Table of contents

I. English
A. Vocabulary
B. Reading Comprehension
C. Grammar
D. Essay
II. Logic
A. Arguments
B. Conditional Statements and Drawing Conclusions from Premises
C. Logic Games
III. Abstract Reasoning
A. Verbal Tests
B. Numerical Tests
C. Visuo-spatial Tests
IV. Math/Numerical Reasoning
A. Common Numerical Problems
B. Probability Problems
C. Data Interpretation
V. General Knowledge
 ENGLISH
VOCABULARY a. imperious.
b. ebullient.
EXERCISE #1: You will find sentences that describe a c. impetuous.
personality type or character trait. Read each sentence d. querulous.
carefully and then circle the vocabulary word that best
describes the person or character trait: Answer: c. To be impetuous is to display sudden, forceful
energy or emotion, especially without thought or
1. “It’s my way or the highway!” said George. consideration of consequences.
George is being
a. impassive.
b. facetious.
c. morose. EXERCISE #2: Choose the best synonym for each
d. peremptory. vocabulary word

Answer: d. To be peremptory is to be dictatorial, not 6. accretion

allowing contradiction, or putting an end to debate or a. deletion
action. b. agreement
c. suspense
2. Susan absolutely insisted that we come along; she d. accumulation
wouldn’t take no for an answer. Susan was being
a. adamant. Answer: d. Accretion is growth or increase by gradual,
b. querulous. successive addition; building up.
c. peremptory.
d. audacious. 7. umbrage
a. protection
Answer: a. Someone who is adamant is unyielding to b. offense
requests, appeals, or reason. c. transition
d. gathering
3. Raj was someone who, no matter how perfect the
day, would always find something to complain Answer: b. Umbrage means offense or resentment.
about. Raj is very
a. nonchalant. 8. verisimilitude
b. vitriolic. a. deceit
c. officious. b. fanaticism
d. querulous. c. similarity
d. realism
Answer: d. To be querulous is to complain and be
generally discontented. Answer: d. Verisimilitude is the appearance of being true
or real.
4. “You fatuous boor! You’ve ruined my life! I never
want to see you again!” This statement is 9. consternation
a. morose. a. dismay
b. vitriolic. b. constellation
c. insouciant. c. reservation
d. apathetic. d. disbelief

Answer: b. Something or someone who is vitriolic is Answer: a. Consternation is a feeling of deep,

savagely hostile or bitter. incapacitating horror or dismay.

5. Mistakenly believing his boss was speaking ill of 10. penury

him, Angelo burst through the door and yelled: “I a. destitution
quit!” to his boss. Angelo was being b. punishment
 c. judgment EXERCISE #1: You will find sentences that describe a
d. agony personality type or character trait. Read each sentence
carefully and then circle the vocabulary word that best
Answer: a. Penury means extreme poverty; destitution. describes the person or character trait:
EXERCISE #3: Circle the answer that best completes the
prompt. 1. Being able to afford this luxury car will ______
getting a better- paying job.
11. An ineluctable consequence a. maximize
a. cannot be avoided. b. recombinant
b. is not desirable. c. reiterate
c. would not be anticipated. d. necessitate
d. can be avoided.
e. Reciprocate
Answer: a. Ineluctable consequences are certain and Answer: b. To necessitate (v.) means to make necessary,
unavoidable. especially as a result.

12. A pernicious virus would be 2. Levina unknowingly ______ the thief by holding
a. acquired in the sub-Saharan desert. open the elevator doors and ensuring his escape.
b. deadly and very destructive. a. Coerced
c. contagious and easily transmitted. b. proclaimed
d. mild and easily treated. c. abetted
d. sanctioned
Answer: b. Pernicious means deadly and destructive.
e. solicited
13. A prosecutor’s trenchant closing statement would Answer: c. To abet (v.) means to assist, encourage, urge,
be or aid, usually an act of wrongdoing.
a. a very effective closing statement.
b. a very offensive closing statement. 3. Shakespeare, a(n) ______ writer, entertained
c. very weak closing statement. audiences by writing many tragic and comic plays.
d. very confusing closing statement. a. numeric
b. obstinate
Answer: a. A trenchant argument is effective, penetrating,
c. dutiful
or forceful.
d. prolific
14. People with inveterate beliefs e. generic
a. can be easily manipulated. Answer: d. Prolific (adj.) means abundantly creative.
b. have adopted their beliefs from another.
c. hold their beliefs deeply and passionately. 4. I had the ______ experience of sitting next to an
d. change their beliefs frequently. over-talkative passenger on my flight home from
Brussels.
Answer: c. Inveterate beliefs are deep-rooted or firmly a. satisfactory
established.
b. commendable
15. An arcane organization is one that c. galling
a. actively recruits new members. d. acceptable
b. is very old and outdated. e. acute
c. is very secretive and mysterious. Answer: c. Galling (adj.) means irritating, annoying, or
d. is located in a foreign land. exasperating.
e.
Answer: c. An arcane organization is secretive and 5. Prince Phillip had to choose: marry the woman he
mysterious. loved and ______ his right to the throne, or
marry Lady Fiona and inherit the crown.
Sentence Completion
a. reprimand
b. upbraid
 c. abdicate 10. My ancestor who lost his life in the Revolutionary
d. winnow War was a ______ for American independence.
e. extol a. knave
Answer: c. To abdicate (v.) means to formally relinquish b. reactionary
or surrender power, office, or responsibility. c. compatriot
d. nonconformist
6. If you will not do your work of your own ______, I e. martyr
have no choice but to penalize you if it is not Answer: e. A martyr (n.) is one who sacrifices something
done on time. of supreme value, such as a life, for a cause or principle; a
a. predilection victim; one who suffers constantly.
b. coercion
c. excursion 11. The ______ sound of the radiator as it released
d. volition steam became an increasingly annoying
e. infusion distraction.
Answer: d. Volition (n.) means accord; an act or exercise a. Sibilant
of will. b. scintillating
c. diverting
7. After sitting in the sink for several days, the dirty, d. sinuous
food-encrusted dishes became ______. e. scurrilous
a. malodorous Answer: a. Sibilant (adj.) means characterized by a hissing
b. prevalent sound.
c. imposing
d. perforated 12. It is helpful for salesmen to develop a good
e. emphatic ______ with their customers in order to gain their
Answer: a. Malodorous (adj.) means having a foul- trust.
smelling odor. a. platitude
b. rapport
8. Giulia soon discovered the source of the ______ c. ire
smell in the room: a week-old tuna sandwich that d. tribute
one of the children had hidden in the closet. e. disinclination
a. quaint Answer: b. A rapport (n.) is a relationship that is useful
b. fastidious and harmonious.
c. Clandestine
d. laconic 13. In such a small office setting, the office manager
e. fetid found he had ______ responsibilities that
Answer: e. Fetid (adj.) means having a foul or offensive required knowledge in a variety of different
odor, putrid. topics.
a. heedless
9. After making ______ remarks to the President, b. complementary
the reporter was not invited to return to the c. mutual
White House pressroom. d. manifold
a. hospitable e. correlative
b. itinerant Answer: d. Manifold (adj.) means many and varied; of
c. enterprising many kinds; multiple.
d. chivalrous
e. irreverent 14. David’s ______ entrance on stage disrupted the
Answer: e. Irreverent (adj.) means lacking respect or scene and caused the actors to flub their lines.
seriousness; not reverent. a. untimely
b. precise
 c. lithe a. candid
d. fortuitous b. provincial
e. tensile c. arable
Answer: a. Untimely (adj.) means happening before the d. timid
proper time. e. quaint
Answer: c. Arable (adj.) means suitable for cultivation, fit
15. The settlers found an ideal location with plenty of for plowing and farming productively.
______ land for farming and a mountain stream
for fresh water and irrigation.

