- The receiver gets the message.

ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT CM1 -The receiver decodes or interprets the message
NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION based on the context.
Fundamentals of Communication -The receiver sends or provides feedback

Communication is a process of sharing and Elements of Communication

conveying messages or information from one person 1. Sender/Speaker – the source of information or
to another within and across channels, contexts, message
media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014). It is a 2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts
process of creating, interpreting, and negotiating conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions
meaning that can be varying forms as mentioned 3. Encoding – the process of converting the
about, but always a learned behavior. message into words, actions, or other forms that
Communication can be defined as “purposefully and the speaker understands
actively exchanging information between two or 4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as
more people to convey or receive the intended personal or non-personal, verbal or non-verbal, in
meanings through a shared system of signs and which the encoded message is conveyed
(symbols)” 5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the
The word “communication” is descended from the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
Latin noun communicatio, which meant a sharing 6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or
or imparting. Its root senses have to do with change, someone who decodes the message
exchange, and goods possessed by more than one 7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or
person; the Latin verb communicare means to information provided by the receiver
make common 8. Context – the environment where
communication takes place
Nature of Communication 9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of
communication
-Communication is a process.
-Communication involves two or more people Functions of Communication
(there must be sender/s and receiver/s).
-Communication can be in the system of written, 1. Control – Communication functions to control
spoken words, or non-verbal (actions or body behavior.
language), or a practice of both at the same time 2. Social Interaction – Communication allows
individuals to interact with others.
Process of Communication 3. Motivation – Communication motivates or
encourages people to live better.
-Since communication is a process, there are
4. Emotional expression – Communication
distinct steps that we follow to attain effective
facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and
delivering and processing of message or
emotions.
information. The steps are as follow:
5. Information dissemination – Communication
-The speaker generates an idea. functions to convey information.
-The speaker encodes an idea and converts the
idea into words or actions
-The speaker transmits or sends out a message
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 B. Communication Models they cannot do it simultaneously. A lived
communication is more fluid.
Majority of individuals are born with the capacity to
speak, to hear, and to see, still, we must learn how 3. Transactional Model The most dynamic
to communicate through codes, symbols, and communication model It describes communication
system language. This learned behavior then as a transaction.
becomes a collective practice in generating and
This model shift into referring people as
interpreting symbols. To be able to discuss further
communicators instead of sender and receiver.
these social cues and process of communicating,
This presents communication as a cooperative
there are communication models that have been
action wherein communicators are co-creators of
developed. Here are the three most well-known
models of communication. the process, outcome, and effectiveness of the
interaction placed. In addition, it also acknowledges
1.Linear Model Originally developed by Shannon & the uniqueness of each communicator’s field of
Weaver in 1948 Known as the mother of all experience, but thinks that there is still a shared or
communication models It describes communication common field of experience present. Let us say an
as a linear process. overlapping of culture, language, or environment.
This also recognized the interrelation within
messages. The transactional model forms the basis
for much communication theory because (1) people
are viewed as dynamic communicators rather than
simple senders or receivers, (2) there must be
Observing figure 1.1, communication follows a some overlap in fields of experience in order to
process of the sender transmitting a message build shared meaning, and (3) messages are
to the receiver. This message is carried in a interdependent (Corey, A. (n.a.) The Evolution of
channel as pathway or route of communication, Human Human Communication: From Theory to
however, obstacles amidst occurs at some point. Practice.)
This is the noise which refers to any interference or
distortion of message sent. C. Effective Communication Skills
This model is too simple that we can easier see its
More likely than not, communication skill has been
limitation. One, it assumes that communication
a challenging area to hone as communicators or
goes to only one direction. Meaning you can be a
simply as an individual. We sometimes find it hard
sender or receiver, but not both roles. Furthermore,
to put ourselves into words that people can
it depicts a limitation of providing one channel for
understand. We also encounter misunderstanding
one message. Finally, it shows a distinct beginning
because we have been misinterpreted on how we
and ending of communication without feedback that
delivered our words that comes with our intonation,
assures understanding of message or information.
pitch, stress, word junctures, and even body
2. Interactional Model It describes a dynamic language.
communication wherein it follows a two channel for
To address these concerns, Professors Broom,
communication and feedback to take place –
Cutlip, and Center (2012) pioneered a book entitled
ongoing process.
Effective Public relations that listed seven (7) Cs of
Field of Experience It refers to how environment, effective communication.
experiences, culture, and even heredity can
1. Completeness – This speaks to sending
influence how a sender constructs a message.
everything that the receiver needs to hear to be
Note that feedback signals comprehension. The
able to respond, react, evaluate, or simple provide
unique feature of this model is the field of
effective feedback
experience. Each person in a communication
2. Conciseness – Information or message sent
carrier different field of experience that makes all
must be direct or straight to the point. Those that
communication transaction unique. As good as
are insignificant or redundant must be kept aside.
both person here can act as sender and receiver,

