Design and Simulation of Micro Hydroelectric Power Generation

in Barangay Biga, Lobo, Batangas

A Research Study Presented to the Faculty of the Electrical Engineering

College of Engineering
Batangas State University
The National Engineering University
Alangilan, Batangas City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Ilagan, Angela Faye D.

Manalo, Gail Franchesca L.
Marquez, Patricia Justine C.

2022
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

This chapter covers the background of the study, statement of the problem, research

questions, objectives of the study, research hypothesis, scope and delimitation and significance

of the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

The demand for energy to power our homes, businesses, and communities grows along

with the global population. Maintaining a sustainable energy level and preventing climate change

need innovation and expansion of renewable energy sources (Golf et al., 2019). As innovation

drives costs lower and begins to fulfill the promise of a clean energy future, renewable energy is

rising. The nation generates coal, natural gas, and oil. A large portion of the electricity generated

comes from geothermal, hydropower, and other renewable sources (EIA, 2022b). In relation, the

distribution of electricity generation using renewable sources in the Philippines in 2021 is

presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Distribution of Electricity Generation in the Philippines (2021)

 As indicated in figure 1, the bulk of consumption of electricity comes from coal which is

made up of 47.6% of the nation's overall electrical production. Around 76 percent of the nation's

electrical output in that year came from fossil fuels. Although the nation expressed interest in

clean energy, it is obvious that this will not be at the expense of development, and there are

neither incentives or penalties in place for using various forms of energy sources. Additionally,

any extra input cannot be accepted by the present grid. (Alves, 2022; ITA, 2020). Approximately

56.8% of the nation's overall energy supply is imported, compared to just 43.2% from domestic

or indigenous sources, according to Energy Secretary Raphael Lotilla. Instead of utilizing widely

accessible renewable sources, P4P has warned against the construction of natural gas projects in

the nation, which would subject consumers to exorbitant electricity bills (Crismundo, 2022;

Gomez, 2022). Coal makes approximately 37.1% of the imported energy supply, and 98.6% of it

comes from Indonesia. On the other hand, 34.6 percent of the world's energy comes from oil. In

addition, it provides 89% of the power in remote places (Crismundo, 2022). Moreover, the

generation of electricity from fossil fuel is expected to continue for eight consecutive years (EIA,

2020a). As the national government begins resource improvements and implements financial

reforms in the electricity sector to optimize energy efficiency and socioeconomic growth, the

levels of energy demand could significantly shift in the upcoming years (Moraleda, 2015).

Fossil fuels are a net import for the country (World Data Atlas, 2014). For the sake of

energy security, there is a need to develop renewable energy sources. To promote the usage of

renewable energy in the country, the government has enacted a number of laws (EIA, 2020).

Geothermal, hydro, wind, biomass, and solar energy are a few of the country’s competitive

advantages, especially given that there is a drive to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels because of

the drawbacks, including pollution, climate change, and financial instability brought on by
fluctuating fuel costs. Currently, imports account for 56.8% of the nation's overall energy supply,

with local and indigenous sources accounting for the remaining 43% (Gomez, 2022; Tachev,

2022). The DOE recently said that the country is prepared to switch to alternative energy and is

promoting the use of renewable, low-carbon, and zero-carbon energy sources to meet the nation's

energy needs. Although the switch to clean energy may initially cost money and take time, it will

be worthwhile in the long run for the nation (GEOP, 2021; Tachev, 2022)

The country generally used electricity as their primary source of energy, according to the

findings of the most recent Household Energy Consumption Survey (HECS) conducted by the

National Statistics Office (NSO) and Department of Energy (DOE) (Philippine Statistics

Authority, n.d). Everyday activities like those in communication, business, transportation,

education, and home life all make use of electricity. Electrification is thought to reduce poverty,

increase access to essential services, and promote social systems in distant locations where the

majority of people are impoverished (EIA, 2022b; Lozano & Taboada, 2021). However, a

growing energy problem is affecting the country at present as the Malampaya gas reserves,

which currently provide 30% of Luzon's energy needs, are predicted to run out by 2024

(International Trade Administration, 2020; Lopez, 2022).

Furthermore, blackouts currently occurring, along with problems with energy supply and

security, have already sparked multi-sectoral and nonpartisan calls for action to change the

nation's economic energy infrastructure (Apanada & Kaldijan, 2021). Unless it can discover

alternate sources for natural gas, "the country may be facing a catastrophic energy crisis in less

than six years'' and "would have little choice except to import," according to Sen. Sherwin

Gatchalian (Yang, 2021). Additionally, throughout the past three decades, the economy has

performed poorly when compared to other Asian economies. Because of this, the financial
resources are insufficient to support extensive subsidy programs in the energy sector, whether

they are intended for the general public or to provide social assistance to the most vulnerable

groups of the population (Dime & Eviota, 2022; Mendoza, 2014). An ever-growing population,

an infrastructural boom ordered by the administration, and some of Southeast's highest electricity

prices. The country presently has some of Southeast Asia's highest electricity rates as a result of

the country's prolonged reliance on foreign fuel (International Energy Agency, 2019;

International Trade Administration, 2022). Asia as a whole poses significant difficulty. The

whole power industry has been privatized, and Meralco, a significant utility, currently controls

80% of the market. A small number of local players and more than 100 electric cooperatives

make up the remaining 20% (International Trade Administration, 2020). There is a need for

energy solutions and new technology, yet larger firms frequently make short-term decisions that

are only motivated by profit that prefer lower costs. The government is trying to find investors

for offshore exploration, but it is having trouble because the market is so unattractive to new

investors because of contract sanctity and back taxes for current foreign investors (ADB, 2016;

Cham, 2007). Although the island country is still quite susceptible to the effects of climate

change. Climate action has gained significance in recent years as possible effects on energy

supply, energy security, employment generation, and post-pandemic necessities like lower

emissions and a healthy world have become more apparent. To address a number of issues the

nation is now facing, one of the nation's top objectives is to be investing in renewable energy. In

fact, the Philippine Electricity Market Corporation (PEMC) report states that the Philippines has

already saved PHP4.04 billion through investments in renewable energy (RE) (Apanada &

Kaldijan, 2021; Dime & Eviota, 2022; WWF, 2017).

