Water Quality Management

in Indonesia

Hefni Effendi
Centre for Environmental Research (PPLH) IPB,
Bogor

Presented at
Indonesia - Japan Business Matching
Seminar for Water Issues
Tangerang, 10 Sept 2015
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Water available for human consumption

 Totalwater on earth: 100 %

 Freshwater: 3 %
 Available freshwater: 0.5 %
 Reasonably good quality of freshwater for
consumption: 0.003 %

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Banten Province

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Ciujung River

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Cisadane River

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Pollution flows freely in Indonesia's rivers
(Al Jazeera, 21 Nov 2013)

o Lax environmental regulations have allowed textile factories to dump toxic

chemicals in the Citarum River.

o West Java's inadequate waste-disposal infrastructure has made the river the de
facto dumpsite for its residents.

o Huge volumes of rubbish float through its murky waters and accumulate in
stinking piles along its banks.

o Poor sanitation means human waste flows into the river untreated, along with
farm slurry and pesticides.

o The Citarum has not met Indonesian water quality standards since they were
established in 1989.

o The river supplies 80 % of Jakarta's surface water and it irrigates 5 % of the

country's rice farms. 8
Finding a cure for Indonesia's sick
river (CNN, 30 March 2010)
Bandung, Indonesia (CNN) -- The small village of Sukamaju on the outskirts of
Bandung, West Java, is nestled within mountains and rice plantations. To the
naked eye, the scenery looks beautiful. But on closer inspection, this ecosystem is
supported by a water source that is sick and heavily polluted.
We've arrived to cover a story on the Citarum River, considered one of the most
polluted rivers in Indonesia, if not the world. Around 30 million people rely on
this water basin, and it provides 80 % of Jakarta's drinking water.

While this water is obviously treated for consumption in the larger town and big
cities, in Sukamaju what's in the river is pumped directly to the community. The
only filtration available is a towel or sock wrapped around a waterspout. The
villagers use this water everyday to bathe, wash and cook.
But for drinking, they will boil it. Health experts tell us this process will kill the
bacteria but it certainly won't get rid of the heavy metals and toxic chemicals.
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Citarum, the most polluted river in the world?
(The Telegraph, 11 April 2014)

o Clogged with domestic waste, and contaminated by harmful chemicals, is this the
most polluted river in the world?

o Forty miles east of Jakarta, Indonesia, the river Citarum runs over 186 miles from
the Wayang Mountain to the Java Sea.

o The island’s largest river supports more than 30 million residents who rely on
the water source for agricultural, domestic and personal use.

o However, unregulated factory growth since the area’s rapid industrialization in

the 1980s has choked the Citarum with both human and industrial waste.

o Over 200 textile factories line the river banks. The dyes and chemicals used in
the industrial process - lead, arsenic and mercury amongst them - are churned
into the water, changing its colour and lending the area an acrid odour.

river’s surface invisible beneath its carpet of junk.

o Plastic, packaging, and other detritus floats in the scummy water, rendering the
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Huge Problem !?

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 Water Crisis !
 People still relies heavily on underground and surface water.
However surface waters and wells are now dry or polluted.

 Pollution of surface and underground water is due to poor

sanitation system in the city. Waste water is being mixed with
surface water and water from the wells.

 Sea water is also seeping in into the underground aquifers,

polluting the wells.

 Water crisis is the result of imbalance between water demand

and water resources. Water crisis is not because of having too
little water, but it is because the government has failed to
develop and manage the water resources.
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Rural Area Urban Area

 Deforestationin upland  Industrialdischarge

 Open pit mining  Raw domestic waste
 Huge area plantation disposal
 Agriculture  Municipal activities
 Rubbish disposal  Rubbish disposal
 City over population
Global Problem  In adequate water
 Climate change management
 Irregular monson
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Point source pollution: If the
pollution comes froma single
source, such as an oil spill,
industry effluent discharge.

Non-point source pollution: If

the pollution comes from many
sources, such as urban area,
industrial area, agricultural area.

Robert Steele
Systainability Asia
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Water Quality
- Wastewater Quality
Standard (Discharge/Effluent)

- Ambient Water
Quality Standard
(River, Lake, Sea)

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 Ambient Water Quality
is a series of water quality parameter concentration
standard in surface waters (river, reservoir, sea, etc) set
by the government regulation that has to be followed by
all stake holders (society, industry, government).

Freshwater Quality
(Government Regulation No. 82 year 2001)

Seawater Quality
(Ministry of Environment Decree No. 51 year 2004)
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Ambient freshwater quality
classification (Government Regulation No. 82 year 2001)
Class 1, for potable water source.
Class 2, for water sport, water recreation,
swimming, etc.
Class 3, for fish habitat, fish culture, animal
husbandry, etc.
Class 4, for agriculture irrigation, etc.

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 Sea water quality standard
(Ministry of Environment Decree No. 51 year 2004)

 Sea water quality standard for harbour.

 Sea water quality standard for sea recreation,
swimming, diving, etc.
 Sea water quality standard for marine biota.

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Effluent Water Quality Standard
A series of wastewater quality parameter
concentration standard produced by a specific
industry allowed to be discharged to the surface water,
that has to be followed by the industry. This standard
is also set by the government.