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3. Consideration – The speaker must consider Communication is a process of sharing and
relevant information about the receiver such as his conveying messages or information from one
or her mood, background, race, preferences, person to another within and across channels,
education, status, needs, and others to fill the gap contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014).
and establish connection or rapport.
Cultural collision - a conflict arising from the
4. Concreteness – This refers to messages that
interaction of people with different cultural values.
are in line with facts, statistics, and real-life
examples and situations. This builds stronger (NOD) Origin: Indian subcontinent, Iran, most of
connection. Europe, Latin America, and North America Means:
5. Courtesy – A speaker must respect one’s YES Origin: Greece, Lebanon,
culture, values, beliefs, and others to assure Syria, Palestine, Turkey, Macedonia, Bulgaria, and
positive impact to audience as well as efficiency of Albania Means: NO
the purpose of interaction held.
6. Clearness – Using simple and specific words to (L hand sign): Origin: America, means: LOSER
express your ideas greatly helps to avoid confusion Origin: China, Means Eight Lucky Number
in decoding and interpreting of messages. The Developmental Model of Intercultural
7. Correctness – Precision of data and grammar Sensitivity
increases credibility and effectiveness of the
message portrayed. The Developmental Model of Intercultural
Sensitivity (DMIS) offers a structure that explores
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT CM2 how people experience cultural differences.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION According to Bennett and Bennett (2004), it has six
stages.
Intercultural communication happens when
individuals interact, negotiate, and create meanings Stage 1: Denial. The individual does not recognize
while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds cultural differences. “All cities are the same; they all
(Ting-Toomey, 1999). For some scholars, have tall buildings, fast food chains, and coffee
intercultural communication pertains to shops.”
communication among people from different Stage 2: Defense. The individual starts to
nationalities (Gudykunst, 2003). Still, others look at recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by
intercultural communication as communication that them, resulting in either a superior view on own
is influenced by different ethnicities, religions, culture or an unjustified high regard for the new
and sexual orientations. one. “This culture does not view life the way we do;
our culture is certainly better.” “Their ways are
Both interpretations show that intercultural better than my own; I wish I were one of them”
communication takes place when people draw from
their cultural identity to understand values, Stage 3: Minimization. Although individuals see
prejudices, language, attitudes, and relationships cultural differences, they bank more on the
(Gudykunst & Kim, 2003). Moreover, this facet of universality of ideas rather than on cultural
communication can also be seen as a bargained differences. “Once we see through the cultural
understanding of human experiences across differences, we really are just the same!”
diverse societies. Simply put, intercultural Stage 4: Acceptance. The individual begins to
communication is the sending and receiving of appreciate important cultural differences in
messages across languages and cultures. behaviors and eventually in values. “These people
Sometimes, intercultural communication can flow and I have different values and experiences, and I
smoothly and become very interesting for a cross- think we can learn from one another.”
cultural group. However, things may not go as
planned when communication is disrupted by Stage 5: Adaptation. The individual is very open to
cultural collisions. world views when accepting new perspectives. “To
address our issue, I have to adjust my approach to