 The ambitious renewable energy transition in the country would ensure energy security

and self-sufficiency, along with less dependence on supplies (Moraleda, 2015). Additionally, it

would foster a favorable investment atmosphere and local economic growth. The widespread use

of renewable energy generates job possibilities throughout the entire supply chain (Apanada &

Kaldijan, 2021; ILO, 2013; Ritcher, 2019). In fact, the nation currently offers some of the most

generous government incentives for rural electrification (DOE, 2022). This ought to develop into

alluring investment prospects. Private businesses haven't yet expressed a lot of interest in energy

access efforts, though. The most well-established method of generating electricity from

renewable sources is hydroelectricity, which harnesses the potential energy of rivers. It might

potentially be on a vast scale because nine of the ten biggest power plants in the world are

hydroelectric ones that rely on river dams (World Nuclear Association, 2021). At present,

hydropower electric generation is the most promising way to generate renewable energy which

covers 9.7% among all types of renewable energy resources (NHA, 2022).

The nation's most accessible, trustworthy, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly

energy source is hydropower. Hydropower is also domestic and sustainable because it only uses

the energy of flowing water, such as rivers, streams, and ocean tides (NHA, 2022). Hydroelectric

energy, also known as hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity, is a type of energy that utilizes

the pressure of flowing to generate electricity, such as water running down a waterfall.

Hydropower uses water to generate electricity by turning the turbine blades of a generator, often

fast-moving water in a large river or quickly falling water from a high point (Shinn, 2022; World

Nuclear Association, 2021). The energy sector has long recognized the value of hydropower, and

there is support for its continued expansion. Energy resources are crucial, particularly in

emerging nations. The nation announced an ambitious strategy in 2011 with the goal of reaching
over 20 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2040, or 15.3 GW by 2030. The National

Renewable Energy Program (NREP) has a five-step plan to accomplish this challenging

objective by 2027. Additionally, a 160% increase in hydroelectric capacity was anticipated

(Tachev, 2022). A crucial renewable energy source is hydropower. It is a renewable energy

source and, in many countries, the only one with the ability to increase the number of people

with access to electricity. More than 10% of the country's electricity needs will be met by

hydropower generation due to its significant hydropower potential. A total of 2,950 MW of

hydropower capacity will be accessible in both grid and off-grid locations to accommodate the

anticipated rise in energy demand throughout the course of the planning period (DOE, 2022;

DOI, 2015).

There is a need to create and market appropriate micro-hydro technology as well, despite

the fact that hydropower technology for both large and small projects is well-established and

developed. For its micro-hydro projects, the country is still reliant on imported electro-

mechanical machinery (DOE, 2022). Moreover, remote communities in poor nations may find it

beneficial to use micro-hydropower (MHP) programs to meet their energy needs, particularly in

mountainous regions with abundant water resources. The practicality of an MHP scheme

depends on economic and physical (i.e., head and flow) criteria, but it might also depend on

social, environmental, and political issues for the system's performance and durability after

installation (Arnaiz et al., 2018). In fact, Mindanao power grid is dependent on hydropower

generation specifically about 51% of power supplies are coming from hydropower plants

(Navarro, 2012). Although it has a much lower power capacity, the technology is mature and

functions on the same principles as major hydroelectric power plants. The financial and other

advantages that the micro hydro power plant will experience while it is operating are essential to
sustainability. Micro hydropower as a sustainable energy source has the potential to increase

community electricity consumption. Micro hydropower as a sustainable energy source has the

potential to increase community electricity consumption (Jago-on et al., 2018; Marfori et al.,

2019).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

While the need for electricity is gradually increasing, power supply in developing

countries is often characterized by unreliability and inefficiency, resulting in disruption costs for

the economy (Fakih et al., 2020). There is still an issue with energy security despite

improvements in access to electricity. Three issues contribute to the lack of energy security: a

rapid increase in electricity consumption, frequent supply shortages, and a difference in

electrification rates between urban and rural areas (Taniguchi, 2019). In order to fulfill its

expanding need for electricity, the nation is heavily dependent on coal power and extensive

transmission lines; yet, rural areas have lagged behind despite efforts to reach urban areas with

electricity (Taniguchi, 2019; Torralba, 2018). This has led to increasing electricity prices,

unequal distribution of power between urban and rural areas, significant environmental damage,

and a system reliability that is at risk.

In effect, different parts of the country face sudden power shortages due to the high

electricity demand outstripping the supply. As a matter of fact, since March 2019, there have

been reports of "yellow" alerts on the Luzon grid due to high electrical demand exceeding supply

and unplanned power plant breakdowns (Amoguis, 2019). Whether or not it is intentional, these

outages have wide-ranging effects on the economy. As part of the Luzon grid, Lobo represented

1.40% of the total population of Batangas province, or 0.25% of the overall population of the
CALABARZON region (PhilAtlas, 2022). Similarly, the municipality of Lobo, which is a 3rd

class municipality in the province of Batangas is one of the affected municipalities in terms of

power shortages. These power outages have generally direct and indirect effects on the overall

living of the residents of Lobo. According to Mr. Edison Del Puerto, a barangay official of

Barangay Biga, Lobo Batangas, the community experiences frequent blackouts approximately 4

times a week that lasts up to 7hrs in a day. The daily lives of the residents were affected as they

weren’t able to use electric powered appliances also, the students who are in a blended learning

set up were not able to go on with online classes. In addition, according to some residents of the

barangay, there are instances when power interruption causes some appliances to meltdown and

malfunction due to electricity fluctuation. Since the barangay is located in an isolated area within

the province, it acquired an inefficient supply of electricity from its main distributor which is the

Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BATELEC II). Upon doing thorough research with

regards to the problem, the researchers found that there is an existing waterfall in the barangay

known as Mahangin waterfalls, this waterfall is located in the mountain part of the barangay. The

water comes from the mountains going straight to the ocean. With the help of secondary

information from previous thesis, journals and online sources the proponents are considering to

design and simulate a micro hydroelectric power generator specifically in Barangay Biga, Lobo

Batangas as an efficient alternative source of energy. Renewable energy is essential to resolving

this problem, given its availability and a recent trend toward cost competitiveness. The project

will not only address the power outage problem in the concerned community but it will also pave

the way for economic development especially in the country.