READING COMPREHENSION

PASSAGE
Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit
spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or agreements among large firms; it is not. Moreover, those
normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate
market. without inter-
(5) A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, (35) ference is the most efficient method of establishing prices
established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries
seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to other than the United states.These economies employ
think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal
(10) seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic price-fixing
function. In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized (40) by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering
societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an the members of an industry are common-place. Were there
effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing something peculiarly efficient about the free market and
(15) that it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided
rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of the first
large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. (45) and used the second would have suffered drastically in
That each large firm will act with consideration of their economic development. There is no indication that they
(20) its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more have. Socialist industry also works within a framework of
than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by controlled prices. In the early 1970’s,
advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large (50) the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some
firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal
in evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the
(25) common with the other large firms competing for the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free
same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant market.
price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the (55) But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established
common interest in a stable demand for products. Most by a free market over which they exercise little influence than
economists are capitalist firms; rather, Soviet firms have been given the
(30) do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they power to fix prices.

QUESTIONS:

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to firms

a. refute the theory that the free market plays a c. show that in industrialized societies price-fixing
useful role in the development of industrialized and the operation of the free market are not only
societies compatible but also mutually beneficial
b. suggest methods by which economists and d. explain the various ways in which industrialized
member of the government of the United States societies can fix prices in order to stabilize the free
can recognize and combat price-fixing by large market
 e. argue that price-fixing, in one form or another, is communist and socialist economies
an inevitable part of and benefit to the economy e. most economists believe that no one group should
of any industrialized society determine prices

2. The passage provides information that would answer 5. The suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in
which of the following questions about price-fixing? industrialized societies is normal arises from the author’s
Ⅰ. What are some of the ways in which prices can be statement that price-fixing is
fixed? a. a profitable result of economic development
Ⅱ. For what products is price-fixing likely to be more b. an inevitable result of the industrial system
profitable than the operation of the free market? c. the result of a number of carefully organized
Ⅲ. Is price-fixing more common in socialist industrialized decisions
societies or in nonsocialist industrialized societies? d. a phenomenon common to industrialized and
a. Ⅰ only nonindustrialized societies
b. Ⅲ only e. a phenomenon best achieved cooperatively by
c. Ⅰ and Ⅱ only government and industry
d. Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
e. Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ 6. According to the author, price-fixing in nonsocialist
countries is often
3. The author’s attitude toward “Most economists in the a. accidental but productive
“United States”(line 1) can best be described as b. illegal but useful
a. spiteful and envious c. legal and innovative
b. scornful and denunciatory d. traditional and rigid
c. critical and condescending e. intentional and widespread
d. ambivalent but deferential
e. uncertain but interested 7. According to the author, what is the result of the Soviet
Union’s change in economic policy in the 1970’s
4. It can be inferred from the author’s argument that a a. Soviet firms show greater profit.
price fixed by the seller “seems pernicious” (line 7) b. Soviet firms have less control over the free
because market.
a. people do not have confidence in large firms c. Soviet firms are able to adjust to technological
b. people do not expect the government to advances.
regulate prices d. Soviet firms have some authority to fix prices.
c. most economists believe that consumers as a e. Soviet firms are more responsive to the free
group should determine prices market
d. most economists associate fixed prices with

PASSAGE 2

How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority
This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy (20) are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most
questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or
degree of hard- (5) ship. Unemployment does not have the handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them
same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no
most of the unemployed were primary breadwin- ners, when means an (25) accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.
income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of Yet there are also many ways our social statistics
subsistence, and when there (10) were no countervailing social underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship.
programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully
affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, employed workers whose wages are (30) so low that their
the growing predominance of secondary earners among the families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or
unemployed, and improved social welfare pro (15) tection have prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the
unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing
Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of joblessness at some time during the year is several times
hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below (35)the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as
a result of forced idleness can equal or evidence, it is
exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a (50) uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of
minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high
person counted in the monthly levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by
(40) unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time job creation and
because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside (55) economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in
the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in this debate---that the existing poverty,
our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate
depen- (45)dent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences
that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers of labor market problems.
does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market
are adequately protected. As a result of such contradictory

QUESTIONS:
1. Which of the following is the principal topic of the b. A compromise should be found between the
passage? positions of those who view joblessness as an
a. What causes labor market pathologies that evil greater than economic control and those
result in suffering who hold the opposite view.
b. Why income measures are imprecise in c. New statistical indices should be developed to
measuring degrees of poverty measure the degree to which unemployment
c. Which of the currently used statistical and inadequately paid employment causes
procedures are the best for estimating the suffering.
incidence of hardship that is due to d. Consideration should be given to the ways in
unemployment which statistics can act as partial causes of the
d. Where the areas of agreement are among phenomena that they purport to measure.
poverty, employment, and earnings figures e. The labor force should be restructured so that it
e. How social statistics give an unclear picture of corresponds to the range of job vacancies.
the degree of hardship caused by low wages
and insufficient employment opportunities 5. The author’s purpose in citing those who are
repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is
most probably to show that
2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 a. there are several factors that cause the
to refer to which of the following? payment of low wages to some members of the
a. The overall causes of poverty labor force
b. Deficiencies in the training of the workforce b. Unemployment statistics can underestimate the
c. Trade relationships among producers of goods hardship resulting from joblessness
d. Shortages of jobs providing adequate income c. recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can
e. Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor exist and can cause hardships for individual
workers
3. The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in d. a majority of those who are jobless at any one
order to show that time to not suffer severe hardship
a. more people were unemployed in the 1930’s e. there are fewer individuals who are without
b. unemployment now has less severe effects jobs at some time during a year than would be
c. social programs are more needed now expected on the basis of monthly
d. there now is a greater proportion of elderly and unemployment figures
handicapped people among those in poverty
e. poverty has increased since the 1930’s 6. The author states that the mitigating effect of social
programs involving income transfers on the income
4.Which of the following proposals best responds to the level of low-income people is often not felt by
issues raised by the author? a. the employed poor
a. Innovative programs using multiple approaches b. dependent children in single-earner families
should be set up to reduce the level of c. workers who become disabled
unemployment. d. retired workers
 e. full-time workers who become unemployed
8. The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the
7. According to the passage, one factor that causes number of people who suffer as a result of forced
unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the idleness depends primarily on the point that
amount of economic hardship is the a. in times of high unemployment, there are some
a. recurrence of periods of unemployment for a people who do not remain unemployed for long
group of low-wage workers b. the capacity for self-support depends on
b. possibility that earnings may be received from receiving moderate-to-high wages
more than one job per worker c. those in forced idleness include, besides the
c. fact that unemployment counts do not include unemployed, both underemployed part-time
those who work for low wages and remain poor workers and those not actively seeking work
d. establishment of a system of record-keeping d. at different times during the year, different
that makes it possible to compile poverty people are unemployed
statistics e. many of those who are affected by
e. prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployment are dependents of unemployed
unemployed, of members of families in which workers
others are employed
GRAMMAR b. B
c. C
Identifying Sentence Errors d. D
1. A Because of the Internet, B working at jobs C at e. E
home D have become much more common. E No
error. 5. The conversation with her A mother had a more
a. A profound B affect on her C than D she expected. E
b. B No error.
c. C a. A
d. D b. B
e. E c. C
d. D
2. “Pull it out A by B its plug, not by the C cord,” said e. E
D dad. E No error.
a. A 6. The A President and the B Speaker of the House
b. B found the C Congressional Republicans’ filibusters
c. C to be D all together specious. E No error.
d. D a. A
e. E b. B
c. C
3. Symptoms of this illness A that warrant a doctor d. D
visit B includes fever, C vomiting, and diarrhea, as e. E
well as the D loss of appetite. E No error.
a. A 7. A Professor Lane, our B Computer Science
b. B teacher, was excited when he had the opportunity
c. C to meet C Bill Gates, the D president of Microsoft,
d. D Inc.E No error.
e. E a. A
b. B
4. A Either Lisa or Karen B will always volunteer C c. C
their valuable D time to serve on our board. ENo d. D
error. e. E
a. A
 8. Do you think A they B will C except our plan D c. C
without an argument? E No error. d. D
a. A e. E
b. B
c. C 10. Work A as quick B as you C can but D as carefully
d. D as possible when you take the test. E No error.
e. E a. A
b. B
9. “They A had went to the lake B without me C by c. C
the time D I got there,” said Jacques. E No error. d. D
a. A e. E
b. B

ESSAY

1. In the Philippines, Estate tax is a tax imposed upon the privilege of the transferor (deceased) to transfer property or
rights to another (heirs). Do you agree with the imposition of estate tax?