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consider both my own and my counterpart’s his life. Attending classes, or meetings, making
background. presentations, participating in discussions and
arguments that equip him to communicate with
Stage 6: Integration. Individuals start to go beyond others in different contexts.
their own cultures and see themselves and their
actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints. “I TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
can look at things from the perspective of various
cultures.” 1. Intrapersonal – Communication centers on one
person where the speaker acts both as the sender
Characteristics of Competent Intercultural and the receiver of the message. “The message is
Communicators made up of your thoughts and feelings. The
channel is your brain, which processes what you
World Bank (2010) identifies the following traits
are thinking and feeling. There is feedback in the
that define a competent intercultural communicator.
sense that as you talk to yourself, you discard
1. flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of
certain ideas and replace them with others.’
uncertainty
(Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p. 16)
2. reflectiveness or mindfulness
2. Interpersonal – Communication between and
3. open-mindedness
among people and establishes personal
4. sensitivity
relationship between and among them. Solomon
5. adaptability
and Theiss (2013) state that “the inter part of the
6. ability to engage in divergent thinking (or thinking
word highlights how interpersonal communication
creatively) and systems-level thinking (or thinking
connects people… when you engage in
how each one in a system or organization
interpersonal communication, you and another
influences each other)
person become linked together… The personal part
7. Politeness
means that your unique qualities as a person
Note that in addition to culture, other elements matter during interpersonal communication…” (p. 5)
such as gender, age, social status, and religion
Types of Interpersonal Communication
must also be taken into consideration when
communicating with others. Refrain from a. Dyadic Communication - Communication that
showing bias when talking to someone by occurs between two people. One Speaker and one
following the tips below. Listener come together to exchange thoughts,
ideas, opinions, and information
1. Avoid stereotypes, i.e., generalizations about a
b. Small Group Communication - that involves at
certain group.
least three but no more than twelve people
2. Challenge gender norms; avoid using “he” and
engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a
“man” to refer to a general group of people. To
desired goal. In this type of communication, all
remedy this, you may use plural pronouns or
participants can freely share ideas in a loose and
rewrite a sentence to avoid using pronouns. The
open discussion.
use of his/her is also acceptable.
c. Public Communication - Communication that
3. Do not talk down on younger people and the
requires you to deliver or send the message before
elderly.
or in front of a group. The message can be driven
4. Be sensitive to the religious practices of others.
by informational or persuasive purposes.
5. Be polite at all times; do not belittle people you
d. Mass Communication - Communication that is
perceive to be on a lower social class than you.
carried out with the aid of mass media technology.
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT CM3 Mass media used to mean radio and television,
newspapers, magazines, books, billboards and with
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT AND STYLE the advent of the Internet and the worldwide web.
Speech context refers to the situation or Mass Communication now includes social media,
environment and the circumstances in which which allow everyone to have access on
communication occurs. Human, as a social being technology.
engages in various speaking activities throughout
