ANTEPARTUM ANTEPARTUM

MODULE 2 | BSN 2-B | SY: 2023 - 2024 MODULE 2 | BSN 2-B | SY: 2023 - 2024

● EXTENDED FAMILY - are families with two or more ● MORNING SICKNESS (Nausea and Vomiting) 1. GERMINAL STAGE - The germinal stage
TOPIC OUTLINE adults who are related through blood or marriage, ○ It is a condition in women that a ects more begins at conception when the sperm and egg
usually along with children. This often includes aunts, than half of all pregnant women. cell unite in one of the two fallopian tubes. The
1 Key Terms
uncles, cousins, or other relatives living under the same ○ Many women don't just get symptoms in the fertilized egg is called a zygote. Just a few
2 Dynamics of Family Interaction roof. morning but also throughout the day. hours after conception, the single-celled
● FAMILY OF GRANDPARENTS - A grandparent family is ○ Begins around the 4th to 6th week of zygote begins making a journey down the
3 Preconceptional Health Considerations when one or more grandparent is raising their pregnancy and may settle by week 12, fallopian tube to the uterus.
grandchild or grandchildren. although it can continue for longer or return 2. EMBRYONIC STAGE
4 Signs of Pregnancy ● SINGLE PARENTS - Single parent families consist of at around 32 weeks. ● The embryonic stage is where the
one parent with one or more kids. In these cases, the ● BREAST CHANGES blastocyst begins to take on distinct
5 Stages of Fetal Development parent either never married, widowed, or divorced. ○ Breasts become fuller, swollen and tender. human characteristics, this is now
● FAMILY WITHOUT CHILDREN - are families with two ○ These changes are similar to those you may called an embryo. Structures and
6 Anatomy and Physiology of Pregnancy partners who cannot have or don't want kids. have noticed in the few days before your organs like the neural tube (which
● STEP FAMILY - A stepfamily is when two separate period. later becomes the brain and spinal
7 Physiological Changes
families merge into one. This can go several di erent ○ The skin around the nipple becomes darker cord), head, eyes, mouth and limbs
ways, like two divorced parents with one or more and the veins in the breast become more form.
8 Physiological Adaptation
children blending families. obvious. 3. FETAL STAGE
9 Prenatal Education and Care ● FREQUENT URINATION ● After the embryonic stage, the fetal
○ Pregnancy causes an increase in levels of stage begins and your baby is called
PRECONCEPTIONAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS body fluids and greater kidney e ciency. a fetus. This stage runs from the 11th
10 Diagnostic Tests
Preconception health is a woman's health before she ○ The swelling uterus also presses against the week until birth. Your baby will grow
11 Pharmacological Agents becomes pregnant. It means knowing how health conditions and bladder. As a result, most women start longer and gain weight quicker. His
risk factors could a ect a woman or her unborn baby if she experiencing more frequent urination within or her organs and body parts will
12 Nutrition becomes pregnant. the first few weeks of becoming pregnant. continue to develop.
● FOOD CRAVINGS ● BLASTOCYST - is a cluster of
13 Dealing with Discomfort of Pregnancy
FACTORS TO CONSIDER: ○ Cravings for certain foods are very common dividing cells made of fertilized eggs
● DAILY VITAMIN - Take a daily vitamin that contains in pregnancy, especially for foods that that will become embryo.
14 Childbirth Education
folic acid. Starting folic acid supplementation prior to provide energy and calcium, such as milk and ● PLACENTA - provides oxygen and
conception can reduce the risk of neural tube defects other dairy products. You may also notice a nutrients to a fetus inside a womb.
15 Nursing Process
during the initial stages of pregnancy. sudden distaste for foods you previously liked.
● WEIGHT - Women with excess weight are at higher ● FATIGUE
Overwhelming tiredness is common in early
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY
KEY TERMS risk for infertility, miscarriage, and complications. If ○
you struggle to maintain a healthy weight, consider pregnancy. This is most likely caused by the ● NEUROLOGICAL
● AMNIOTIC FLUID - a clear, slightly yellowish liquid talking with a dietitian about a weight loss plan during massive increase in the sex hormone ○ Increased CSF pressure
that surrounds the unborn baby (fetus) during preconception. progesterone. ● CARDIOVASCULAR
pregnancy. Amniotic fluid is mostly water that comes ● EXERCISE - Exercise is beneficial. Try activities that ○ Increase in plasma volume
from your body. involve all major muscle groups. Incorporate movement 3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ○ Increase in cardiac output (30-50%)
● AMNIOTIC SAC - A thin-walled sac that surrounds the that strengthens your core and back muscles to PREGNANCY: ○ Increase in heart rate
fetus during pregnancy. support the physical bodily changes that occur during 1. PRESUMPTIVE SIGNS - refers to signs and symptoms ○ Increase in stroke volume
● CAESAREAN SECTION - the surgical delivery of a pregnancy. that the mother can perceive that resemble pregnancy ● ENDOCRINE
baby through a cut (incision) made in the mother's ● ENOUGH SLEEP - Sleep is a nutrient just like the signs and symptoms. ○ Increased progesterone
abdomen and uterus. might be recommended for healthy food you eat every day. Without enough sleep, 2. PROBABLE SIGNS - are signs that can be documented ○ Increase in estrogen
women with certain health issues, such as a heart or you may experience: by the examiner; more reliable than presumptive. ○ Increase in pituitary gland size
brain condition. ○ Sugar cravings 3. POSITIVE SIGNS - are the most reliable and accurate ○ Increased cortisol secretion
● ABORTION - a procedure to end a pregnancy. It can ○ Afternoon fatigue sign of pregnancy. Examples are: ● RESPIRATORY
be done two di erent ways: ○ High blood sugar ● Fetal movements felt by the examiner. ○ Elevated diaphragm
○ Medication abortion, which uses medicines ○ Insulin resistance ● Visualization of the fetus by ultrasound. ○ Decreased CO2 levels
to end the pregnancy. It is sometimes called a ○ Diabetes ● Demonstration of a fetal heart separate from ○ Increase in O2 Consumption
"medical abortion" or "abortion with pills." mother's. ● GASTROINTESTINAL
○ Procedural abortion, a procedure to remove ○ Reduced gastric motility
the pregnancy from the uterus. SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
○ Increased risk of heartburn
STAGES OF FETAL DEVELOPMENT
● MISSED PERIOD (Amenorrhea) ○ Increased risk of constipation
○ Often first sign of pregnancy In just 38 weeks, a fertilized egg or ovum matures from ○ Decrease in hydrochloric acid
DYNAMICS OF FAMILY INTERACTION
○ A missed period is when a woman's menstrual a single cell carrying all the necessary genetic material to a fully ● RENAL
TYPES OF FAMILY: cycle doesn't start as expected, with a normal developed fetus ready to be born. Fetal development is divided ○ Increase in urinary frequency
● NUCLEAR FAMILY - composed of two parents and two cycle lasting between 24 to 38 days. into three stages: ○ Increased renal blood flow
childrens.