2. Assume that you feel strongly about one political candidate and are willing to support that candidate on all fours
until election day. What is your stance regarding the current trend of unfriending people on social media who
actively support opposing candidates?
 LOGIC

ARGUMENTS
INSTRUCTIONS: Relying on your natural sense of 5. All frogs are amphibians. All frogs have gills.
what follows from various statements and your Therefore, all amphibians have gills.
commonsense knowledge of the world, determine for
each of the following arguments (1) whether the a. Invalid (leaping to conclusion)
premises are true, (2) whether the argument is valid b. Invalid (reasoning in a Circle)
or invalid and (3) whether the argument is sound or c. Invalid (false chain)
unsound. d. Valid (non sequitur)

1. P1 There are banana stands in Bolivia and 6. You will meet a tall, handsome stranger or you
Afghanistan. will stay home and pick fleas off of your cat. You
didn’t meet and tall, handsome stranger.
C There is an Afghanistan banana stand. Therefore, you stayed home and picked fleas off
of your cat.
a. P1 is true. C is false. Invalid. Sound
b. P1 false & C is true. Valid. Sound. a. Invalid (false chain)
c. P1 & C are true. Valid. Sound. b. Invalid (post hoc)
d. P1 & C are false. Invalid. Unsound. c. Invalid (inductive generalization)
d. Valid (disjunctive syllogism)
2. P1 Alaska is bigger than New York state.
7. If I don’t tie my shoes, then I trip. I didn’t tie my
P2 New York state is bigger than Rhode Island. shoes. Hence, I tripped.

C Alaska is bigger than Rhode Island.

a. Invalid (missing the point)
b. Valid (direct reasoning)
a. P1, P2 & C are false. Invalid. Sound.
c. Invalid (secundum quid et simpliciter)
b. P1, P2 & C are true. Valid. Sound.
d. Invalid (leaping to conclusion)
c. P1, P2 & C are true. Valid. Unsound
d. P1, P2 & C are false. Invalid. Unsound.
8. All racers live dangerously. Gomer is a racer.
Therefore, Gomer lives dangerously.
3. If I plant a tree, then I will get dirt under my
nails. I didn’t get dirt under my nails. Therefore, I
a. Invalid (strawman)
didn’t plant a tree.
b. Invalid (ignoratio elenchi)
c. Invalid (exception fallacy)
a. Valid (contrapositive reasoning) d. Valid (direct reasoning)
b. Invalid (canceling hypotheses)
c. Invalid (complex question) 9. If you aren’t polite, you won’t be treated with
d. Invalid (false analogy)
respect. You aren’t treated with respect.
Therefore, you aren’t polite.
4. If I don’t change my oil regularly, my engine will
die. My engine died. Thus, I didn’t change my oil
a. Invalid (false metaphor)
regularly.
b. Valid (transitive reasoning)
c. Invalid (fallacy of converse)
a. Invalid (fallacy of converse) d. Invalid (begging the question)
b. Invalid (fallacy of necessity)
c. Valid ((contrapositive reasoning)
d. Invalid (existential fallacy) 10. If you are kind to a puppy, then he will be your
friend. You weren’t kind to that puppy. Hence, he
isn’t your friend.
 a. Valid (ad nauseum) a. Invalid (fallacy of converse)
b. Invalid (appeal to force) b. Valid (transitive reasoning)
c. Invalid (irrelevant conclusion) c. Invalid (exception fallacy)
d. Invalid (fallacy of inverse) d. Invalid (gambler’s fallacy)

11. If you drink Surge, then you won’t fall off of your 17. All wolverines are cuddly. No weasels are
skateboard. You fell off of your skateboard. wolverines. Thus, no weasels are cuddly.
Therefore, you didn’t drink Surge.
a. Valid (disjunctive syllogism)
a. Valid (contrapositive reasoning) b. Invalid (fallacy of inverse)
b. Invalid (secundum quid et simpliciter) c. Invalid (logical inconsistency)
c. Invalid (repetition) d. Invalid (false chain)
d. Invalid (appeal to god)
—-------------------------------------------------
12. If I don’t pay my income taxes, then I file for an
extension or I am a felon. I’m not a felon and I Identify the fallacy each premise commits.
didn’t file for an extension. Therefore, I paid my
18. DeLay argues that stem-cell research is immoral.
income taxes.
But DeLay is an ultra right-wing lunatic who’s
incapable of thinking objectively. Obviously his
a. Invalid (ad baculum)
b. Invalid (ad populum) argument is non-sense.
c. Invalid (fallacy of inverse)
d. Valid (use truth table) a. Ad hominem abusive
b. Reification
13. I wash the dishes or I don’t eat. I eat. Thus, I c. Personal Inconsistency
wash the dishes. d. Misplaced Concreteness

a. Invalid (complex question) 19. Barbara Striesand, Paul Newman and Julia Roberts
b. Invalid (dicto simpliciter) are Democrats. Therefore all Hollywood stars are
c. Valid (disjunctive syllogism) Democrats.
d. Invalid (generalization )
a. Inconsistency
14. All protons are subatomic particles. All neutrons b. Hasty generalization
are subatomic particles. Hence, all protons are c. Poisoning the Well
neutrons. d. Red Herring

a. Valid (contrapositive reasoning) 20. The ship of state is like a ship at sea. No sailor is
b. Invalid (false chain) allowed to protest orders from the captain. So no
c. Invalid (leaping to conclusion) citizens should be allowed to protest presidential
d. Invalid (hasty induction) policies.