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Context is critical, because it tells you, the receiver, ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT CM4
what importance to place on something, what
TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
assumptions to draw (or not) about what is being
communicated, and most importantly, it puts Speech acts are “utterances defined in terms of a
meaning into the message. The best thing about speaker's intention and the effect it has on a
context is that it deepens your understanding of the listener.
message so that true dialogue can take place Essentially, it is the action that the speaker hopes
to provoke in his or her audience. Speech acts
The Different Speech Styles might be requests, warnings, promises, apologies,
greetings, or any number of declarations. As you
According to Martin Joos (1976:156), speech
might imagine, speech acts are an important part of
style means the form of language that the speaker communication.” (Nordquist, 2019)
uses which characterized by the degree of
formality. He identified the styles, which he called You can ask yourself, “What do I want my words to
‘clocks,’ in five classes such as frozen style, formal do or achieve? What can my words do?”. Without
style, consultative style, casual style, and intimate speech acts, words are merely sounds that you
style. These five clocks are levels of formality in produce without any purpose of function. A speech
language use, which are determined by the act might contain just one word or several words or
situational context and degree of familiarity or sentences. For example, “Go!”and “Go! You can do
intimacy between the interlocutors. Each level it!” both show enthusiasm to motivate, regardless of
determines what kind of language is appropriate to the length of the statement.
use in a specific context.
There are three types of speech acts that we will be
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES focusing on: The Locutionary Act (Utterance),
Illocutionary Act (Intention), and Perlocutionary
1. Intimate – This style is private which occurs (Response).
between or among close family members or
individuals. The language used in this style may not TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
be shared in public.
2. Casual – This style is common among peers and We all know that speech context and speech styles
are just two parts of a communicative strategy. The
friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language
third prerequisite is the Speech Act. We know that
are used. we perform all sorts of 'speech acts' besides
3. Consultative – This style is the standard one. making
Professional or naturally acceptable language is a statements. These serve as vehicle for all sorts of
must in this style. Examples of situations are social activity. Speech acts include real-life
communication between teachers and students, interactions and require not only knowledge of the
employers and employees, doctor and patient, language but also
judge and lawyer, or President and his/her appropriate use of that language within a given
constituents. culture.
4. Formal – This style is used in formal settings.
Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way. 1. LOCUTIONARY ACT (UTTERANCE)
Examples are sermons by priests and ministers, This refers to the actual utterances of the speaker.
These are the words that have not been processed
State of the Nation Address of the President, formal
yet, and can accepted in the literal sense, prior to
speeches or pronouncements by judges.
the receiver’s processing. This answers the
5. Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and question, “What did the speaker say?”, and not
remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in “What does the speaker mean?”. At this point,
ceremonies. Common examples are the Preamble context is not yet present, and we take the linguistic
to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer and Allegiance to meaning of the sentence/ utterance. Think of the
the country or flag. locutionary act as the umbrella term wherein the
next two acts follow.