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 ANTEPARTUM ANTEPARTUM
MODULE 2 | BSN 2-B | SY: 2023 - 2024 MODULE 2 | BSN 2-B | SY: 2023 - 2024

○ Dilation of ureters ● RENAL CHANGES ● Daily intake of vitamins ● CATEGORY C - Risk cannot be ruled out. There are no
● MUSCULAR-SKELETAL ○ Pregnant women may experience an increase ● Immunizations are up to date satisfactory studies in pregnant women, but animal
○ Increased ligamentous laxity in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the ● Control diabetes and other medical conditions studies demonstrated a risk to the fetus; potential
○ Changes in spinal curvature and posture increased blood volume and vasculature. ● Avoid smoking, drinking alcohol and using drugs benefits of the drug may outweigh the risks.
○ Increase in glomerular filtration rate ● Attain healthy weight ● CATEGORY D - Evidence of risk (studies in pregnant
associated with an increase in creatinine ● Learn about family history women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus; potential
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
clearance, protein, albumin excretion, and ● Seek help for mental health issues benefits of the drug may outweigh the risks).
● ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CHANGES - Pregnancy is urinary glucose excretion. ● CATEGORY X - Contraindicated (studies in pregnant
associated with changes in hormone levels. These ○ In the third trimester of the pregnancy, when women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus, and/or
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
hormones work together to control the growth and the fetus starts to engage in the pelvis, there human or animal studies have shown fetal
development of the placenta and the fetus, and act on is an increased frequency of urination. ● ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION - can be used to abnormalities; risks of the drug outweigh the potential
the mother to support the pregnancy and prepare for ● SKIN CHANGES identify the gestational age of the fetus and whether benefits).
childbirth. ○ Pigmentation changes occur during the level of growth is appropriate, assess the number
● REPRODUCTIVE CHANGES pregnancy including darkening of the areola of babies in the pregnancy, evaluate the placental
NUTRITION
○ UTERUS - during the pregnancy the uterus on the breasts and the linea nigra, increased structure, location and blood flow.
leaves the pelvis and ascends to the colouring on the vulva and increased facial ● FETAL MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) - is While pregnant and while breastfeeding all nutrients
abdominal cavity. The size of the uterus has pigmentation. another imaging test that o ers physicians information that baby gets is from the mother. Poor nutrition is a risk factor
increased five times more than normal. ○ Stretch marks (striae gravidarum) occur on about anatomic structures. This test does not use for antepartum that’s why a mother should:
○ CERVIX - the enlarged mucous glands of the the abdomen, breasts, thighs and buttocks ionizing radiation to obtain the images, rather a 1. Eat at least three meals a day plus a snack
cervix during pregnancy secrete a mucous, magnetic field is used to create the pictures for especially if the pregnant woman is vomiting
which forms a plug called the “operculum” evaluation. 2. Maintain to eat a balanced diet take enough
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
● FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAM - is an ultrasound nutritious food and maintain healthy weight
○ OPERCULUM - acts as a seal for the uterus PHYSIOLOGICAL TASK DURING PREGNANCY: specifically looking at the unborn baby's heart 3. Drink water
and protects it from ascending infection, and During the 9 months of pregnancy, from a physiological structure and function. 4. Eat plenty of colorful fruits and vegetables
acts as a barrier between the vagina and standpoint, is the time in which the family prepares emotionally. ● AMNIOCENTESIS - is a prenatal test that allows 5. Watch your weight
cervix. These physiological changes are frequently termed as information about the baby to be obtained from the 6. Supplements take prenatal vitamins with folic acid