15. All sneaks are devious. All swindlers are sneaks. a. Weak Analogy
Therefore, all swindlers are devious. b. Polarization
c. Alleged Certainty
a. Invalid (fallacy of exclusion) d. Destroying the Exception
b. Invalid (bifurcation)
c. Invalid (ad misericordiam) 21. Smirnoff is the best vodka available: renowned
d. Valid (transitive reasoning) violinist Pichas Zukerman says, “When it comes to
16. All superheroes wear capes. The Masked Gomer vodka, Smirnof plays second fiddle to none.”
wears a cape. Hence, The Masked Gomer is a
superhero. a. Converse Accident
 b. Gambler’s Fallacy c. Reductio ad Absurdum
c. Inductive Generalization d. Logical Inconsistency
d. Appeal to Authority
27. Whoever puts a knife in another person deserves
22. Poet Allen Ginsburg argued in favor of legalizing to go to jail, so surgeons should be locked up.
pornography. But Ginsberg’s arguments are just
trash: He was a marijuana-smoking homosexual a. Missing the Point
and advocate of the drug culture. b. Accident
c. Special Pleading
a. Questionable Cause d. Polarization
b. Ad hominem abusive
c. Special Pleading 28. Nietzsche’s philosophy is a load of rubbish. He
d. Discredit was an atheist, and called himself an immoralist;
he probably died of syphilis.
23. Freedom of speech is constitutionally guaranteed,
so you can’t arrest someone for inciting a riot. a. Assertion
b. Ad Hominem Abusive
a. Post Hoc c. Destroying the Exception
b. Black and White Thinking d. Social Conformance
c. Accident
d. Logical Inconsistency 29. The editors of the Daily Register have accused our
company of being one of the city’s worst water
24. There’s a lot of talk these days about getting the polluters. But the Daily Register is responsible for
pesticides out of our fruits and vegetables. But more pollution than we are –they own the
many of these foods are essential to our health. Western Paper Company, which discharges tons
Carrots are an excellent source of vitamin A, of chemical waste into the river every day.
broccoli is rich in iron, and oranges and
grapefruits have lots of vitamin C. a. Repetition
b. Ad Hominem – hypocrisy
a. Red Herring c. Misplaced Concreteness
b. Slippery Slope d. Weak Analogy
c. Tu Quoque
d. Appeal to Force 30. Senator Barrow advocates increased Social
Security benefits for the poor. It’s regrettable that
25. The position open in the accounting department he finds it necessary to embrace socialism.
should be given to Frank. He’s got six hungry Socialism defeats initiative, takes away promised
children to feed and his wife needs an operation rewards and leads to inefficiency and big
to save her eyesight. government. It was tried and failed in Europe.
Clearly socialism is no good.
a. Appeal to Celebrity
b. Existential fallacy a. Biased Sample
c. Exception fallacy b. Appeal to Novelty
d. Appeal to Pity c. Straw person
d. Complex Question
26. President Bush argues that we should open up the
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for oil drilling. But 31. I know some of you oppose the appointment of
Bush just wants to reward his rich cronies in the Cole as the new sales manager. But I am sure you
oil industry, so we can’t take his arguments will see that he’s well-qualified for the job. If he’s
seriously. not appointed, we may have to cut some
personnel in your department.
a. Ad Hominem Circumstantial
b. False Division
 a. Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc a. If my laptop doesn’t break then I will be able to
b. From Ignorance waste so much paper.
c. Hasty Generalization b. My laptop breaks and I am able to waste so much
d. Appeal to Force paper.
c. My laptop doesn’t break or I am able to waste so
32. Animal rights activists say that animals are abused much paper.
in biomedical research labs. But actually, pets are d. If I am able to waste so much paper, then my
abused by their owners every day, and probably laptop didn’t break.
about 25% of pet owners neglect their pets. Some
37. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to
cases of abuse are enough to make you sick.
“If you want to be on my team, then you like
a. Red Herring
getting bossed around.”
b. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
c. Appeal to False Authority a. If you don’t like getting bossed around, then you
d. Cherry-picking don’t want to be on my team.
b. If you don’t want to be on my team, then you
—------------------------------------------------- don’t like getting bossed around.
c. If you like getting bossed around, then you want
Identify the argument form that best fits the to be on my team.
passage, if any, and then state whether the d. A, B, & C are all correct.
argument is valid. e. Stop whining and get to work.

38. Select the statement that is the negation of “Some

33. Select the statement that is the negation of “If of us don’t have our textbooks.”
you are a lizard, then you have hotlips.” a. None of us have our textbooks.
a. You are a lizard and you don’t have hot lips. b. Some of us have our textbooks.
b. You are a lizard or you don’t have hot lips. c. All of us have our textbooks.
c. You aren’t a lizard or you have hot lips. d. We have this website instead.
d. If you aren’t a lizard, then you don’t have hot lips.
39. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to
“If you have passed MAC4411, then you can’t
34. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to receive credit for MGF1106.”
“Class is cancelled or this is not my lucky day.” a. You haven’t passed MAC4411 or you can’t receive
a. Class is cancelled and this is not my lucky day. credit for MGF1106.
b. Class is not cancelled and this is my lucky day. b. If you can receive credit for MGF1106, then you
c. Class is not cancelled or this is my lucky day. haven’t passed MAC4411.
d. If class is not cancelled then this is not my lucky c. All of those who have passed MAC4411 are
day. ineligible to receive credit for MGF1106.
d. A, B and C are all correct.
35. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to
“If an offer sounds too good to be true, then I’m 40. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to
interested.” “You can pick your friends or you can pick your
a. An offer sounds too good to be true or I’m nose.”
interested. a. You can’t pick your friends and you can’t pick your
b. An offer doesn’t sound too good to be true, or I’m nose.
interested. b. You can’t pick your friends or you can’t pick your
c. An offer sounds too good to be true and I’m not nose.
interested. c. If you can’t pick your friends then you can pick
d. If I’m interested in an offer, then it sounds too your nose.
good to be true. d. ...but you can’t pick your friend’s nose.

36. Select the statement that is the negation of “If my 41. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to
computer breaks, then I won’t be able to waste so “If you eat that day-old burrito, you will use lots
much paper.” of hot sauce.”
a. If you didn’t use lots of hot sauce, then you didn’t doesn’t beat up the dog.
eat that day-old burrito. d. None of these.
b. If you don’t eat that day-old burrito, then you
won’t use lots of hot sauce. 46. Select the statement that is the negation of “If all
c. C. If you used lots of hot sauce, then you ate that things are considered, then I listen to public
day-old burrito. radio.”
d. D. A, B, & C are all equivalent to the given
a. If I don’t listen to public radio, then some things
statement.
aren’t considered.
b. If all things are considered then I don’t listen to
42. Select the statement that is the negation of “All
public radio.
bulldogs are sweet and some poodles are mean.” c. Some things aren’t considered or I listen to public
a. No bulldogs are sweet and some poodles aren’t radio.
mean. d. All things are considered and I don’t listen to
b. No bulldogs are sweet or some poodles aren’t public radio.
mean.
c. Some bulldogs aren’t sweet and no poodles are 47. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to
mean. “We make a first down or we punt.”
d. Some bulldogs aren’t sweet or no poodles are
a. If we don’t make a first down, then we punt.
mean.
b. We punt or we make a first down.
c. Both A & B.
d. None of these.
43. Select the statement that is the negation of “If
some bees fly into your face, then all of your
plans for the day are ruined.” 48. Select the statement that is the negation of “No
a. If no bees fly into your face, then all of your plans campaign promises are sincere.”
for the day are ruined. a. Some campaign promises are sincere.
b. If some bees fly into your face, then some of your b. Some campiagn promises are insincere.
plans for the day aren’t ruined. c. C. All campaign promises are insincere.
c. C. Some bees fly into your face and some of your d. D. All camping prom roses are sinister.
plans for the day aren’t ruined.
d. D. No bees fly into your face and none of your
plans for the day are ruined. 49. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to
"No elephants are forgetful."
44. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to
a. If you aren't an elephant, then you are forgetful.
“If all of us are OK, then all of them are losers.”
b. B. If you are an elephant, then you aren't
a. If all of them are losers, then all of us are OK. forgetful.
b. Some of us are OK and all of them are losers. c. C. If you aren't forgetful, then you are an
c. If some of them aren’t losers, then some of us elephant.
aren’t OK. d. D. All of these.
d. If some of us aren’t OK, then some of them aren’t
losers.