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Examples: Add more water.
Can I go to the comfort room? Does the flavor stand out?
Please do the dishes.
Can you pass the salt? C. COMMISSIVE
Take care. It is a type of illocutionary act which commits the
speaker to doing something in the future. Examples
2. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT (INTENTION) of a commissive act are promising, planning,
If we took everything that a person says literally, vowing, and betting.
understandings may most likely occur. This is why I promise to cook next time.
we have to understand the intention behind the We can learn to cook steak next time.
words of a speaker. Context will now come into From now on, I will learn to cook on my own.
play. Illocutionary act refers to the speaker's
intention of what is to be accomplished by the D. EXPRESSIVE
speech act. It is the social function of what was It is an act in which the speaker expresses his/her
said. The receiver now attempts to interpret the Feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples
locutionary act uttered. Observe the corresponding are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, deploring.
illocutionary acts to the previously mentioned Thank your cooking our food today.
locutionary act. I appreciate out time together.
I am sorry that I had to leave right after lunch.

E. DECLARATION
This act brings a change in the external situation.
Simply put, declarations bring into existence or
cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Some
examples of declarations are blessing, firing,
baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and
excommunicating.
This recipe will be handed down from one
generation to the next.
There are a multitude of possible intentions that a This is the best pasta I have tasted.
speaker can have. They can be summarized into You can now call yourself a pasta expert
five .
distinct categories: 3. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT (RESPONSE)
Speech acts are speakers’ utterances which
convey meaning and make listeners do specific This refers to the actions that result from the
things. locution or what we bring about or achieve by
saying something such as convincing, persuading,
TYPES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS: deterring or surprising. Simply put, it is the resulting
act of what was said. This effect is based on the
A. ASSERTIVE particular context in which the speech act was
The speaker expresses belief about the truth of a mentioned.
proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are
suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting,
and
concluding.
No one can cook pasta the way that I do.
We can fix your pasta by adding more salt. Remember: We can use different locution acts to
I think this is good enough. achieve the same illocutionary force or use one
B. DIRECTIVE locution for many different purposes. For instance,
It is an act in which the speaker tries to make the when you ask someone, “Do you have extra
addressee perform an action. Some examples are money?” The literal meaning
asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising and concerns the hearer having the extra money,
begging. whereas its illocution may be to request the hearer
Please add more salt. to give their extra money to you. If illocutions cause
THE BOOK LOUNGE PH | 6
the listeners to do something, they are perlocutions; 4. Topic Control- Focuses on a single idea at a
in this case, the hearer actually, gives you money. time; It is a barrier that limits the others jump to
another idea;
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT CM5 (Here is our agenda for today… Topic to be discuss
today is)
TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY
5. Topic Shifting- Skill to change the topic and
move to another one smoothly; Set a mood to
According to Peña and Anudin (2016)
change the topic once the participants grasp the
Communicative Strategies are the attempt by the
first idea before shifting to another one. (Let’s move
participants to interact in a communication activity
to another topic… In connection with that topic)
to express his/her ideas that minimize a breakdown
6. Repair- Clarification of the idea that not fully
in communication. acquire; It can be done by rephrasing the
construction of sentence to better understanding;
Miscommunication occurs when the speaker and
Asking if the participants get the idea that you are
listener cannot grasp each idea or cannot accept
explaining. (I mean… I have to clarify… For
each other opinion on a certain topic. This can be
clarification)
avoided with the use of Topic Management. In a
7. Termination- Skill to end the communication
dominant aspect, topic is largely a core of every
properly; Give a summary to the conversation. (In
communication. This develops both the participants
summary… To conclude this discussion… Let’s
to maintain the idea as a single concept and
end this discussion…)
convey a smooth and satisfying communication
experience.
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT CM6
Communicative Strategies are plans/ways/means FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING:
of sharing information which are adopted to achieve PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING
a particular social, political, psychological, or
linguistic purpose. Public speaking is the act of performing a speech
to a live audience in a structured manner, in order
There are 7 Communicative Strategies that this to inform, entertain and persuade them. There are
module would like to emphasis. These strategies are many aspects to public speaking, from picking a
nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic control, topic and writing a speech, to answering questions
topic shifting, repair and termination. from the audience.
Since engaging in conversation is also bound by
implicit rules, Cohen (1990) states that strategies Public speaking does not merely refer to, “speaking
must be used to start and maintain a conversation. in public”. As aforementioned, it is delivered in a
Knowing and applying grammar appropriately is one structured manner with a certain purpose, intended
of the most basic strategies to maintain a for a particular purpose. Therefore, it involves
conversation. The following are some strategies that preparation and a level of skill or even expertise.
people use when communicating.
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING Planning is
1. Nomination- The topic must be nominated or an essential element to achieve success any
identified; Know the background of the topic to be aspect of our lives. As they say, “When we fail to
discuss; (Let’s talk about… I would like to talk plan, we plan to fail. “The same is true for public
about… Do you know) … speaking. While speaking is ultimately the end goal
2. Restriction- The topic should be manageable or output, writing is the first step in planning to
and can limit participants’ idea; It should not be deliver an effective speech.
broad, but with specific concept, (Broad Idea:
COVID 19 Specific Idea: Ways to avoid COVID 19) SPEECH WRITING - This is the first step in
3. Turn-taking- Changes of speaker from one to planning a public speech-Involves a series of
another; Must know when is your time to speak and recursive steps, which are not linear or
to listen; Give and take process. (After he/she chronological.
speaks, then someone can agree or disagree to her
idea. OR He/She can insinuate other idea aside
from his/her.)