With the potential of micro hydroelectric power generation in Barangay Biga, Lobo

Batangas, the following research questions are hereby formulated.

1.3 Research Questions

This study aimed to design and simulate micro hydroelectric power generation in

Barangay Biga, Lobo, Batangas. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the design requirements of the micro hydropower generation in Barangay Biga,

Lobo Batangas?

2. What is the design layout and potential power generation capacity for the micro hydro

project?

3. Is the proposed design acceptable in accordance with the municipal government of Lobo,

duly authorized engineers and Batelec II?

1.4 Objective of the Study

The main objective of the study is to design and simulate a micro hydroelectric power

generation in Barangay Biga, Lobo Batangas. Specifically, the project sought to attain the

following objectives:

1. To design hydro-electric power generation while considering the design standards for

micro hydropower generation.

2. To determine the design layout, potential capacity, and daily kWh generation from the

system simulation.
 3. To evaluate the sufficiency of the project according to the municipal government of

Lobo, duly authorized engineers and Batelec II?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

The design and simulation of a micro hydroelectric power generation will assist the

beneficiary from Barangay Biga, Lobo Batangas in utilizing electricity while harvesting

hydroelectric power through the use of Mahangin Falls.

The theoretical results are presented through hypothesis in relation to the defined study

questions and objectives:

1. The design of the micro hydroelectric power generation fulfilled the design requirements

for its design and simulation.

2. The proposed micro hydroelectric power generation system is expected to reach up to

80kW generation capacity.

3. The location chosen by the researchers is suitable to sustain the production of water

needed to operate the micro hydroelectric power generator in accordance with the

municipal government of Lobo, duly authorized engineers and Batelec II.

1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The proposed study focused only on the design and simulation of a micro hydroelectric

power generation using Mahangin Falls located in Barangay Biga, Lobo as the source of
hydroelectric power. The study will only utilize physical and electrical modeling through

AutoCad and MATLAB SIMULINK in fulfilling the simulations.

The study was delimited to the design and simulation of the micro hydroelectric power

generation. Standards for the design of the micro hydroelectric power generation will only

consider the requirements of the following regulatory bodies: Institute of Electronics, Electrical

Engineering (IEEE) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The design layout is

limited to sustain the production of water needed to operate the micro hydroelectric power

generator in accordance with the municipal government of Lobo, duly authorized engineers and

Batelec II.

The study will delimit the beneficiaries of the micro hydroelectric power generation as it

will only cover the community of Barangay Biga Lobo, Batangas. Moreover, the study will only

utilize run-of-river type hydropower and will not focus on other types of hydropower facilities.

The study will cover micro hydro power systems using only Mahangin Falls in Lobo, Batangas

as a source of water for energy production. It is limited in discussing the design and simulation

of the micro hydropower system and its components, potential capacity and daily kWh

production of the generator and lastly its efficiency. Furthermore, the project is delimited in

electricity generation and will not cover power storage. Prototyping and costing will not be

included as an output in the study, this is due to the time and knowledge constraints on particular

subjects. However, it will be suggested for future research.

1.7 Importance of the Study

The significance of this study is to enhance the potential of hydroelectric power for

widespread application in places lacking electricity as well as to broaden the diversity of energy.
This study focused on environmental and electrical issues by analyzing information that will

establish the viability of hydroelectric power sources such as waterfalls as a renewable energy

source.

The study will be helpful in providing relevant information and facts about the generation

of power using hydroelectric energy. This study was deemed significant to the various sectors as

follows:

Barangay Biga, Lobo. This study will provide benefits to the barangay residents under

study as it will cater to an alternative source of electricity generated from hydroelectric energy at

an affordable cost which they can utilize in their daily lives.

Batangas State University. The research study will enhance the awareness of the

faculty, students and generation utilities regarding the impact of using hydroelectric energy for

power generation.

Electrical Engineering Department. The research study serves as another contribution

of the Electrical Engineering Department in the university. This will also serve as a basis for

future works and applications of micro hydroelectric power generation.

Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development (RESD) Students. This research

study will be a significant material for the students engaged in the RESD track as they take the

course of hydroelectric energy.

Future Researchers. The research study may serve as a reference material and as a basis

for related literature in conducting future research using micro hydroelectric power generation
and its applications for renewable energy. This will also help to enhance the knowledge and

techniques in hydroelectric power simulation software as well as its analysis.

 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents substantial references that are related to the research study. This

contains the conceptual literature, related literature, and synthesis, which the researchers have

found to be relevant to the study.

Conceptual Literature

The conceptual literature discusses the concepts in the development of the study. It

includes the principles and theories of micro hydroelectric power generation.

Sustainable energy serves to reduce dependency on fossil fuels, allowing greenhouse gas

emissions to be minimized. Renewable energy sources are types of sources that are constantly

being replenished by nature's abundance, which comes from the sun, water, earth’s heat or

geothermal energy, wind, and plants (US Department of Energy 2018). According to a study by

Wim Turkenburg (2016), renewable sources of energy have gained popularity on a global scale

on average at a pace of 2% every year since 1990. Furthermore, this number has grown at a pace

of 5% annually in recent years as modernization and growth have been ongoing worldwide. This

statistics data was influenced by the significant investments that allowed nations to build more

affordable renewable energy systems in recent years (Abolhosseini, Heshmati, & Altmann,

2013). Aside from sun and wind energy, our country also offers hydroelectric energy.