45. Select the statement that is logically equivalent to VERBAL REASONING

“If I lock my cat in the house, then she beats up
the dog.” Identify the argument form that best fits the
a. I lock my cat in the house and she doesn’t beat passage, if any, and then state whether the
up the dog. argument is valid.
b. I don’t lock my cat in the house or she beats up
the dog. For 1-5.
c. If I don’t lock my cat in the house, then she Instituted in 1979 as a temporary measure to limit
population growth, China’s one child policy remains in a. True
force today and is likely to continue for another decade. b. False
China’s population control policy has attracted criticism c. Cannot Say
because of the manner in which it is enforced, and also
because of its social repercussions. Supporters of the Answer: C. Cannot Say - The second sentence states that
Chinese government’s policy consider it a necessary both the policy’s manner of enforcement and its social
measure to curb extreme overpopulation, which has repercussions are criticised – but does not state which is
resulted in a reduction of an estimated 300 million people the main criticism. So based on the information we are
in its first twenty years. Not only is a reduced population given, we cannot say.
environmentally beneficial, it also increases China’s per
capita gross domestic product. The one-child policy has 4. Families with more than one child are more
led to a disparate ratio of males to females – with common in China’s rural areas.
abortion, abandonment and infanticide of female infants a. True
resulting from a cultural preference for sons. Furthermore, b. False
Draconian measures such as forced sterilization are c. Cannot Say
strongly opposed by critics as a violation of human
reproduction rights. The one-child policy is enforced Answer: C. Cannot Say - While the 7th sentence states
strictly in urban areas, whereas in provincial regions fines that the policy is enforced less strictly in provincial
are imposed on families with more than one child. There regions, comparative figures are not provided. One might
are also exceptions to the rules – for example, ethnic deduce this statement is likely given what we are told, but
minorities. A rule also allows couples without siblings to we are not told explicitly if this is true or false, therefore
have two children – a provision which applies to millions we cannot say.
of sibling-free adults now of child-bearing age.
5. Families with more than one child are more
1. China’s one-child policy increases the country’s
common in China’s rural areas.
wealth.
a. True
b. False
a. True c. Cannot Say
b. False
c. Cannot Say Answer: A. True - The fifth sentence tells us that “a
disparate ratio of males to females” is the result of “a
Answer: C. Cannot Say - The fourth sentence states that cultural preference for sons”. Whilst it might be impossible
the policy increases China’s per capita gross domestic to make assumptions about what each parent’s preference
product, however this is just one economic indicator and is is, the key word in the statement in “general” which
based on output per person. The passage does not tell us means we can look at the overall trend, in this case
if overall, the country as a whole has increased wealth due towards sons.
to the one child policy. Since the passage does not tell us
either way, we must respond Cannot Say. For number 6:
The Mojave Desert occupies portions of California,
2. The passage suggests that two-child families will Nevada, Utah and Arizona in the United States. The desert
dramatically increase, as sibling-free adults reach is named after the Mohave tribe of Native Americans, and
child-bearing age. it displays typical basin and range topography. The Mojave
Desert receives less than three hundred millimeters of rain
a year and is generally between 2000 and 5000 feet in
a. True elevation. The desert experiences temperature extremes
b. False at both ends of the spectrum depending on the season.
c. Cannot Say During winter temperatures may drop to around -18 °C at
higher elevations. During summer, the temperature may
Answer: B. False - The last sentence merely presents the rise to over 49 °C, making it the hottest place in the
fact that millions of sibling-free couples are able to have United States.
two children, and does not speculate as to the implications
6. How much rain falls in the Mojave Desert per
3. The main criticism of China’s one-child policy is
year?
that it violates human rights.
a. 300 mm
 b. 30 mm Correct answer: C - The passage states that stagflation
c. 330 mm occurs when “the inflation rate of a country’s currency
d. Cannot say slows down, and the unemployment rate remains steadily
high;” therefore this is the correct answer.
Correct answer: D - The passage does not state an exact
amount of rainfall, making this the correct answer. —-------------------------------------------------

For number 7: LOGICAL REASONING

The Japanese asset price bubble collapse lead to the
economic period known as “the lost decade” in Japan from Choose the figure that best fits the question mark in each
1991 to 2000. During the 1970s and 1980s Japan’s item.
economic growth was particularly strong; fuelling
speculation that Japan would rise, effectively, to
superpower status. However, abnormalities within the
Japanese economic system fuelled massive amounts of
speculation from Japanese firms. High property prices
combined with low interest rates lead to large amounts of
borrowing and heavy investment in domestic and foreign
stock. However, the finance ministry realized this was an
asset bubble, and subsequently raised interest rates,
which in turn caused a crash in the stock market, leading 1.
to the bursting of the Japanese asset price bubble.

7. What economic conditions caused the large

amounts of borrowing in Japan?
a. High interest rates, low property prices a.
b. High interest rates, high property prices
c. Low Interest rates, low property prices.
a. Low interest rates, high property prices

Correct answer: D - The passage states low interest rates b.

and high property prices lead to large amounts of
borrowing and heavy investment; therefore, this answer is
the correct answer.

For number 57: c.

Stagflation (portmanteau of stagnation and inflation) is a
situation in which the inflation rate of a country’s currency
slows down, and the unemployment rate remains steadily
high. It causes a dilemma with regards to public policy
since actions designed to lower inflation may exacerbate d.
unemployment and vice versa. One measure of ANSWER: C
stagflation, termed the misery index (addition of inflation
rate to unemployment rate) has been used to assess
levels of stagflation, and was even used to swing
presidential elections in the United States in 1976 and
1980.

8. What conditions lead to stagflation?

a. High unemployment, high inflation
2.
b. Low unemployment, low inflation
c. High unemployment, low inflation
d. Low unemployment, high inflation
 a. a.

b. b.

c.
c.

d.
ANSWER: C d.
ANSWER: A

3. 5.

a. a.

b. b.

c. c.

d.
d.
ANSWER: B
ANSWER: D

4.

6.
 a.

7.

b.

a.

c.

b.

d.
ANSWER: C

c.

d.
ANSWER: A
 ABSTRACT REASONING
1. Choose the image that completes the pattern. squares gets larger by one, (the number of blue squares
decreases by one). Throughout the matrix, the middle
square (in every frame) is yellow.

We can eliminate answer choice 2, because it does not

contain a yellow square.

Across the bottom row, we have one blue square and

three white squares. In the left frame, the blue square is
to the left. In the middle frame the shape rotates 90°
(turns ¼ circle) and the blue square is now at the top. In
ANSWER: 5
the missing frame, the shape should again rotate 90°
Explanation: There are two rules in this set:
putting the blue square to the right. We can further
eliminate answer choices 1 and 3, because the blue
The first rule is that there is a shape in the top left corner
square is not at the right. We can also eliminate answer
of the frame and in the bottom left-hand corner
choice 4, because it does not contain a blue square.
alternately. There is a shape in the top right corner of the
frame and in the bottom right corner alternately. This rule
We are left with answer choice 5, which is the correct
creates a wave-like pattern of shapes if you look at the
answer.
sequence of frames. This rule already disqualifies answers
1 and 2.
3. What figure on the right replaces the question
mark on the left?
The second rule concerns the shapes in the upper part of
the frames only (the shapes in the bottom are only
distracters and do not follow a distinct rule). You can see
that every two frames, the number of sides (of the shape)
decreases by one (a pentagon, a square and a triangle).
When the shape is in the right side of the frame, it will be
duplicated in the left side of the next frame, and be
replaced in the following frame.

Therefore, the correct answer is 5, as the triangle is Answer: R2 C3

duplicated in the right place. Answer 4 may be distracting
as a triangle is present, but not in the right place.

2. Choose the image that completes the pattern.

Explanation:
Rule 1: From left to right, the total number of shapes in
the first and second box is equal to the total number of
shapes in the third box.

Rule 2: From left to right, the total number of shaded

shapes increases by one each time.

4. What figure on the right replaces the question

Answer: 5 mark on the left?
Explanation: Across a row, the shape rotates 90° (turns
¼ circle) clockwise. Down a column, the number of white
 Rule 2:From top to bottom, the hand on the right rotates
90 ̊ counterclockwise each time. This pattern continues
onto the next column.

6. Complete the sequence

Answer: R2 C4

Explanation: Answer: B
Rule 1: From top to bottom, the shaded segment of the Explanation: Each tile contains 2 overlapping shapes, 1
pentagon moves one place clockwise each time. This larger than the other. As the 2 shapes overlap a new,
pattern continues onto the next column. smaller shape if created inside the first large shape. The
large shape in the following tile corresponds directly with
Rule 2: From left to right, the shaded segment of the this new shape that was created. When the shapes
circle moves one place counterclockwise each time. This overlap the largest bisection is always within the biggest
pattern continues onto the next row. shape.

5. What figure on the right replaces the question 7. Which figure is the odd one out?
mark on the left?

Answer: R2 C4

Answer: C
Explanation: Figure C is the odd one out. It is the only
figure which does not contain one of
each of the sets of shapes, the second and fifth are
Explanation: identical.
Rule 1: From left to right, the hand on the left rotates 45 ̊
clockwise each time. This pattern continues onto the next 8. Which figure completes the grid?
row.
 Answer: D
Explanation: ’U’ shape rotates by 90 degrees with each
Answer: C
turn. Circle changes position in the ’U’ shape as it appears
Explanation: The halves of the grid are mirror images in
in each segment with each turn. Triangle appears in same
the vertical plane
position within the ‘U’ shape on each alternate turn. So
the correct answer is D
9. Which figure completes the statement?
12. Look at the two sets of shapes. Then determine
whether a test shape belongs in Set A, Set B or
neither.