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1. CHOOSE A TOPIC & DTERMINING A degree program taken, nationality, economic
PURPOSE status, academic or corporate designations)
●“WHAT DO I WANT TO TALK ABOUT?” = TOPIC
●Sources: Personal experiences, life stories, free 2. Situation (time, venue, occasion, and
writing, listing, asking questions, or semantic size)
webbing.
●CHOOSE A NARROW/ SPECIFIC AND 3. Psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes,
FOCUSED TOPIC. preferences, cultural and racial ideologies, and
DETERMINE A PURPOSE needs)
●“WHAT DO I WANT TO ACHIEVE?” = PURPOSE
3. SOURCE THE INFORMATION
●Purposes: To inform, to entertain, to persuade/
convince • Also known as “data gathering”
●SET A CLEAR PURPOSE BEFORE WRITING
YOUR SPEECH • Information must be valid, credible,
Topical, chronological, spatial, problem-solution, accurate, and relevant
cause-effect, and Monroe's Motivated Sequence.
• SOURCES OF DATA: visiting the library,
WHAT ARE OTHER SPECIFIC PURPOSES IN browsing the web, observing a certain
SPEECH? phenomenon or event related to your topic,
1. An informative speech provides the audience or conducting an interview or survey.
with a clear understanding of the concept or idea
presented by the speaker. 4. OUTLINE AND ORGANIZE THE SPEECH
2. An entertainment speech provides the CONTENT
audience with amusement. • An outline is a hierarchical list that shows
3. A persuasive speech provides the audience
the relationship of your ideas.
with well-argued ideas that can influence their own
beliefs and decisions. • helps you see that all the ideas are in line
It is crucial to identify the purpose prior to writing with your main idea or message
and delivering a speech, as it is an indicator
whether or not the engagement with your audience • Serve as the speaker’s “script” or guide to
was successful. assure that every detail was covered.

2. ANALYZE THE AUDIENCE ELEMENTS:

Your audience is an important component or Introduction- the foundation of your speech. The
element in your speech. It is for them that you will goal is to get the attention of your audience and
write/deliver the speech, and it is through their present the subject or main idea of your speech
response or feedback that you can determine if Body- provides explanations, examples, or any
your speech was successful. Therefore, it is helpful details that can help you deliver your purpose and
and necessary to keep them in mind as you explain the main idea of your speech.
prepare for your speech. Simply put, your speech
must cater to your intended audience. Conclusion- conclusion restates the main idea of
your speech. Furthermore, it provides a summary,
• CATER YOUR SPEECH TO FIT YOUR emphasizes the message, and calls for action.
INTENDED AUDIENCE.
5. Editing/Revising or Proofreading your written
• POSSIBLE AUDIENCE: GENERAL speech involves correcting errors in mechanics,
PUBLIC, STUDENTS, MALE, FEMALE, such as grammar, punctuation, capitalization, unity,
ADULTS, CHILDREN, ETC. coherence, and others. Andrew Dlugan (2013), an
• CONDUCT AN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS: award-winning public speaker, lists six power
principles for speech editing.
1. Demography (age range, male-female
ratio, educational background and affiliations or

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Double check for errors in mechanics, such as -It conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly,
grammar, punctuation, capitalization, unity, interestingly, and without distracting the audience
coherence, and others.
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
EDIT FOR CONTINUITY: “The speech was too
difficult to follow; I was lost in the middle.” Another component to remember aside from
speech writing is the speech delivery. Once you are
VARIETY: “I didn’t enjoy the speech because it was done creating your speech through writing you
boring.” need to equip yourself to practicing.
IMPACT: “There’s nothing really special about the 1. Using your voice - Impact of the voice on the
speech.” word/phrase/ sentence that you need to
emphasize. -
6. REHEARSE!
Know how to modulate your voice
Identify the strengths and point of improvement in
Example/Tip: -Strong voice when you feel a strong
your written speech and delivery
emotion such as angry/injustice or you can use soft
STRATEGIES include: reading your speech aloud, voice when you feel a comforting emotion such as
recording for your own analysis or for your peers or intimacy/begging.-Modulation is the control of the
coaches to give feedback on your delivery. voice of the speaker depending on the required by
the speech and audience.
GUIDELINES IN SPEECH WRITING:
2. Stage Presence - Presenting yourself properly
1. Keep your words short and simple. Your speech to the audience. That includes appropriate clothes,
is meant to be heard by your audience, not read. language, and behavior.
2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words Example/Tip: -The speaker must know of the
because they can confuse your audience. event of the speech categorized as formal or
3. Make your speech more personal. Use the informal. -Know the location of the speech being
personal pronoun “I,” but take care not to overuse held to adjust yourself.
it. When you need to emphasize collectiveness with 3. Rapport to the Audience
your audience, use the personal pronoun “we.”
-The skill to establish connection and
4. Use active verbs and contractions because they understanding with your audience; -Governing what
add to the personal and conversational tone of your they should listen to your speech from start to
speech. finish; -There are three parts of building rapport to
5. be sensitive of your audience. Be very careful the audience. These are (a)Establishing Credibility,
with your language, jokes, and nonverbal cues. (b) Affirming the Audience, and (c) Showing
Humility.
6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech to
effectively convey your point. Example/Tip: -Knowing your audience preference
and needs are a must; -You need to open their
7. Manage your time well; make sure that the minds on the idea that you want to share;
speech falls under the time limit.

ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT CM7 (a) In Establishing Credibility–the audience are

keen to know if you know your material or bluffing
SPEECH DELIVERY - is the presentation of the around. They need to see evidence that support
speech you have researched, organized, outlined, your claims, while in
and practiced. (b) Affirming Audience–acknowledging their
presence through asking question or an interactive
Effective Speech delivery is important because: game, and lastly,
-It communicates your confidence and (c) Showing Humility–being humble in your
preparedness to your audience. speech is another way to gather rapport from your
THE BOOK LOUNGE PH | 9
audience. In this way the audience can see you as
their eye opener your speech.
EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY IN SPECIFIC
SPEECH SITUATIONS

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THE BOOK LOUNGE PH | 11
 More Tips for Effective Speech Delivery transitions? Then, instead of using them the next
Following are more techniques and tips to help you time you deliver a speech, simply stop and pause.
deliver your speech well:
9. Start your speech by standing straight and
1. Use a conversational style more often. This is balancing your weight. This will give a positive first
the style that is more natural; it is the style that you impression.
always use when you express yourself with your
10. Use precise movements. Avoid distracting
family and friends. Audience members do not like
the speaker to sound unnatural or exaggerated. mannerisms like swaying back and forth, leaning on
the podium, licking or biting your lips, playing with
2. Look your audience members in the eye so your wristwatch or jewelry, scratching parts of your
they will feel that they are part of your speech. Eye body, frowning, and others. Observe your
contact should be maintained to keep the attention mannerisms and learn how to avoid them when
of your audience and enhance your delivery. speaking in public.
3. Remember to adjust your volume to the size 11. Avoid having a poker face or a highly
of the audience and the venue. When addressing animated face. These facial expressions appear
a large audience, modulate your voice in such a distracting and may even be annoying. Instead,
way that you speak loudly without sounding like follow the most highly suggested tip: smile.
shouting or yelling. However, make sure that the meaning of your
speech reflects in your facial expressions; do not
4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your audience
smile if you are talking about something sad.
interested and to avoid a monotone pattern. The
audience might get bored if you speak very slowly 12. Dress properly and appropriately. Wearing
and they might get confused if you speak very fast. the proper attire will make you look more confident
Hence, your rate should be at an appropriate and professional. Make sure not to overdress, as
speed. this may distract your audience.
5. Master your voice and find your pitch level 13. Observe ethics by coming prepared, being
(high or low). If you have a high pitch level, honest with your words, being polite, avoiding
modulate or slightly move it down. If you have a low offensive words and back-biting or talking negative
pitch level, modulate or slightly move it up. Your things about other people, or copying someone’s
performance will definitely be affected if you do not work without proper documentation.
modulate.
14. Breathe in and out to relax before your
6. Use pauses when you emphasize the most speech. Most importantly, have fun!
important words, phrases, or sentences. Your
pauses should not last for three seconds.
Otherwise, it will result in dead air or a moment of
awkward silence.
7. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly.
You will confuse the audience if you mispronounce
words, and it could distract them and affect your
credibility.
8. Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute
actual words in your speech because these words
are distracting. Examples of fillers are “like,” “um,”
“ah,” “uh,” and “er.” To reduce the use of the
sefillers, detect the instances when you use them:
Do you generally use fillers after each sentence,
between different ideas, or whenever you make

THE BOOK LOUNGE PH | 12