○ VAGINA - the muscle layer of the vagina “guaranteed safe passage” for the fetus. This task will show amniotic fluid. This test can be done any time after the
thickens and it becomes more elastic, making how the women will be able to carry the pregnancy term and 15th week of gestation. KEY NUTRIENTS YOU NEED:
it possible for the vagina to dilate during the adjust to the potential stress of pregnancy. ● CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING - is a prenatal test According to ACOG, you and your baby need these key
second phase of labour. performed between the 10th and 13th week of the nutrients for a healthy pregnancy:
● POSTURAL CHANGES ● FIRST TRIMESTER: Accepting the pregnancy pregnancy. It can be performed with a needle through
○ The overall equilibrium of the spine and pelvis ○ Woman and partner both spend time the abdomen, or through the cervix using a small ● CALCIUM - builds strong bones and teeth.
alters as the pregnancy progresses. recovering from the shock of learning they are catheter (tiny tube). ● IRON - helps red blood cells deliver oxygen to the
○ Reported postures include: an increase in both pregnant and concentrate on what it feels like ● FETAL BLOOD SAMPLING (Cordocentesis) - can be fetus.
lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis, or a to be pregnant. performed in rare situations where fetal blood is ● CHOLINE - essential for healthy brain development.
flattening of the thoracolumbar spinal curve. ● SECOND TRIMESTER: Accepting the baby required to evaluate the fetus. ● VITAMIN A - forms healthy skin and eyesight. Helps
● CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES ○ Women and partners move through emotions with bone growth.
○ Cardiac output increases throughout the such as narcissism and introversion as they ● VITAMIN C - promotes healthy gums, teeth, and
PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS
pregnancy, and peaks in the third trimester, concentrate on what it will feel like to be a bones.
usually 30-50% above baseline. parent. There are kinds of drugs that are used and drugs that ● VITAMIN D - builds your fetus’s bones and teeth.
○ Heart rate increases, but generally not above ● THIRD TRIMESTER: Preparing for the baby and end are prohibited when you are pregnant. According to FDA, there Helps promote healthy eyesight and skin.
100 beats/minute. of Pregnancy are 5 categories of drugs during pregnancy: ● VITAMIN B6 - helps form red blood cells. Helps the
● RESPIRATORY CHANGES ○ Women and partner grow impatient with body use protein, fat and carbohydrates.
○ Respiratory changes during pregnancy are pregnancy as they ready themselves for birth. ● CATEGORY A - No risk in human studies (studies in ● VITAMIN b12 - maintains nervous system. Helps form
important to accommodate and meet the ○ BIRTH: Woman and partner grew a bond, pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the red blood cells.
demands of mother and fetus, there are attachment, maternal touch and verbal fetus during the first trimester). It includes: ● FOLIC ACID - helps prevent birth defects of the brain
changes in all lung volumes, changes in the behaviors to their child after birth. ○ FOLIC ACID - helps form the neural tube and and spine. Supports the general growth and
upper airway respiratory tract and breathing helps prevent some major birth defects of the development of the fetus and placenta.
pattern. baby’s brain (anencephaly) and spine (spina
PRENATAL EDUCATION AND CARE
● GASTROINTESTINAL CHANGES bifida). WEIGHT GAIN:
○ Progesterone causes smooth muscle Prenatal education is used to inform women about ● CATEGORY B - No risk in animal studies (there are no
relaxation which slows down GI motility and important prenatal topics in order to promote a healthy lifestyle adequate studies in humans, but animal studies did not
BMI CATEGORY WEIGHT GAIN WEIGHT GAIN
decreases lower esophageal sphincter (LES) during pregnancy. demonstrate a risk to the fetus).
GOAL: SINGLE GOAL: TWINS
tone. ○ Norvasc maintenance for high blood -
● Plan for reproductive life doesn’t a ect the baby even when taken by BMI <18.5: 28 - 40 lbs Not enough data
○ Birth control methods and fertility treatments. the mother. Underweight

