ORDI N ATI O N

Class 12 Term -2

CO -
COMPOUNDS

Panchal Sir
With love -

By Bharat
for # BPARMY
 CO ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
-

Co-ordination Compounds
Transition metals large
form a no '

complex compounds in which the metal atoms are bound

to a number
of anions or neutral molecule by sharing
geo .
such compound are
known as co -
ordination
compounds .

Difference b/w Double salt and co ordination compound -

Double Salt Co-ordination Compounds .

→ They usually contain simple two

→ The simple salts from which
salts in equi molar proportion formed may or
they are

may not be in equi molar prob .

→
They are ionic compound and →
They may or
may not be
do not contain any co ordinate
ionic
-

but the complex part

bond
always contain co ordinate bond -

◦
The properties of the double The bro besties the ordin
salts of co - -

are the
same as those -
ation compounds are
of its constituent compounds .

different fwm its constituent .

•
In the double salt metal ions • In a coordination compound
their normal valency the metal ion its
show
two
satisfy
tube of valencies called
primary and
secondary valency .

•
A double salt loses its •
A coordination confounds
identity in the solution retain its identity in its
solution
e. k
, soy
Alzcsou )] -24110
.

g .

e.g Ky [ Fe (CN ) , ]
→ Types of Coordination Compounds
Cationic Complex Anionic Complex Neutral Complex
complex ion camp complexion carry complex doesn't
+ve charge -
ve charge carry
4-
any
2-1 Eg [ Fe CCN )o7 charge
[ COCNH] ) , ]
e.g [Niccolo ]
 Ligands The atoms ions or molecules which can donate
,

the lone pair of eo to central metal atom by co -

ordinate bond
mi co -
ordination compounds are called ligands .

D. enticing of ligands : -

The number of donor atoms present

in the ligand is called its denti
city On the basis of
.

denticity ligands are

of different forms as :

mono dentate, bidentate , bidentate , tetra ¥ ntate polydentate -

hex 'd dentate etc .

Monodentate ligands when is bound to metal ion

ligand a a

through a
single donor atom
a-, Bo CN -

e.g
-

,
"

H2O ; NH, ,
CO

Bidentate ligands
when a
ligand can bind
through two donor
atoms .

oxalate ethane -1,2

e.g 9
9146 nato ( Gly )
-

diamine ,

900
-

COO GHz MHz

-
-

HZN CHI COO

-

CHINH ,
-

Poly dentate ligands

when have than two
a
ligand more

donating sites .

e.
g EDTA C. Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate Ion )

OOCH! CH Coo
Ñf
- -
• •

>N -
C Hz CH - -

CH, Coo
, -

-00C HE

Donor Atoms → 6

Hexi dentate ligands .

 Am bidentate
Those ligands
ligands
which have
two donor atoms but use one atom to attach with
a central metal atom So these
are mono dentate ligands
.

e.g CN cceeano )
-

{
SCN Cthiocyano )
-

NC
cisocyano)
-

NCS cisothiocyano)
-

Negative ligands which have negative charge

Neutral ligands

{
symbol of Name of charge on

ligands ligands ligands NH ammine o

CN cyanide -1
-

A- chloride I
-
CH
]
-
NH
, Methylamine o
Br Bromide
-

-1
0
I
-

iodide -1 H2O 49,4A

Noi Nitrito N -
-1
1
NO Nitrosyl 0
ONO
-

Nibito -
o -

GO carbonyl 0
-1
OH Hydroxo
-

CS Thio carbonyl 0
N°5 Nikah
SCN
-

thiocyano -1 PH Phosphine 0
}
Ncs
-

isothiocyano -1

CH,coo -

Acetate -1
):P Triphenylphosphine 0
H Hydride I
-
-

* .me ... .
*. -2 .

022 besoxo
Pyridine
-

-2 0
50,2
-

sulbhito
sulphate
-2 F
Souk -2

CH Methyl 0
cost carbonate -2
}

Bidentate
Bidentate
gly glycenato -1
ethane -1,2 en 0
0×2 oxalate
-

-2 -
diamine

chelating ligands : -

is
It
ring type compound formed
closed
by poly dentate ligands ( chelating ligand ) on binding
to central metal atom
Importance
e.g M←Mµ ,
_

GHz
• it forms more stable
← complex , called
N -

CH
Ho
,
chelating effect
use
◦ in softening of Hard water
Detection metal ion
◦

of
•
sebaration of f- block elements .
 Co -

ordination Entity
central metal atom and the ligands
the
which are
directly attached to it are enclosed in square
bracket and called co ordination sphere or coordination
-

e.g Efe ( CN ),]

4- is called coordination sphere .

entity
counter In
The ioni sable written outside the square
groups
bracket and are called counter ions .

eg Kp Efe CCN ) , ]
where Ky ions are called counter ions

Co-ordination Polyhedron
The spatial arrangement of the
around the central metal atom
ligands co-ordination
'

is called
polyhedron e.g

Co-ordination Number
total number ordinate
'