Hydroelectric energy is one of the most potent sources of clean energy among the current

renewable resource alternatives (Abolhosseini, Heshmati, & Altmann, 2013).

Hydropower, often known as hydroelectric power, is a sustainable energy source that

produces electricity by altering the natural flow of a river or other body of water using a dam or

other structure (US Department of Energy 2018). According to Ralph Smith, hydroelectric power
was the most widely utilized form of renewable energy in the early 21st century, accounting for

more than 18% of the world’s total power generation capacity in 2019.

Since hydropower is clean, affordable, and ecologically benign, it is a more sustainable

form of renewable energy than other options (Elbatran et al., 2015). When compared to fossil

and nuclear sources, hydropower is a considerable source of energy. In reality, small-, mini-, and

micro-scale hydropower all play key roles in rural electrification, and hydropower has a far

larger ability to replace fossil fuels than other renewable energy sources (Okot, 2013).

The Philippines has a total installed hydroelectric capacity of roughly 3,701 MW, with

more than 70 facilities in operation. This accounts for around 16% of the national total. There are

around 566 MW of run-of-river plants and 3,135 MW of dam-type plants, including one 728

MW pumped storage complex. Only roughly 24 plants (34%) have a capacity greater than 10

MW, although they provide for approximately 96% of total hydropower generating. The

projected technical and commercial hydropower potential is around 20,334 GWh per year, with

17% presently utilized. Around 275 MW of the existing hydro capacity is made up of units that

are more than 40 years old. (Ag, A., 2012.)

A hydroelectric power system is often categorized based on its size (generating capacity)

and scheme type (run-of-river, storage, etc). The classification of hydro systems differs from

place to region, and there is no agreed-upon definition. According to the IRENA definition of a

micro-hydro system, a hydroelectric power system is defined as systems ranging from 5kW to

100kW that supply electricity to a small town or rural business in remote places distant from the

grid. Overall, standalone micro-hydro schemes may provide a cost-effective alternative to the

grid, as they avoid the need for costly grid transmission lines and other ancillary equipment.
 Most micro hydroelectric power systems usually generate up to 100 kilowatts of

electricity. With the use of 10-kilowatt micro hydroelectric power systems, it can generate

enough power to provide for a large home, small resort or a hobby farm (US Department of

Energy, 2018). Run-of-river and storage scheme hydropower are the main types of hydroelectric

power generation.

Run-of-the-river (RoR) hydroelectric systems are hydroelectric systems that generate

power without the use of a huge dam and reservoir by harnessing the energy of flowing water,

which is how they differ from traditional impoundment hydroelectric facilities. Run-of-the-river

hydroelectric generation generally uses the natural flow rate of water to generate electricity—

instead of the power of water falling a great distance—which is the main distinction between this

type of hydroelectric generation and others (Green Energy Futures, 2015).

ROR hydropower is a type of hydroelectric production facility that uses minimal or no

water storage. A plant without storage is vulnerable to seasonal river flows and will only run

when there is enough flow in the river, making the plant an intermittent energy source. A

sophisticated plant will start and stop automatically to maximize available resources. RoR

hydropower stations generate energy mostly from available river flow. A modest storage (a

pond) may be incorporated to allow for some consumption adaptability, but the generation

profile will normally follow the inflow profile (Å. Killingtveit, 2020).

Bodies of water that have a steady flow rate are the greatest places to use run-of-the-river

systems. There will be a volume of "wasted" water during the peak flow periods if they are built

in places where the flow rate is quite low for a while before peaking drastically (EnergyBC,

2015), the excess water will fall through the spillways.

 Although run-of-the-river systems don't require a lot of water storage and instead rely on

the rivers' flow rates to produce energy, some of them do use a small-scale dam or weir to make

sure that enough water gets into the system itself (Green Energy Futures, 2015). They are

occasionally employed with pondage, which makes them more reliable overall because they

account for any variations in water flow (Energy BC, Green Energy Futures, 2018).

Storage schemes make use of a dam or reservoir to store river flow. When electricity is

required, the water is discharged through turbines. The advantage of this strategy is that

rainwater may collect during the rainy seasons and then be used during the dry seasons. Storage

methods are becoming increasingly sophisticated and costly. Although a micro hydro project

does not include a full-scale dam, it may have a tiny reservoir to collect water on a daily basis. In

channel systems, this reservoir is an expanded version of the forebay tank.

A big system that often employs a dam to hold water in a reservoir. Water from the

reservoir is released through a turbine, which powers a generator, producing electricity. Storage

hydropower offers base load as well as the capacity to be shut down and restarted quickly in

response to system needs (peak load). It has the potential to provide enough storage capacity to

function independently of hydrological input for many weeks or perhaps months. (IHA, 2022)

Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) is a method of storing hydroelectric energy. It is a

design of two differing elevation water reservoirs that may create electricity when water flows

down from one to the other (discharge) and via a turbine. Power is also required when the

mechanism pumps water back into the top reservoir (recharge). PSH functions similarly to a

massive battery in that it can store energy and then release it when needed. The "Pumped Storage

Hydropower" video from the Department of Energy shows how pumped storage works (EERE,

2018). Pumped hydroelectric storage facilities store energy in the form of water in an upper
reservoir that is pumped from a lower elevation reservoir. During times of high demand, power

is generated by releasing stored water through turbines, much like a traditional hydropower

station. During periods of low demand (generally nights or weekends when power is also less

expensive), the higher reservoir is refilled by pumping water back into the upper reservoir using

lower-cost electricity from the grid (ESA, 2019).