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No Industry No Industry

1 Metal Plating and Galvanist 11 Bier

2 Tannery 12 Battery

3 Palm oil 13 Fruit and vegetable processing

4 Rubber 14 Fish processing

5 Tapioca 15 Seaweed processing

6 Monosodium Glutamate and 16 Coconut processing

Ionosine phosphate
7 Plywood 17 Meat processing
8 Milk Processing 18 Soya bean processing
9 Soft drink 19 Traditional herbal (Jamu)
10 Detergent, soap, plant oil product 20 Animal husbandry
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No Industry No Industry

21 Cooking oil 33 Petrochemical Downstream

22 Sugar 34 Oleo chemical (Fatty acid and

alcohol, alkyl ester, glycerin)
23 Cigarette 35 Caustic soda and chlor

24 Electronic 36 Pulp and paper

25 Coffee processing 37 Ethanol

26 Refined sugar 38 Dry battery

27 Petrochemical upstream 39 Paint

28 Rayon industry 40 Pharmacy

30 Ceramic 41 Pesticide
31 Terephthalate acid 42 Fertilzer
32 Polyethylene terephthalate 43 Textile
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No Industry No Industry

44 Hotel 47 Domestic waste

45 Hospital 48 Other industries having no water

quality standard
46 Slaughter house

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No Parameter Standard Pollution
(mg/l) load
(kg/ton)
1 BOD 125 0.75
2 COD 250 1.5
3 TSS 100 0.6
4 Ammonia 10 0.06
5 Oil and Grease 10 0.06
6 pH 6–9
7 Wastewater quantity 6 m3 per ton product
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o Guideline on for determination of capacity
load of water pollution
(Ministry of Environment Decree No. 110 year 2003)

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Pollution load is the amount of a pollutant
elements contained in water or waste
water.

Water pollution load capacity is the

ability of a water bodies to receive input
load without causing water pollution.

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Water Pollotion Load Capacity

o Mayor assigns pollution load capacity at

water bodies.

o Water pollution load capacity is

determined based on a minimum flow for
the year concerned or the previous year.

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Mass Balance method is the method of
determination of water pollution load
capacity by using a mass balance
calculation of water pollution components,
especially for point source pollutant.

Streeter - Phelps method is a method of

determination of water pollution load
capacity by using a mathematical model
developed by Streeter – Phelps.

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Where
CR : Mean concentration of constituent for combined flow
Ci : Constituent concentartion at flow-i
Qi : Flow rate at flow-i
Mi : Constituent mass at flow-i

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River flow profile

Q1 2 Q3
CBOD,1 CBOD,3 4
CDO,1 CDO,3
CCl,1 CCl,3
CCOD,1 CCOD,3
Q4
Q2
CBOD,4
CBOD,2
1 CDO,4
CDO,2
CCl,4
CCl,2
3 CCOD,4
CCOD,2
Note:
1. River flow before mixing with pollution source.
2. River flow of pollution source A
3. River flow of pollution source B
4. River flow before mixing with pollution source.

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Site Flow DO COD BOD Cl-1
(m/s) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
1 2.01 5.7 20.5 9.8 0.16
2 0.59 3.8 16.5 7.4 0.08
3 0.73 3.4 16.6 7.5 0.04
4 ? ? ? ?

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Site Flow DO COD BOD Cl-1
(m/s) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
1 2.01 5.7 20.5 9.8 0.16
2 0.59 3.8 16.5 7.4 0.08
3 0.73 3.4 16.6 7.5 0.04
4 4.86 18.94 8.87 0.12
Standard - 4 25 3 600

 On location 4 BOD does not meet quality standards , so that at the location 4
does not have the capacity anymore to BOD.

 If there is sewage in location 5 enters between location 1 and 4, and the waste
containing quite high Cl, but containing no BOD, the disposal of waste at the site
5 can still be allowed to enter the water body.

 However, it must be ensured that at the location 4, Cl content lower than 600
mg/l.
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1. Complience to effluent water quality
standard (MoER No 5/2014) by
- Implementing environmental management and
environmental monitoring effort regularly.

2. Determination of water pollution load

discharged to surface waters (MoED No
110/2003).

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1. Set up ambient and effluent water quality
standard (GOI No 82/2001, MoED No 51/2004, MoER
No 5/2014).

2. Provide guideline on water pollution load

and pollution capacity (MoED No 110/2003).
3. Provide guideline on water quality status
determination (MoED No 115/2003).
4. Determination on water quality status on
each surface waters i.e. river (on progress).
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 River Initiative Program

o Clean River Program (PROKASIH) by Ministry of

Environment (KLH).

o Watershed (DAS) rehabilitation program by

Ministry of Public Work (PU).

o Reforestation of watershed and upstream of the

river by Ministry of Forestry.

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 Finding a cure for Indonesia's sick
river (CNN, 30 March 2010)
o Re-educating local communities on how to look after
the Citarum is one of the main projects for the Asian
Development Bank (ADB). It's investing $500 million
dollars over the next 15 years to try to save the
Citarum and the communities who rely on it.

o The ADB works closely with Indonesian government to

rehabilitate the entire river basin, addressing the issues
of pollution, sanitation, and environmental problems
like deforestation, siltation and flooding. 41
TERIMA KASIH

Thank you

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