.
it is the advance quadrant of RHSC in the NH and LHSC in the SH.
The wind’s rotation pulls us towards the center with maximum apparent wind speed.

6. Weather routeing page 12

7. What is Ship reporting system – page 15

Srivastav

Polar code content?

INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR SHIPS OPERATING IN POLAR WATERS (POLAR CODE)

2 parts –
Part 1 A – safety measures – total 12 chapters
Part 1 B - INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR SHIPS OPERATING IN POLAR WATERS (POLAR CODE)
PART II-A - POLLUTION PREVENTION MEASURES.
PART II-B - ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE TO PART II-A .

1 A – safety measures-
CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL

CHAPTER 2 – POLAR WATER OPERATIONAL MANUAL (PWOM)

*The goal of this chapter is to provide the owner, operator, master and crew with sufficient
information regarding the ship's operational capabilities and limitations in order to support
their decision-making process.
*Manual shall include or refer to specific procedures to be followed in normal operations and
in order to avoid encountering conditions that exceed the ship's capabilities.
*Manual shall include or refer to specific procedures to be followed in the event of incidents in
polar waters.
* The Manual shall include or refer to procedures to be followed when using icebreaker
assistance,

CHAPTER 3 – SHIP STRUCTURE

- The goal of this chapter is to provide that the material and scantlings of the structure retain
their structural integrity based on global and local response due to environmental loads and
conditions.

- scantlings of category A ships shall be approved by the Administration, scantlings of

category B ships shall be approved by the Administration, or a recognized organization
accepted by it, taking into account standards acceptable to the Organization8 or other
standards offering an equivalent level of safety;

scantlings of ice strengthened category C ships

CHAPTER 4 –SUBDIVISION AND STABILITY

Goal - to ensure adequate subdivision and stability in both intact and damaged conditions

icing allowance shall be made in the stability calculations:

.1 30 kg/m2 on exposed weather decks and gangways;
.2 7.5 kg/m2 for the projected lateral area of each side of the ship above the water plane;
and
.3 the projected lateral area of discontinuous surfaces of rail, sundry booms, spars (except
masts) and rigging of ships having no sails and the projected lateral area of other small
objects shall be computed by increasing the total projected area of continuous surfaces by
5% and the static moments of this area by 10%.

CHAPTER 5 – WATERTIGHT AND WEATHERTIGHT INTEGRITY

The goal of this chapter is to provide measures to maintain watertight and weathertight
integrity.

CHAPTER 6 – MACHINERY INSTALLATIONS

The goal of this chapter is to ensure that, machinery installations are capable of delivering
the required functionality necessary for safe operation of ships.
Machinery installations shall provide functionality under the anticipated environmental
conditions,
CHAPTER 7 – FIRE SAFETY/PROTECTION
7.1 Goal
The goal of this chapter is to ensure that fire safety systems and appliances are effective and
operable, and that means of escape remain available so that persons on board can safely and
swiftly escape to the lifeboat and liferaft embarkation deck under the expected environmental
conditions.
all components of fire safety systems and appliances if installed in exposed positions shall be
protected from ice.
.5 extinguishing media shall be suitable for intended operation.

CHAPTER 8 – LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES AND ARRANGEMENTS

CHAPTER 9 – SAFETY OF NAVIGATION

9.1 Goal
The goal of this chapter is to provide for safe navigation.
9.2 Functional requirements
In order to achieve the goal set out in paragraph 9.1 above, the following functional
requirements are embodied in the regulations of this chapter.
9.2.1 Nautical information
Ships shall have the ability to receive up-to-date information including ice information for safe
navigation.
9.2.2 Navigational equipment functionality
9.2.2.1 The navigational equipment and systems shall be designed, constructed, and installed
to retain their functionality under the expected environmental conditions in the area of
operation.
9.2.2.2 Systems for providing reference headings and position fixing shall be suitable for the
intended areas.
9.2.3 Additional navigational equipment
9.2.3.1 Ships shall have the ability to visually detect ice when operating in darkness.
9.2.3.2 Ships involved in operations with an icebreaker escort shall have suitable means to
indicate when the ship is stopped.
9.3 Regulations
9.3.1 Nautical information
In order to comply with the functional requirement of paragraph 9.2.1 above, ships shall have
means of receiving and displaying current information on ice conditions in the area of
operation.
9.3.2 Navigational equipment functionality
9.3.2.1 In order to comply with the functional requirement of paragraph 9.2.2.1 above, the
following apply:
.1 ships constructed on or after 1 January 2017, ice strengthened in accordance with chapter
3, shall have either two independent echo-sounding devices or one echo-sounding device with
two separate independent transducers;