The water from the turbines is emptied into a tail race sump at an offshore hydroelectric

plant, which features an undersea powerhouse (TRS). When an adequate head is constructed

between the TRS and the sea, power is generated by guiding the water out and letting it flow into

large troughs placed in a vertical elevator construction. Hoists elevate the troughs that hold the

excess water and dump them into an above tank (OHT). Penstocks transport water from the OHT

to another powerhouse located at sea level. The facility makes use of existing tidal plants,

vertical ship lifts, and pumped storage schemes. Offshore oil industry technology is used to

fabricate the structures on shore and tow them to their destination. (C.P. Nazir, 2014)

The fundamental physical principle of hydroelectric power is that if water can be

transported from one level to another, the resulting water pressure may be used to produce work.

Hydro-turbines transform water pressure into mechanical shaft power, which may be utilized to

power a generator. The generation of power from water is dependent on a combination of head

and flow. Both must be accessible in order to generate power.

The difference in elevation between the water intake and the turbine generates head or

water pressure. Head can be represented in terms of vertical distance (feet or meters) or pressure

(pounds per square inch (psi) or kiloPascals) (kPa). Due to friction between the water and the

pipe, the net head is the pressure available at the turbine when water is flowing, which is always
 smaller than the pressure when the water flow is switched off (static head). The net head is also

affected by changes in pipeline diameter, couplings, and valves.

Flow is the amount of water that is accessible and is stated as 'volume per unit of time,'

which can be expressed in gallons per minute (gpm), cubic meters per second (m3/s), or liters per

minute (lpm). The maximum flow for which the hydro system is designed is referred to as the

design flow. It will almost certainly be less than the stream's maximum flow (particularly during

the rainy season), higher than the lowest flow, and a compromise between potential electricity

output and system cost.

The basic formula in discussion here is the potential energy for a mass at a height.

P = Q x g x H gross

The given formula calculates the available power in water (theoretical power). The

theoretical power (P) available from a particular water head is proportional to the head (H) and

flow rate (Q). Simply said, as the head grows, so does the power output, and as the flow rate

increases, so does the power output.

Components of Micro Hydroelectric Power Generation

Generator

Generators are useful equipment that provide electricity during a power outage,

preventing the interruption of daily activities or company operations. For usage in various

applications, generators come in a variety of electrical and physical designs. The electromagnetic

induction principle, which Michael Faraday discovered in 1831-32, is the basis on which the

contemporary generator operates. Faraday observed that the above flow of electric charges could

be created by moving an electrical conductor, such as a wire that contains electric charges, in a

magnetic field. This movement produces a voltage differential between the ends of the wire or
electrical conductor, which then induces the flow of electric charges, resulting in the generation

of electric current (Generator Source 2018). In this study, the generator will convert the

mechanical energy coming from the rotor to electrical energy that will be distributed into the

electric grid which will power homes.

Figure 2.1. Generator

Turbine

Hydro turbines are machines used in hydroelectric power plants that transfer the energy

from moving water to a rotating shaft to generate electricity. These turbines rotate or spin as a

response to water being delivered to their blades. The turbine's purpose is to convert

mechanical energy—such that generated by water, steam, or wind—into electrical energy,

which will cause the generator to spin. Electricity is created from mechanical energy by the

generator. This generator and turbine combination are referred to as a generating unit in

hydropower plants (Hydro Quebec 2015). As seen from figure 2.2, the turbine will serve as a

fundamental component in the study as it will convert the kinetic energy of water into

mechanical energy that will make the generator work.

 Figure 2.2 Turbine

Penstock

Water is pumped down from the hydroelectric reservoir to the turbines within the real

power plant via penstocks, which are large pipes or channels. They are typically composed of

steel, and the penstock allows water at high pressure to flow through it. Water is drained from

the source to the hydro turbine in the powerhouse using the penstock. This is the essential part

of the micro hydro since it turns the potential energy of the water into kinetic energy (M.

Kamran, 2021). Depending on a number of variables like the kind of ground, the material of

the penstock, the surrounding temperature, and environmental considerations, it might be either

exposed or buried beneath the earth. The penstock, as shown in figure 2.3, will serve as the

channel that carries the water from the waterfalls to the turbines for the study.
 Figure 2.3. Penstock.

Power house

As seen from figure 2.4, a structure called a "power house" is set up to safeguard

electrical and hydraulic machinery. The powerhouse is the structure that contains the turbines

and generators as well as the pipes or penstocks that feed into it. In certain reservoirs, the

powerhouse is built on one of the groundwater sides, with the remaining portion serving as a

spillway for the outflow of extra water during floods. The powerhouse could be placed inside the

reservoir itself when the river flows through a constrained, steep gorge (Britannica, 2021).

Typically, the foundation or substructure built for the power house supports the entire piece of

equipment. In the proposed study, the power house is utilized as a support for the equipment

such as the generator and turbine.

 Figure 2.4. Power house.

Intake Structure

An intake structure is a point where flow is directed from a conduit, such as a canal or

pipe, from a source, such as a river, reservoir, or the ocean. The water from the forebay is

collected by an intake structure, which then sends it into the penstocks (James C.S., 2020). Water

companies use intake structures to gather water from surface sources like rivers, lakes, and

reservoirs and transport it further. These buildings, which are made of masonry or concrete,

produce generally pure water that is devoid of sand, debris, and undesirable floating material.
 Figure 2.5. Intake Structure

Fore bay

A hydroelectric plant's impoundment or reservoir that is located directly above a dam or

intake structure is known as a forebay. The forebay's function is to evenly distribute the water

transported by the power channel among the penstocks while also controlling the power flow

into the latter and ensuring that any extra water is disposed of (Mary McMahon, 2020). They are

used in flood management to impound water and release it in a regulated manner into the larger

waterbody, acting as a buffer during flooding or storm surges. They may be used upstream of

reservoirs to collect sediment and debris (also called a sediment forebay) in order to keep the

reservoir clean.

