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Errors&Mistakes

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Joy Palma
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22 views3 pages

Errors&Mistakes

Uploaded by

Joy Palma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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misunderstand: fezence of the surveyor. Mistakes “and z i use’ they usually are-so.largeinsnagnitude ‘wnen Gompared to: errors. 249500 2 "Among °'studentsof within...certain-allowable limits ~of'- precision: “Moreover, avith tine ‘and :continuous. usage, “of the, instrument .will,Jikely be cause Sor ertores beam ples of instrumental errors are: c a) Measuring-with a ‘ape of incorrect length. b), Using.a leveling rod with painted’ graduations not. perfectly spaced... i “ ¢). Determining the difference in elevation ‘between two points with,an. instrument whose line of sight is not i adjustment. é Eo) s6@)! Sighting ona’ rod which is warpea = =e). Improper . adjustment. "of the plate bubbles <2) matural Errors. These errors are caused by ‘varia “gions. 4q the’ phenomna of nature: such as chaf S'deciination, temperature, humiasty,. wind, ‘and curvature of the\earth. Natural errors , are tie control of man... However, in order to keep ‘the resulting errors within allowable limits, necessary precau- flens' can be taken. Methods can also be adgpted to suit _prevailing conditions. SvThe surveyor’ may not’be able to totally remove the gaise of such errors but he can minimize their effects by faking proper corrections of the results and using good Sudgnent. Common examples axe _ a) The effect of temperature variation.on the length of.a steel tape. b) Error in the readings of the magnetic needle due ‘0 variations in magnetic declination. €) Deflection of the line of sight, due to the effect of the earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction. 4) Error in the measurement of a line with a tape being blown sidewise by a strong wind. e) Error in the measurement of a horizontal distance ‘due to'slope or uneven ground; “oie Persotal Errors. These errors artes, principally. £503 Slimttations of the'senses of sight; touch:and hearing of ithe shunan observer. which. are Likely ta:be erroneous. or in= bee tes.this type of:fallib{iity:differs-from one: indivs dua! ‘another and may-vary-due to-certain® cizcumstar Esisting during a measurement. Some personal errors'are i ‘someare’ compensating, while others may be erra~ ie Peksenal-errore-are- significantly reduced or elimina~ fed as skills are developed in’surveying-operations through practice and experience. = Errors ofthis typetare ya) Bezor-in determining-3 \é-plumb"during sightings "2" b) Error in the measurement’ of a'vertical’ fhe. cross hairs~of the -telescope‘are not. «posit iectly on the'target. "0° 2 eats = : meee @) Making an exroneous estimate’of: the required pull ‘eo be applied on a stee} tape during measurement. ~~ ‘Keguracy and precision are’ two terms which are constantly used in surveying, however, their correct meanings «are eefen misunderstood, While accuracy may-be synonynous- with $recision,. the two should not be used interchangeably. The prsgeyor should always attempt to obtain measurements which Gre not only accurate but also precise. bs Accuracy-indicates how close 2 given neasurensht ast te ‘the absolute or-true value of ‘the’ quantity’ mez , ‘The following example illustrates the maaning of accu- acy. A line known or accepted to be 100.000 m long 1s mea- sured twice with a steel tape. fixst measured value is ‘second "m. The first measurement Seve nore aceurste than the "second measurement since the error in the measurement is only 0.003 maz com pared to that of the second measurement which is 0:005 m. Precis: ion refers to the degree of refinement and con- sistency with which any physical measurement ‘is. made. It is by the closeness to one another of a cet of of.a quantity. ‘Thus, if a set of ob- servations is closely clustered together, the observation sig sald to. have been obtained with:high precision. -audavméthed “frequent1y*used:£o°défine andidistinguish-pet- 2 Weenaccuracy-and precision is:illustrated in Pig: 4 0000 maecision Si dooo AccURACY. PRECISION ihn tn bl ae eres te is de i »E-" imes “something Ee Probably occur’ oVer the'xangeof possible occurrences. ‘Tt le very much “involved in games of chance, such as throw- lng dice,.. tossing a.cdin,..or~in various. games using cards, Things do: happen randomly’or by chance and these are proven ‘Dy principles. of mathematics commonly referred to as proba- Dliity. Different theories of probability are not-only ap- Plicable to games of chance, they are also used in ‘scien- tific and engineering measurements such as in surveying.

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