Answer: B
Explanation: The whole figure is rotated through 90
degrees anticlockwise. Option B is the
correct answer.

10. Which figure completes the statement?

Answer: D
Explanation: This transformation follows three rules
depending on the colour of the squares on each end of
the three lines. If both squares are white, they are
removed. If both squares are black, they become white. If
there is a black and a white square, then both
squares become black.

11. Which box follows the sequence?

Answer: A
Explanation:
Set A: If the arrow points upwards, it crosses only the
square. If it points to any other direction it crosses both
the square and the triangle.
Set B: One type of shape (triangle, arrow, etc.) appears 3
times.

The test shape belongs to set A, since the arrow points

upwards and crosses the square.

13.

Answer: < < < >

Explanation: Each cell contains four arrowheads, some
pointing left, and some pointing right. The last cell in each
row is a combination of the first two arrowhead of the first
cell, then the last two arrowhead of the middle cell. So, if
we look at our top row, the first two arrowheads in first
cell are < < and the last two arrowheads of middle cell
Answer: are < >. If we combine them, we get < < < >.

15. The Original Figures on the left go through a

manufacturing process that, by pressing the
buttons in the middle, produces the Final Figures
on the left. Find out the final figures for the
question box below.

Explanation: The relationship between figure X and

figure Y is as follows:

Figure Y represents figure X with:

1) The dotted section becoming white, and
2) The white section becoming shaded
Answer:
The correct answer must have the same relationship with
figure Z.

Answer 2 can be eliminated as the blank section remains

blank, and the dotted section becomes shaded instead of
becoming blank.
Answer 3 can be eliminated as the dotted section remains
dotted.
Answer 4 can be eliminated as the blank section becomes
dotted instead of becoming shaded, and the dotted
section becomes shaded instead of becoming blank.
Answer 5 can be eliminated as the blank section becomes
dotted instead of shaded. Explanation:
The first thing that has to be done is to find what buttons
1, 3 and 5 do.
We are left with answer 1, which is the correct answer, as
From the first line, we see that the original figure (the
it portrays figure Z while the blank section becomes
three shapes to the left) goes through two
shaded and the dotted section becomes blank.
transformations to form the figure on the right: (i) a
14. Supply the missing question mark.
change in the shapes (square to circle, or circle to
square); and (ii) a change in colours (black to white, or
vice versa). Two buttons are active in this line (1 and 2);
however, we still don’t know which one changes the
shape, or which one changes the colour.

The second line also shows a figure that swaps the colour
of its three shapes, but there is no change in those
shapes. This time, buttons 2, 3 and 4 are ‘active’ – so,
button 2 (the only common ‘active’ button with line 1)
must be the one that swaps colours; and we can now
deduce that it is button 1 that changes (or toggles) the
shapes. Buttons 3 and 4 must, then, be the ones that
modify the horizontal and vertical lines, so we will need to
refer to the third line to work out their individual
functions.
In line three, because buttons 1 and 2 are ‘inactive’, we
know that there will be no transformation of colour or
shape. Buttons 4 and 5 are ‘active’, and we can see that
the right figure has been made smaller and a vertical line
removed. Line 3 shares only one active button with line 2
(i.e. button 4), and there is only one common
transformation between these lines: the vertical line has
been switched ‘on’ or ‘off’. Therefore, button 4 is a vertical
line toggle switch, which means (from the previous line)
that button 3 must be the on/off toggle for horizontal
lines. Button 5, therefore, can only be for changing (or
toggling) the size of the shapes in the figure (from big to
small, or vice versa).
We can now summarise the button functions thus:
● Button 1 – toggles the shapes within the figure
(squares to circles, and vice versa)
● Button 3 – toggles the horizontal lines on or off
● Button 5 – toggles the size (big or small) of the
shapes within the figure.

Now, we can apply those button functions to our question

line:
● Button 1 – will change the figure to a circle and a
square.
● Button 3 – will add a horizontal line to all shapes
in the figure.
● Button 5 – will toggle the shape sizes – the first
from big to small, and the second from small to
big.
 MATHEMATICS
COMMON NUMERICAL PROBLEMS b. 48
c. 54
d. 32
1. Factor: a3 – 27
e. None of the above
a. (a – 3)3
b. (a + 3)(a – 3) 7. The ratio of votes for Raf to votes for Jayson in an
c. (a2 – 9)(a + 3)
election is 13:5. There were a total of 1,530 votes.
d. (a – 3)(a2 + 3a + 9)
How many people voted for Jayson?
e. None of the above
a. 1105
2. The sum of the digits of a three-digit number is b. 680
12. The tens digit is two more than the ones digit. c. 425
The hundreds digit is five less than three times d. 85
the ones digit. What is the number? e. None of the above
a. 642
b. 453 8. The sum of three positive consecutive integers is
c. 831 less than 346. What pair of numbers has the
d. 660 greatest sum?
e. None of the above a. 111, 112, 113
b. 103, 104, 105
c. 114, 115, 116
3. If Cyril were three times as old as he was five
d. 115, 116, 117
years ago, he will be sixty less than six times his
e. None of the above
current age. How old is Cyril?
a. 60 9. Simon is nine years older than Jairus. Simon is
b. 30 four times as old as Joter was three years ago.
c. 25
Joter is eighteen years younger than Marshall.
d. 15
How old is Jairus?
e. None of the above
a. 10
4. The Daily Bugle offers advertisement space at P98 b. 12
a page printed in colored. How many pages c. 19
would P2,450 buy? d. 28
a. 35 e. None of the above
b. 30
c. 25 10. Emarlu played a few games of bowling. In the
d. 20 third game he scored 80 more than in the second
e. None of the above game. In the first game he scored 110 less than in
the third game. His total score for the first two
5. How much water should be added to one liter of
games was 208. If he wants an average score of
pure alcohol to make a mixture of 50% alcohol?
146, what must he score in the fourth game?
a. 1 liter
b. b. 2 liters a. 89
c. c. 1.5 liters b. 119
d. 0.5 liters c. 177
e. None of the above d. 199
e. None of the above
6. Sixty-three more than four-fifths of a number
11. Evaluate: 1 + 16 ÷ 2 • 8 – 10
equals 111. What is the number?
a. –8
a. 60
b. 8
 c. 53 Rate Time Distance
d. 0 Miguel 60 t m (minutes) 900 meters
e. None of the above meters/minu
te
Paolo 100 t p (minutes) 900 meters
Work and Distance Problems meters/minu
te
12. Two passenger buses left the bus terminal at the Set out the equation and solve:
same time in opposite directions. The first bus is a. Look first for the time each took to reach
traveling at 325 kph and the other at 275 kph. their destination.
How long will it take for the buses to be 2,700 Miguel: Paolo:
kilometers apart? Distance = Distance = Paolo’s
a. 4 hours Miguel’s Rate x Rate x Paolo’s
b. 270 minutes Miguel’s Time Time
c. 5 hours 900=60 ×t m 900=100 ×t p
d. 4.5 minutes 900 900
e. None of the above =t m =t
60 100 m
15 minutes=t m 9 minutes=t m
Explanation:
Working Equation: Distance = Rate x Time b. Note that Miguel went ahead and was 10
Set up the table: minutes earlier than Paolo. After 10
Rate Time Distance minutes of walking, when Paolo just
First Bus 325 km/hour t 325t started walking, Miguel now only needs
Second 275 km/hour t 275t another 5 minutes to reach their campus.
Bus After another 5 minutes of walking, Miguel
Set out the equation and solve: already reached the campus while Paolo
Distance of First bus from origin + Distance of still needed another 4 minutes or 240
Second bus from origin = 2700 seconds of walking time to reach this
325t + 275t = 2700 destination. Hence, Miguel is 240
600t = 2700 seconds earlier than Paolo.
t = 4.5 hours