Figure 2.6. Fore bay.

Tailrace

Tailrace is the channel that carries water away from a dam. As shown in figure 2.7, the

tailrace, containing tail water, is a waterway that conveys water away from a hydroelectric plant

or water wheel. The water in this canal has previously been used to turn the water wheel or the
turbine blades. Once it has served its purpose, this water exits the area around the power plant or

waterwheel. The tail race of hydroelectric dams is substantially lower than the height of the

reservoir behind the dam. The hydraulic head is the name given to this height differential, which

relates to the quantity of hydropower that may be generated from the water. A change in

gravitational potential energy is correlated with this change in height. To turn the turbines and

produce electricity, some of the gravitational potential energy from the water above the dam was

employed. In the tail race, water coming from a hydroelectric plant finally combines with the

water's natural flow (BrightHub Engineering, 2015).

Figure 2.7. Tailrace.

Inlet valve

Figure 2.8 shows an inlet valve, which is a valve that is installed before water enters the

hydro turbine's spiral casing. The penstock receives water from the dam before it enters the

turbine. The water is stopped by an equipment between them in the turbine hall for minor

maintenance purposes. The valve house comprises automatic isolating valves that shut off the

water supply when the penstock bursts and primary sluice gates that regulate the water flow to

the power house (J. Gale, P. Brejc, J. Mazij and A. Bergant, 2014). Through the penstock, water

is transported from the valve house to the water turbine.

 Figure 2.8. Inlet valve.

Weir

A weir, as observed in figure 2.9 which is effectively a small-scale dam, is a temporary

obstruction placed across a stream or river to raise the water level slightly on the upstream side.

Weirs allow water to flow consistently over top of them while also enabling it to pool behind

them. Its two main functions are to control downstream river flow and store water for

consumptive consumption (W. Fowler,2015). The area of a weir that the water flows over is

referred to as the crest. The water flow that crosses this crest is referred to as the nappe, which is

just the water that crosses the weir. With dams, this situation is not possible because there is no

water movement over the dam (Geograph, 2015). The function of the weir in this study is to

control the flow of water.

 Figure 2.9. Weir.

Related Literature

The research literature presents existing studies of the foreign and local studies and

researchers related to and associated with Micro hydroelectric power generation. These studies

provided the proponents with a better understanding and knowledge in developing the proposed

study.

Foreign Study

The most commonly used method of producing energy from hydropower is to create an

artificial lake and develop it into a big dam along the route of a river. The environmental

advantage of this sort of hydroelectric plant is enormous, making construction easier (Benchimal

and Peres, 2015, Fearnside, 2016, Palmeririn et al., 2015).

 Micro hydroelectric power generators are more economically viable and may have a

lower environmental effect. The environmental impacts are decreased significantly owing to the

simple construction and usage of run-off water straight from the river, and the economy is also

improved due to the little building effort (H.Weber, FF.Prillwitz, 2003). Energy can be stored in

battery banks located distant from a facility or utilized in addition to a system that is directly

linked, providing additional reserve energy during times of high demand (Fegbohun, 2015).

Plants having a capacity of between 10kW and 100kW are referred to as micro

hydroelectric power plants. Typically, these structures don't require the construction of a dam

because they can be built in the stream's current. Their low installation costs and zero

environmental impact present an intriguing investment potential for grid-connected systems or

for supplying off-grid energy to rural places (I. Kougias, T. Patsialis, A. Zafirakou and N.

Theodossiou, 2014).

Isolated populations are frequently unfamiliar with MHP technology and, as a result,

cannot conduct pre-feasibility evaluations. In poor nations, site identification and scheme

implementation are often carried out by local NGOs that rely on either government or foreign

aid. Pre-feasibility evaluations are costly because they necessitate specialists visiting a possibly

isolated location (Smith N.P.A., 2020).

Post-implementation studies that analyze micro-hydropower projects in underdeveloped

countries give insights on best practices and success factors, as well as frequent development

impediments (Barnett, Khennas. 2000, Paish. 2002). Micro-hydropower (MHP) projects are

therefore frequently acknowledged as a cost-effective and sustainable technology that may

capture the potential energy of rivers and generate electricity to fulfill the needs of those

communities (S. Murni et al., 2013).

Local Study

Hydropower is a renewable energy resource that may be used in any corner of the planet.

It is less expensive than other types of energy and is environmentally benign because it does not

emit any greenhouse gasses that may harm the environment. Rivers and falls are plentiful water

resources in the Philippines that may be found across the nation (H.J. Terano, 2021).

Since it is clean, affordable, and ecologically benign, hydropower is a more sustainable

form of renewable energy than other alternatives (Elbatran et al., 2015). When compared to

fossil and nuclear sources, hydropower is a considerable source of energy. In reality, small-,

mini-, and micro-scale hydropower all play key roles in rural electrification, and hydropower has

a far larger ability to replace fossil fuels than other renewable energy sources (Okot, 2013).

Flowing water generates energy at a certain head differential (Kaunda et al., 2014).

Energy, on the other hand, is theoretically defined by the flow rate and the height difference of

falling water during a given duration. As a result, theoretical hydropower evaluations are already

available utilizing a geographical dataset and watershed modeling climatic inputs in conjunction

with a geographic information system (GIS). The potential electricity on India's Asam River, for

example, was computed using a watershed model and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool

(SWAT) interfaced with GIS (Kusre et al., 2010). Moreover, SWAT was utilized in various

regions in the Philippines to estimate theoretical potential hydropower in the Visayas (Jason et

al., 2017), Misamis Occidental (Tarife et al., 2017), and the Agusan River Basin (Cuasay et al.,

2014). Guiamel and Lee (2020) recently reported watershed modeling results for the Mindanao

River Basin (MRB) using the SWAT to estimate river discharges, and discussed how to improve

the modeling results using calibration and validation processes based on the proxy basin

principle to overcome the scarcity of observed data.