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 ANTEPARTUM ANTEPARTUM
MODULE 2 | BSN 2-B | SY: 2023 - 2024 MODULE 2 | BSN 2-B | SY: 2023 - 2024

BMI: 18.5 - 24.9: 25 - 35 lbs 37 - 54 lbs

○ Get the right gear. Wear low-heeled — not flat
Healthy weight
shoes with good arch support.
BMI: 25 - 29.9: 15 - 25 lbs 31 - 50 lbs ○ Lift properly.
Overweight ○ Sleep on your side.
○ Try heat, cold or massage.
BMI: >30: 11 - 20 lbs 25 - 42 lbs ○ Include physical activity in your daily routine.
Obese ○ Consider complementary therapies.
● SWOLLEN HANDS AND FEETS
○ Avoid standing for a long time if possible.
● MULTIPLE BIRTHS - If you are expecting more than ○ Wear comfortable shoes and socks.
one baby, you should discuss what and how much to ○ When you rest, put your feet up (raise them
eat with your healthcare provider. Your nutrient and up above your hips) as much as you can.
calorie needs are higher than those of women carrying ○ Drink plenty of water – this helps your body
one baby. get rid of the extra water.
● PRENATAL VITAMINS - Vitamin and mineral ○ Stay active during pregnancy.
supplements cannot replace a healthy diet. Most ● SLEEP AND REST
doctors recommend that pregnant women take a ○ Get as much sleep or rest as you can — even
prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement every day in short naps will help.
addition to eating a healthy diet. ○ Your energy level will pick up after the first
● AVOID ALCOHOL, CAFFEINE & FISH - Pregnant three months. However, fatigue and insomnia
women and women who may become pregnant should tend to recur in the last months of pregnancy.
not drink alcohol. Drinks containing alcohol include ○ A warm bath, massage or hot drink before
beer, wine, liquor, mixed drinks, and malt beverages. bed often helps you relax and get ready to
sleep.

DEALING WITH DISCOMFORT OF PREGNANCY

CHILDBIRTH EDUCATION
Here are some tips on how to deal with the discomfort during
pregnancy: These are the list of various prepared childbirth education
● ABDOMINAL PAIN - To relieve sharp pains or cramps method:
from stretched abdominal muscles and ligaments, rest ● LAMAZE - Lamaze teaches natural childbirth coping
or take a warm bath or shower. Regular exercise will techniques, including comfort measures, relaxation,
strengthen and tone your abdominal muscles. and breathing.
● VOMITING AND NAUSEA - Bland foods, such as ● BRADLEY - The Bradley method views childbirth as a
bananas, rice, applesauce and toast may be easy to natural process and is based on the belief that a
digest. Salty foods might be helpful, as are foods that healthy pregnancy and birth can be achieved through
contain ginger — such as ginger lollipops. Snack often. education, preparation and support from a childbirth
Before getting out of bed in the morning, eat a few coach
soda crackers or a piece of dry toast. ● READ - The Read method seeks to eliminate fear and
● HEARTBURN anxiety by educating mothers and coaches about
○ Dip into some yogurt labour and delivery.
○ Drink milk with honey ● HYPNOBIRTHING - This method teaches relaxation
○ Snack on almonds and self-hypnosis techniques. The goal is to teach
○ Eat pineapple or papaya women how to harness the body’s natural painkilling
○ Try a little ginger chemicals — endorphins — to achieve a natural and
○ Chew sugar-free gum fear-free childbirth.
○ Take (doctor-approved) medication
● CONSTIPATION
○ If you're constipated, increased quantities of
bran, fresh and dried fruits, vegetables, water, NURSING CARE PLAN BELOW:
and other fluids may help.
○ Don't take laxatives, enemas, or any drugs
without consulting with your doctor first
● BACK PAIN
○ Practice good posture. As your baby grows,
your center of gravity shifts forward.

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