.2 ships shall comply with SOLAS regulation V/22.1.9.4, irrespective of the date of
construction and the size and, depending on the bridge configuration, a clear view astern;
.3 for ships operating in areas, and during periods, where ice accretion is likely to occur,
means to prevent the accumulation of ice on antennas required for navigation and
communication shall be provided; and
.4 in addition, for ships ice strengthened in accordance with chapter 3, the following apply:
.1 where equipment required by SOLAS chapter V or this chapter have sensors that project
below the hull, such sensors shall be protected against ice; and
.2 in category A and B ships constructed on or after 1 January 2017, the bridge wings shall be
enclosed or designed to protect navigational equipment and operating personnel.
9.3.2.2 In order to comply with the functional requirement of paragraph 9.2.2.2 above, the
following apply:
.1 ships shall have two non-magnetic means to determine and display their heading. Both
means shall be independent and shall be connected to the ship's main and emergency source
of power; and
.2 ships proceeding to latitudes over 80 degrees shall be fitted with at least one GNSS
compass or equivalent, which shall be connected to the ship's main and emergency source of
power.
9.3.3 Additional navigational equipment
9.3.3.1 In order to comply with the functional requirement of paragraph 9.2.3.1 ships, with
the exception of those solely operating in areas with 24 hours daylight, shall be equipped with
two remotely rotatable, narrow-beam search lights controllable from the bridge to provide
lighting over an arc of 360 degrees, or other means to visually detect ice.
9.3.3.2 In order to comply with the functional requirement of paragraph 9.2.3.2, ships
involved in operations with an icebreaker escort shall be equipped with a manually initiated
flashing red light visible from astern to indicate when the ship is stopped. This light
shall have a range of visibility of at least two nautical miles, and the horizontal and vertical
arcs of visibility shall conform to the stern light specifications required by the International
Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea.

CHAPTER 10 – COMMUNICATION
10.2.1 Ship communication
10.2.1.1 Two-way voice and/or data communications ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore shall be
available at all points along the intended operating routes.
10.2.1.2 Suitable means of communications shall be provided where escort and convoy
operations are expected.
10.2.1.3 Means for two-way on-scene and SAR coordination communications for search and
rescue purposes including aeronautical frequencies shall be provided.
10.2.1.4 Appropriate communication equipment to enable telemedical assistance in polar
areas shall be provided.

CHAPTER 11 – VOYAGE PLANNING

11.1 Goal
The goal of this chapter is to ensure that the Company, master and crew are provided with
sufficient information to enable operations to be conducted with due consideration to safety of
ship and persons on board and, as appropriate, environmental protection.
For voyage plan the master shall consider a route through polar waters, taking into account
the following:
.1 the procedures required by the PWOM;
.2 any limitations of the hydrographic information and aids to navigation available;
.3 current information on the extent and type of ice and icebergs in the vicinity of the
intended route;
.4 statistical information on ice and temperatures from former years;
.5 places of refuge;
.6 current information and measures to be taken when marine mammals are encountered
relating to known areas with densities of marine mammals, including seasonal migration
areas;13
.7 current information on relevant ships' routing systems, speed recommendations and vessel
traffic services relating to known areas with densities of marine mammals, including seasonal
migration areas;14
.8 national and international designated protected areas along the route; and
.9 operation in areas remote from search and rescue (SAR) capabilities.

CHAPTER 12 –MANNING AND TRAINING

12.1 Goal
The goal of this chapter is to ensure that ships operating in polar waters are appropriately
manned by adequately qualified, trained and experienced personnel
Basic / advanced training for master, chief mate and officers in charge of a navigational
watch

PART II-A
POLLUTION PREVENTION MEASURES
CHAPTER 1 -PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY OIL
CHAPTER 2 - CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCES IN BULK
CHAPTER 3 - PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY HARMFUL SUBSTANCES CARRIED BY SEA IN
PACKAGED FORM
CHAPTER 4 - PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY SEWAGE FROM SHIPS
CHAPTER 5 - PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY GARBAGE FROM

Gradient wind –
a wind with a velocity and direction that are mathematically defined by the balanced
relationship of the pressure gradient force to the centrifugal force and the Coriolis force:
conceived as blowing parallel to isobars.