 In the study “Social Acceptability of Micro Hydropower in Laguna, Philippines”, results

of the survey reveal that there is no perceived conflict on water uses as the river and creek waters

are hardly used for domestic, agriculture or any other purposes. The results also emphasize three

major considerations by the community in accepting the project: reduction of future electricity

costs without investment cost on their part; increase economic and social benefits; and

community participation. If the project can address these factors, the communities are highly

likely to accept the project. The respondents also express their willingness to participate in

stakeholder consultations, information campaigns and in the actual construction of the project.

(K.A Jago-on, et.al., 2018)

Belen, 2017 mentioned in the study, “Factors that influence the success and failure of

micro hydropower (MHP) sites in disaster-prone areas: Insights from the Philippines”, to be

effective, a project must be developed with available resources, unique requirements, and the

level of social preparation of a target community in mind. Additionally, it was discovered that

although local and international implementers share a strong consensus in their viewpoints, the

members of the community and the international community have very different perspectives.

The different levels of awareness, expectations, and motivation among stakeholder groups are

generally assumed to represent the disparities in perceptions among stakeholder groups.

Synthesis

The synthesis of the study enables the researchers to find out the similarities and

differences between the present and previous studies. By analyzing the previous studies, the

researchers were able to conceptualize micro hydroelectric power generation.

According to the study of Benchimal and Peres (2015), Fearnside (2016), amd Palmeririn

et al. (2015), the most suitable way of collecting energy from hydropower is through the use of
man-made lake and developing it into a big dam along the route of a river. Moreover, as stated in

the study “Social Acceptability of Micro Hydropower in Laguna, Philippines”, due to the limited

use of river and creek waters for domestic, agricultural, and other applications, there is no

apparent conflict between water uses. However, the proposed study focuses on the utilization of

waterfalls to generate hydroelectric power.

The study of H.J. Terano (2021) discussed the significance of the utilization of renewable

energy, specifically hydroelectric energy around the world. Moreover, the study discussed the

potential of hydroelectric energy in our country as it possesses an abundance of rivers and falls.

The present study, aided with the prior study, will serve as evidence of how significant

hydroelectric energy is as an alternative source of energy.

The study of Fegbohun (2015) used a battery bank to store the power generated by the

hydro energy. It differs from the proposed study as this will only cover the generation of

hydroelectric power and is not capable of storing energy.

Jason et al. (2017), Tarife et al. (2017), and Cuasay et al. (2014) used the Soil and Water

Assessment Tool (SWAT) to estimate theoretical potential hydropower in different regions in the

country. In relation to this, the study of Kusre et al. (2010) tested the potential electricity on

India's Asam River and was computed using a watershed model and the SWAT interfaced with

GIS. Additionally, Guiamel and Lee (2020) discussed how to improve the modeling results using

calibration and validation procedures based on the proxy basin principle to get around the lack of

observed data. The method used in the previous study in estimating the potential capacity of the

hydropower differs from the present proposal. In order to estimate the potential capacity of the

waterfall, the proposed study conducted an analysis and computation of the flow rate using the

Bucket method.
 The study of K.A Jago-on, et.al. (2018) acknowledged the considerations needed to be

addressed in order to implement hydropower projects. It is noted that if the factors are met,

communities are willing to invest in the project. I. Kougias, T. Patsialis, A. Zafirakou and N.

Theodossiou (2014) stated that micro hydroelectric projects offer an exciting investment

opportunity for grid-connected systems or for distributing off-grid electricity to remote areas due

to their low installation costs and minimal environmental impact. In addition, the study of Belen

(2017), focuses on the factors that affect the implementation of hydropower projects locally and

internationally. The mentioned studies are relevant to the present study to assess the factors

needed to implement the hydroelectric power generation in Barangay Biga, Lobo, Batangas.

The study of Smith N.P.A. (2020) explained that because isolated communities usually

lack familiarity with MHP technology, pre-feasibility analyses cannot be performed. Similarly,

the beneficiary of the proposed study lacks adequate knowledge regarding micro hydroelectric

technology which results in an unutilized hydroelectric energy source.

The study of H.Weber, FF.Prillwitz (2003) stated that micro hydropower generators are

more economically viable and may have a lower environmental effect. In addition, the study of

Elbatran et al. (2015) shows that hydropower is a more sustainable form of renewable energy

than other alternatives. Similarly, our proposed study discussed the economic and environmental

advantages of using hydropower as an alternative source of energy.

Furthermore, as stated in the study of Okot (2013), rural electrification relies heavily on

small-, mini-, and micro-scale hydropower, which has a much greater capacity to displace fossil

fuels than other renewable energy sources. In addition, the study of S. Murni et al. (2013)

concluded that micro-hydropower projects are frequently recognized as a viable and

environmentally friendly technology that could harness the potential energy of rivers and
produce electricity to meet the needs of those communities. The cited studies are vital to the

proposed study as they proved the potential of micro hydroelectric power as a source of

renewable energy that can supply rural electrification.

To summarize, the proposed study does not constitute a repetition of any previously

conducted research. Furthermore, the study will only conduct a design and simulation of a micro

hydroelectric power generation using a waterfall located in Barangay Biga, Lobo, Batangas. The

design will be in consideration of other recommendations that will be significant for developing

a more innovative micro hydroelectric power system.

 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the conceptual framework, research design and methodology, data

collection, statistical treatment, budget requirements, expected output and Gantt chart

incorporated by the proponents in achieving the objectives for the proposed study. This chapter

also tackles various considerations taken into account that provides an essential overall guide to

the proponents in carrying out the study.

Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework is an analytical tool used to make conceptual distinctions and

bring together different ideas. Using this, standards that are determined in advance will be

consistent (Mulder, 2017). The study's conceptual framework evolves in the researcher's

synthesis and overview of the study. Looking for the existing appropriate model, the researchers

adapted the CDIO framework. The CDIO framework offers integrated learning to foster

personal, interpersonal, process, product, and system development abilities while also nurturing

deep technical knowledge (Kulkarni et.al, 2020).

An enhanced concept for project-based learning is the conceive, design, implement, and

operate (CDIO) framework. According to the findings of the study by (Lantara et al., 2018),

CDIO may be able to offer computer science and informatics students a framework for their final

project. The CDIO approach according to (Kulkarni et.al, 2020) provides a universal framework

for a comprehensive engineering education incorporating a broad range of student attributes. It

emphasizes fundamentals placed in the context of real-world systems and products. It offers

integrated learning to foster deep technical knowledge while also fostering the growth of one's

own, other people's, process, product, and system-building skills. The primary result of the
CDIO is that the students are exposed to the working conditions utilized in the industry for the

development of products and processes, and the secondary result is that it offers a practical

instrument for the development and evaluation of the students' skill set.

Figure 3.1. CDIO Framework of the Project

The development of the micro hydropower generator must take into consideration a

variety of factors. Developing requires careful and thorough planning; it is neither quick nor

simple. This is required to make sure that the project achieves the expected high quality

standards. Figure 9 represents the research flow of the whole study.

Technical Design and Procedures

Research Design

The study made use of engineering planning, design, and analysis. To accomplish the

goals of the study, the design and simulation of the micro hydro power generation were divided

into various stages. This acts as a manual for doing research and specifies the actions to be taken
for each area of the study. This research is categorized as experimental because it includes both

the design and analysis of the system.

The experimental research method modifies one or more study-related variables. The

impact of the manipulation is evaluated and calculated. It is the most typical approach of

observing relationships and determining how variables are connected. The impact of the

dependent variable on the independent variable is determined.

Development Stages

To properly implement the process of design and simulation of micro hydropower

generation, the following are shown in 3.2.

Figure 3.2 Development Stages

Design Stage

This stage includes the sizing and assembly of the components of the system. The data

gathered from secondary data such as the internet and past studies will help in designing a micro

hydro power generation system. Material selection and preparation of financial requirements are
included and taken into consideration. Determining the actual flow rate, height, depth, width of

the waterfalls will be conducted.

This stage will also include two (2) major tests, which are the maximum flow rate test

and power generation capacity test, which will help the proponents in selecting the best design

for the hydroelectric power generation system.

The hydro power generation system was designed as micro hydro since it is expected to

aid the frequent blackout problem in the chosen community with approximately 15 families. The

design procedure will be implemented by AutoCAD Software for design layout and MATLAB

SIMULINK Software for simulation of the layout. The choice of the turbine type will depend

mainly on the sit head and flow rate of the waterfalls. In addition, the maximum turbine power

and speed will depend on the flow rate. While the size of the penstock will range depending on

the height of the falls. Lastly, the capacity of the power house will depend on the maximum

power generated by the system.

Actual Gathering of Data

The data such as the maximum power output will be obtained from the performance of

the micro hydropower generation system. To better understand and analyze the results, the

proponents will record and tabulate the data after the final testing.

Simulation Stage

After the design layout and gathering of data, the researchers will assemble the

components and simulate using MATLAB SIMULINK Software. The software will be used to

validate the design layout, design testing and extend models to systems in operation to perform

predictive maintenance and fault analysis if possible. More importantly, it will help validate

requirements and verify systems using simulation- based tests.

Final Testing

This stage will enhance the adjustments needed in the preliminary testing to develop

the output. Parameters such as maximum power capacity, maximum flow rate will be considered

and calculated.

Method Testing

Determination of the Maximum Flow Rate

The flow rate will be determined using the bucket method. Since the study is limited only

to micro hydro power generation, this method is suitable for measuring small sources of water.

The entire flow will be diverted into a barrel or bucket and the time for the container to be filled

will be recorded. The flow rate is expressed and measured in Liter per second (L/s). It will be

obtained using the formula:

Flow Rate = Volume of the container (L) / recorded filling time (s)

Determination of the Power Generation Capacity

The power generation capacity is represented by P and is measured in (kW). The

recorded flow rate height of the waterfalls and acceleration due to gravity will be used in

calculating the power output using the formula:

Power Capacity (kW) = Head(m) x Flow Rate(m3/s) x Gravitational Acceleration (m/s2)

Equipment/ Facilities/ Programs

The study requires the design layout of the project, the block diagram to provide the

process of power generation using micro hydropower, and the simulation analysis. In order to

easily visualize and understand these concepts, various software programs such as AutoCAD and

MATLAB SIMULINK were utilized by the proponents

Data Collection and Treatment

Given the nature of the study, observation and secondary data collection process will be

utilized in determining the result of the proposed study. This process will be utilized as it helps

the researchers gather necessary information needed to complete the project. According to

(Prasanna, 2022) the observation method is a universal and standard method that is used all over

the world. The observation method describes the phenomenon which provides high accuracy as it

occurs in the natural research environment. On the other hand, according to (Harappa, 2022)

collecting information that is already readily available is referred to as secondary data collection.

The data was already gathered, appropriate statistical analysis was performed on it, and the

researcher does not own it. Typically, this information was gathered from original sources and

then made publicly accessible. In other words, secondary data is information that has already

been obtained by another party.

The researchers will make an observation in the natural setting of the project specifically,

the flow rate, depth, width and height of the waterfalls. The weather condition within the

community will also be observed as it may affect the performance of the proposed project.

Moreover, secondary data collection will also be conducted as the researchers will gather

technical information and existing data analysis as reference for the previous study.

Expected Output

Gantt Chart

Schedule of Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Activities

Conceptualizing

Planning and
 Designing

Simulating

Defense

Revision of Manuscript

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