The of co -

bond formed by ligands with central metal atom

co-ordination Number { C Number of ligands

=
✗
Denhiityj
Eg Ky Efe Cento] [ Coll ,@ nz )
't

c. N : 6×1 = G CN =
2×1+2×2 = 6

Oxidation Number
The charge present on the central
metal atom in a coordination compound is called
oxidation number It is
.

always positive .

e.g Ku [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ]
1,
4G ) -1K -16 C- 1) = 0 ✗ = 2
ON THE BASIS OF LIGANDS
Homolebtic in which tybe of ligands present
only one are

eg Ky [ Fe CCN )o ]
Helen lentic in different type
which of ligands are bresent
e.
g. [ Coll Cenk] U ,

Nomenclature of co ordination compounds

-

e.g •
Ky Efe CCN)o ] → potassium he ✗a cyanide ferrate CII )

• @ Q(Hz0ki NO, →
Ielraaqua dichloride chromium GTI) nitrate
•
[ Coll ( Noy ) (NH] )y] NO, → Tetra ammtne.ch/oridonito-N-cobaltC1lI )
nitrate
•

Kjfecczou} ] →
potassium toioxalato ferrate CIII)
•
K [ Co CCMg- (NO) ] potassium bentacyanido nitrosyl cobaltite CIII
→
]
•
[ Coclzcenljtsoy → dichloride bi:( ethane -1,2 diamine) cobalt
.
-

city sulphate
•
[ Coll (0^10) HI>
chlorine bis (ethane -1,2 diamine ) hitito -0
-

cobalt CIII ] ion

-

◦
[Ni ( Cola] → tetra carbonyl nickel 6)
• Li [ At the] → lithium tetra hydride aluminate CIII)

Werner The 0M
. metal, possess two types of valencies,
called primary ionisable valency oxidation number
or

and secondary or non ionisable valency ( co ordination

- -

Number 7
The
primary valencies directional
°
are non -
.

complex not show bribery

•
The compound do any
of the central metal atom and the ligands present
in it .
 Valence Bond Theory :

Acc to
. this
theory ,
metal -

ligand
bond arises
due to the donation electron pair from ligands
of
to central metal atom
the metal atom or ion under the
influence of ligands can use Cn 1) d nsynb , nd
-

,
orbitals for hybridisation
Hybridisation C. N Geometry Example

linear
[ Agam
-

Sb 2 ]
,

Trigonal blank [1191--3]

-

Sbz 3

sp } 4 Tetrahedral [ Nikola ) z .

5949 " planar entice NKT

dspz 4
] 59149M pyramidal fellow
dsb 5
"
d2sp3 6 Octahedral finned [ Cr( NH] ≥ ]
}
sp3dʰ Octahedral (outer) ( Feff )
-

e.
g [ COCNH, }
]3+
Cost → EARTH 3d 6

Cost ↑H↑HkH ☐ I 1 1
27
3d Us Up
Go NH] is a
strong ligand so
pairing of e -0

takes place

↑H↑HHXN × XIXIX
"
za us UP it
bdia
→

magnetic
hybridisation → d2sb3
Geometry Octahedral
→
4--1%+1
0 Bom
inner
=

orbital complex
 [ Nickels
-

Nist → CAN 's 3d 845

28

+ HAKATA ✗ ✗ 1×1 ✗
4s Ub
3d

hybridisation → sb3 Geometry → tetrahedral

It is paramagnetic in nature
U inns -
%-) -4-8 = -
B. M

2-
•
[ Nice NW
Ni 2-1 [ As ] 18 3d 4 so
'

28
THT AHHH ☐
3d 4s 4b
is ligand pairing of e@ takes
CN a
strong so
place

1*-1
titi 't " " X
17¥
+
"

3d UP
hybridisation → dSb2
Geometry →
square planar
It is diamagnetic in nature .

CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY :

Metal -

ligand bond is ionic in

nature So, there .

is electrostatic force of attraction btw metal and

ligands
-

The
ligands are treated as
negative centres and
these negative centres are so arranged around
central metal atom that here is minimum repulsion
 btw them .

-
In a free transition metal ion . all the fire d-
orbitals have equal energies ( degenerate orbitals )
but when it takes part in complex formation
these d- orbital } split in two parts .

it is called d -
d transition or crystal
field splitting .

For octahedral Coirelplex for Tetrahedral complex

shape of d- orbitals

{
At
G- Ao
-
-

Spect ro chemical series :

arrange mint of all ligands

in order
of increasing CFSE value is called
Spector chemical series .

The ligands with small value

of CFSE are called weak ligands and the
ligands
with higher value of CFSE are called strong
-

ligand

I ( Br ( S2 ( SCN { Cl < F- { OH { OX
_ -
- - - -

{ H2O ( NCS { NH] ten { Nogi { CN { CO

-
-