14. Coming from his house, a cyclist travels north and

13. Miguel leaves home and walks to campus at a rate covers a distance of 34 km in 2.5 hours. The
of 60 meters per minute. Ten minutes later, his cyclist then returns to his house with a busted tire
brother Paolo leaves home and walks at a faster at a rate of 8.5kph but stopped for 30 minutes in
pace of 100 meters per minute. If the school is a tire repair shop along his route. How many
900 meters away, who reaches the school earlier, minutes were he out of his house?
and by how many minutes is he earlier than his a. 50
brother? b. 250
a. Miguel, 220 c. 300
b. Paolo, 220 d. 500
c. Miguel, 240 e. None of the above
d. Paolo, 240
e. None of the above

Explanation: Explanation:
Working Equation: Distance = Rate x Time Working Equation: Distance = Rate x Time
Set up the table: Set up the table:
 Rate Time Distance Plug in these values in our working equation
Northbound 34 km/2.5 2.5 34km and solve for the missing value x.
hours or 13.6 hours
1 1 1 1
km/hour + + =
Return trip 8.5 km/hour t hours 34km 4 12 x 2
(3+1) 1 1
+ =
Set up the equation and solve: 12 x 2
We look first for the time he took for the return trip. 4 1 1
Distance of the return trip + =
Time of the return trip= 12 x 2
Rate of the return trip 1 1 1
34 + =
¿ 3 x 2
8.5 1 1 1
¿ 4 hours = −
x 2 3
Note that the cyclist stopped for 30 minutes during
his return trip in a tire repair shop. 1 (3−2)
=
Time that he is out of his house=Northbound trip+ Return trip+ Stop Time x 6
¿ 2.5 hours+ 4 hours+30 minutes 1 1
=
¿ 2.5 hours+ 4 hours+0.5 hours x 6
¿ 5 hours∨300 minutes x=6 days

15. Romel, Ronel, and Rona were tasked to create a

publication material for the upcoming election-
related awareness campaign of their law firm. The Percentage problems
three, together, can finish the publication in just 2
days. Romel can complete the same task alone in 1
16. Evaluate: × 8 % ×0.80
just 4 days while Edward can do it alone in 12 8
days. How long would it take for Rona to a. 8.0 x 10 ❑
−3

complete the same task all by herself? −4

b. 8.0 x 10 ❑
a. 4 days 3
b. 6 days c. 8.0 x 10 ❑
4
c. 8 days d. 8.0 x 10 ❑
d. 10 days e. None of the above
e. None of the above

Explanation: You can use the formula for Tip: Convert all terms in the expression into
work problems. a single form, preferably either into the form
1 1 1 1 1 of the given choices or a form that would be
+ + +...+ =
w1 w2 w 3 wn wt easier for you to solve.

Assign the values from our problem.

1
Explanation: × 8 % ×0.80 can be
Romel = w 1= 4 days 8
Ronel = w 2=¿ 12 days rewritten as 0.125 ×0.08 × 0.80
1
Rona = w 3= x days (missing value) since = 0.125 and 8% equals 0.08.
8
All three together = w t = 2 days
0.125 ×0.08 × 0.80 = 0.008 or 8.0 x 10 ❑−3
 b. Quantity II is greater.
c. The two quantities are equal
d. The relationship cannot be determined
due to insufficient information.
17. A certain liquid X makes up 8 percent of solution A e. None of the above
and 18 percent of solution B. If 3 grams of Explanation:
solution A are mixed with 7 grams of solution S,
then liquid X accounts for what percent of the To compare the two quantities, we need to look
weight of the resulting solution? first for their values. Quantity II is already
a. 10% explicitly stated.
b. 13%
c. 15% For Quantity I,
d. 19%
e. 26% Working equation:
part
percent=
Solution: whole

Let y be the a. Set up the table of our facts.

Percent of Liquid C∈Resulting Solution.
Real estate Real estate Assessed
tax (%) tax (value) value of land
Equations for the resulting solution would be:
10 y=3 grams(Percent of Liquid C∈ Solution A )+7 grams( Percent of A%
Liquid C ∈Solution
2,500 B) 125,000

A% x 160,000
Now, find the value of y.
10 y=3(8 %)+7(18 % )
b. Solve for A%
10 y=3(0.08)+7 (0.18)
part
10 y=0.24 +1.26 percent=
whole
10 y=1.5
2,500
y=0.15∨15 % A %= =0.02∨2 %
125,000

c. Solve for the missing value for the real state tax
Money, Cost, Profit problems
or the part (x).
part
18. In 2012, the real estate tax on a land in the percent=
province of Nueva Caceres was A percent of the
whole
assessed value of the land, where A is a constant. part
0.02=
The real estate tax in 2012 on a land in Nueva 160,000
Scotia that had an assessed value of Php 125,000 0.02(160,000)= part
was Php 2,500. 3200=part

Compare the two quantities. We now have the value for both quantities.
I. The real estate tax in 2012 on a home in Comparing them we have, Quantity I (Php 3,200)
Nueva Caceres that had an assessed > Quantity II (Php 3,000).
value of Php 160,000.
II. Php 3,000 Age Problem

a. Quantity I is greater.
19. Vina, Ivan’s sister, is 4 times older than Ivan. Ivan Missing value in the problem: age of Vina
is twice as old as his brother Ian. In five years, three years ago
the sum of the ages of the three siblings is 70.
(Age of Vina three years ago) = (Current age
What is the age of Vina three years ago? of Vina) - 3
a. 33 Age of Vina three years ago = 8x - 3
b. 34 Age of Vina three years ago = 8(5) - 3
c. 35 Age of Vina three years ago = 37
d. 36
e. 37
Consecutive Integer Problem
Explanation:
Assign values for each variable 20. There are three consecutive even positive
Let x = Ian’s age integers. The sum of the least and the middle
2x = Ivan’s age (since he’s currently integers is 98. Find the value of the greatest
twice as old as his brother Ian) integer of the three.
4(2x) = 8x = Vina’s age (since she is 4
times older than Ivan) a. 48
b. 50
Set-up the table comparing their current age c. 52
and their age in 5 years. d. 54
e. 56

Current Age Age in 5

years Explanation:

Ian x x+5 Determine first the nature of the three

consecutive numbers
Ivan 2x 2x + 5
a. Even - multiples of 2 so you can use
Vina 8x 8x + 5 the term 2x instead of just x for the
first of the three consecutive natural
numbers
Set-up the equation given in the problem
b. Natural Numbers - (1,2,3,4,...)
using the values in the table.

(In five years, the sum of the ages of the three siblings is 70) Examples would be 2, 4, and 6.
(Ian’s age in 5 years) + (Ivan’s age in 5 years)
+ (Vina’s age in 5 years) = 70 Assign the terms for your three consecutive
(x+5) + (2x+5) + (8x+5) = 70 numbers
First Number = 2x
(Combine all like terms (i.e. all x’s, all constants) together)
Second Number = 2x + 2
11x + 15 = 70 Third Number = 2x + 4
11x = 70 - 15
11x = 55 We used (+2) and (+4) for the second and
x=5 third numbers respectively to reflect the
numbers being even, consecutive, and
Now that you have the value for x, input the natural.
value in your expression to determine the
missing value. Set-up the equation
 (Sum of the least and the middle natural number is 98) Number of favorable outcomes
P( E)=
Total number of possible outcomes
(Least or First) + (Middle or Second) = 98
50 25
(2x) + (2x+2) = 98 P( E)= ∨
52 26
(4x +2) = 98
4x = 98 -2
4x = 96
22. Alec has a study box full of colored notebooks. He
x = 96 / 4 has 6 blue notebooks, 4 purple notebooks, 3 red
x = 24 notebooks, and 5 green notebooks, randomly
arranged inside his box. He needs to return these
Now that you have the value for x, input the notebooks back to his friend’s house by 4:00 PM
value in your expression to determine the to make sure that he won’t be scolded for being
missing value. late. Every minute past the 4:00PM mark that he
is not able to return the notebooks, diminishes the
Missing value: greatest natural number of probability of him not being scolded for being late
the three or the third number by 0.75%.
2x + 4 = 2(24) + 4 = 48 +4 = 52
I. What is the probability that Alec will
choose a red notebook?
Probability/Combinatorics problems a. 16.666…%
b. 14.2929…%
21. What is the probability of not drawing a red queen c. 12.5%
from an ordinary deck of cards? d. 11.111…%
a. 1/52 e. None of the above
b. 1/26
c. 25/52 Explanation:
d. 25/26
Working equation:
e. None of the above
Number of favorable outcomes
P( E)=
Explanation: Total number of possible outcomes

Ordinary deck of cards has 52 cards with 4 suits: Favorable Outcomes: 3 red notebooks
spades, clubs, hearts, and diamonds. Total number of possible outcomes: 6 blue
notebooks + 4 purple notebooks + 3 red
Working equation: notebooks + 5 green notebooks = 18
Probability that Alec picks a red notebook =
Number of favorable outcomes
P(E)= 3 1
Total number of possible outcomes = ∨16.666... %
18 6
Substitute the values:
Favorable outcomes are those that are not red
I. What is the probability that Alec will
queens and there are two possible red queens
choose a notebook that is not colored
(queen of hearts and queen of diamonds).
blue and that he will be scolded if he was
Number of favorable outcomes = Total number of
able to return the notebooks by 5:02 PM?
possible outcomes - 2
Number of favorable outcomes = 52 - 2 = 50
a. 35.6%
b. 53.5%
 c. 66.7%
d. 87.5% Substituting the values for P 2 and P 1 in our main
e. 88.9% equation, we get:
f. None of the above P(E)=P1 × P2
P( E)=0.666× 0.535
Explanation:
The two events (choosing a notebook that is not P( E)=0.35631∨35.631 %
colored blue and being scolded if he was able to
return the notebooks by 5:02PM) are two
unrelated events.
23. The 2022 Philippine General Election is scheduled
Working equation for probability of multiple on May 9. Six (6) candidates are vying for both
unrelated events: the positions of president and vice president. How
many different combinations can the 6 candidates
P(E)=P1 × P2 ×... × Pn , where nis thetotal number of unrelated eventsfill the two positions?
a. 20
Working equation for probability that an event will b. 35
not occur: c. 30
P(E)=1− probability that the event will occur d. 35
e. None of the above
Assign and substitute the values into the working
equation. Explanation:

P1= probability of choosing a notebook that isnot colored blueTip: We use the permutation formula because
P2= probability that he will be scolded since he was only able order is important. The six candidates are only
allowed to be assigned to two positions.
¿ return the notebooks by 5 :02 PM
Permutation formula:
For P1 , n!
No. of favorable outcomes = Not colored blue = 4 ❑n Pr = , where n = total number of
(n−r )!
purple notebooks + 3 red notebooks + 5 green
objects and r = number of objects being selected.
notebooks = 12
Total number of possible outcomes = 6 + 4 + 3 + 5
We then substitute the values in our working
= 18
equation.
Number of favorable outcomes
P1= 6!
Total number of possible outcomes ❑6 P2 =
(6−2)!
12 2
P1= ∨ ∨66.666 ...% 6 × 5× 4 × 3 ×2 ×1
18 3 ❑6 P2 =
4 ×3 × 2× 1
For P2 ,
720
❑6 P2 = =30
Note that 5:02 PM is already 62 minutes past the
24
4:00PM mark so he was able to incur a deduction
of (62 minutes× 0.75 % ¿ or 46.5% in his
chances of not being scolded. Data Interpretation

P2=1−probability that he will not be scolded

P2=1−0.465
P2=0.535∨53.5 %
 To beat the numbers of Rodel, Maring needs a
total of 6,665,000 + 1 = 6,665,001 votes from
Gracia to be allotted to her instead.

The chart shows the number of votes received by the 5

candidates for the position of President during the 2016
National General Election.

24. If there were a total of 43,000,000 registered

voters during the election, how many voted for 26. In Game 5 of the 2021 NBA Finals between the
Joji? Phoenix Suns and Milwaukee Bucks, the Suns
a. 5,418,000 were able to overtake the Bucks for the lead at
b. 5,814,000 the end of which quarter?
c. 5,148,000 a. Second Quarter
d. 5,814,000 b. Third Quarter
e. None of the above c. Fourth Quarter
d. Cannot be determined due to insufficient
Explanation: information.
Joji’s vote share = 12.6% e. None of the above.
12.6% of the total registered votes = 12.6% of
43,000,000 = 0.126 x 43,000,000 = 5,418,000 Explanation: There is no information given
for Game 5 of the 2021 NBA Finals. The
25. For Maring to beat the number of votes for Rodel, graph only provides data for Game 6 of the
how many votes from Gracia should be allotted to 2021 NBA Finals.
Maring instead?
a. 6,566,001 27. Based on the graph, the Bucks were able to tie
b. 6,566,000 the game at the end of which quarter?
c. 6,665,001 a. Second Quarter
d. 6,665,000 b. Third Quarter
e. None of the above c. Fourth Quarter
d. Cannot be determined due to insufficient
Explanation:
information.
Difference of votes between Maring and Rodel =
e. None of the above.
38.8% - 23.3%
= 15.5% of the total casted votes
= 6,665,000 votes (this number will tie the results
between Maring and Rodel) Explanation: The two lines representing the
scores of Suns and Bucks met at a single
point at the end of the third quarter indicating
 that they have the same score at the end of
that quarter.

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
1. Who was the Vice President of Carlos P. Garcia? d. Jose Diokno
a. Elpidio Quirino
b. Ramon Magsaysay 8. What type of race is the Tour de France?
c. Fernando Lopez a. Bicycle
d. Diosdado Macapagal b. Sports Car
c. Swimming
2. Who was the co-host of Solita “Winnie” Monsod in d. Marathon
the TV show “Debate with Mare and Pare” on 9. Which nation switched from the Central Powers to
GMA? the Allies during WW1?
a. Ernesto Pernia a. Greece
b. Oscar Orbos b. Italy
c. Edcel Lagman c. Serbia
d. Mike Enriquez d. Bulgaria

3. What is the Capital of Brazil? 10. Who named the Philippines “Las Islas Filipinas” in
a. Brasilia honor of Philip II of Spain?
b. São Paolo a. Ferdinand Magellan
c. Rio de Janeiro b. Hernan Cortes
d. Recife c. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
d. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
4. Who sculpted the Renaissance masterpiece
“David” 11. Who was the first head of the United Nations
a. Leonardo Da Vinci Population Fund and dubbed “Mr. Population”?
b. Michaelangelo a. Ernesto Pernia
c. Raphael b. Cesar Virata
d. Sandro Botticelli c. Rafael Salas
d. Raul Manglapus
5. Who was U.S. President forced to resign because
of the Watergate scandal 12. Who was the last presidential candidate fielded by
a. Richard Nixon Aksyon Demokratiko before Isko Moreno?
b. Gerald Ford a. Claro Recto
c. Franklin Roosevelt b. Fidel Ramos
d. Henry Kissinger c. Raul Roco
d. Gibo Teodoro
6. What is the national sport of the Philippines?
a. Chinese Garter 13. What is the most widely spoken language
b. Basketball constructed by one person intended to become a
c. Arnis universal language?
d. Billiards a. Esperanto
b. Klingon
7. Who is the only person to have topped both the c. Elvish
Philippine Bar Examination and the Board Exam d. Española
for CPAs?
a. Florenz Regalado 14. What is the longest mountain range in the
b. Benjamin Diokno Philippines?
c. Fernando Amorsolo a. Sierra Madre
 b. Sierra Leone
c. Cordillera
d. Siera Padre

15. Who was the last ruler of Tondo before Spanish

rule?
a. Datu Sikatuna
b. Lapu-lapu
c. Lakandula
d. Rajah Sulayman