Object Oriented Systems Development
Object Oriented Systems Development
principles of object-oriented programming (OOP). The goal of OOSD is to create software that is
modular, reusable, and easy to maintain by breaking down the system into smaller, self-contained
objects
In OOSD, a system is viewed as a collection of interacting objects, each with its own state and behavior.
Objects are instances of classes, which are templates or blueprints for creating objects. Classes define
the properties (attributes) and methods (behaviors) of objects.
OOSD involves several phases, including requirements gathering, analysis and design, implementation,
testing, and maintenance. During the requirements gathering phase, the project team works with
stakeholders to identify the functional and non-functional requirements of the system. In the analysis
and design phase, the team creates a conceptual model of the system using techniques such as use case
diagrams, class diagrams, and sequence diagrams.
The key concepts of OOSD include objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Objects are instances of a class and represent the data and behavior of a specific entity within the
system.
Classes define the common characteristics and behavior of a group of objects.
Encapsulation is the practice of hiding the internal details of an object from the outside world to ensure
that the object is used correctly and to protect it from unauthorized access.
Inheritance is a mechanism that allows a new class to be based on an existing class, inheriting its
attributes and behaviors and adding new ones as needed.
Polymorphism is the ability of objects to take on multiple forms or behaviors depending on the context
in which they are used.
The implementation phase involves writing code based on the design, while the testing phase involves
verifying that the system meets the specified requirements. The maintenance phase involves making
changes to the system to fix bugs, add new features, or address changes in the environment.
Some of the benefits of OOSD include increased modularity, reusability, and maintainability of software,
as well as improved flexibility and scalability. However, OOSD can also be more complex than other
development approaches, and requires a skilled development team with a good understanding of
object-oriented programming principles.
OOSD has several advantages over other software development methodologies. For example, it
encourages the development of reusable code, simplifies the maintenance of the system, and improves
the scalability of the software. Additionally, it supports modular programming, making it easier to
develop complex systems and reuse code across projects. However, OOSD also requires a more
significant upfront investment in time and resources for the analysis and design phases.
One example of object-oriented systems development is the development of an e-commerce website.
The website may have several components, including a product catalog, shopping cart, and payment
gateway. In an object-oriented approach, each of these components can be represented as objects with
their own unique characteristics and behavior.
Advantages of Object-Oriented Systems Development:
Reusability: One of the key advantages of object-oriented systems development is that it allows for code
reuse. By creating objects that can be used across different parts of a system, developers can save time
and effort when building new software.
Modularity: Object-oriented systems development promotes modularity, which means that software
systems can be broken down into smaller, more manageable components. This makes it easier to
develop and maintain complex systems over time.
Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the practice of hiding the internal details of an object from the outside
world. This protects the object from unauthorized access and ensures that it is used correctly.
Encapsulation also makes it easier to modify and update the system over time.
Inheritance: Inheritance allows for the creation of new classes based on existing ones. This can help to
reduce code duplication and improve code organization.
Polymorphism: Polymorphism allows for objects to take on multiple forms or behaviors depending on
the context in which they are used. This can help to make code more flexible and adaptable.
There are several potential disadvantages of object-oriented system development, including:
Steep Learning Curve: Object-oriented programming (OOP) can be more complex than other
programming paradigms. Developers need to understand object-oriented concepts, such as classes,
objects, inheritance, and polymorphism, before they can start creating applications.
Over-Designing: OOP allows developers to create highly modular and reusable code, but this can
sometimes lead to over-designing. If developers focus too much on creating reusable code, they may
end up creating overly complex and convoluted systems that are difficult to maintain.
Performance Overhead: OOP can come with performance overheads. Objects require more memory to
store their state, and message passing between objects can be slower than direct function calls.
Inefficient Code Reuse: Object-oriented programming promotes code reuse, but this can sometimes
result in inefficient code reuse. If developers reuse code that is not well-suited to a particular problem,
they may end up creating code that is harder to understand and maintain.
Harder to Debug: Object-oriented systems can be harder to debug than procedural systems. This is
because of the complex relationships between objects, which can make it difficult to isolate problems
and identify their source.
Ang OOSD ay may ilang mga pakinabang sa iba pang mga pamamaraan ng pagbuo ng software.
Halimbawa, hinihikayat nito ang pagbuo ng reusable code, pinapasimple ang pagpapanatili ng system, at
pinapabuti ang scalability ng software. Bukod pa rito, sinusuportahan nito ang modular programming, na
ginagawang mas madali ang pagbuo ng mga kumplikadong system at muling paggamit ng code sa mga
proyekto. Gayunpaman, nangangailangan din ang OOSD ng mas makabuluhang pamumuhunan sa oras
at mga mapagkukunan para sa mga yugto ng pagsusuri at disenyo. Isang halimbawa ng object-oriented
system development ay ang pagbuo ng isang e-commerce na website. Maaaring may ilang bahagi ang
website, kabilang ang isang katalogo ng produkto, shopping cart, at gateway ng pagbabayad. Sa isang
object-oriented na diskarte, ang bawat isa sa mga bahaging ito ay maaaring katawanin bilang mga bagay
na may sariling natatanging katangian at pag-uugali. Mga Bentahe ng Object-Oriented Systems
Development: Reusability: Isa sa mga pangunahing bentahe ng object-oriented system development ay
nagbibigay-daan ito para sa muling paggamit ng code. Sa pamamagitan ng paglikha ng mga bagay na
maaaring magamit sa iba't ibang bahagi ng isang system, makakatipid ang mga developer ng oras at
pagsisikap kapag gumagawa ng bagong software. Modularity: Ang pag-develop ng mga system na
nakatuon sa object ay nagtataguyod ng modularity, na nangangahulugan na ang mga software system ay
maaaring hatiin sa mas maliit, mas mapapamahalaan na mga bahagi. Ginagawa nitong mas madali ang
pagbuo at pagpapanatili ng mga kumplikadong sistema sa paglipas ng panahon. Encapsulation: Ang
Encapsulation ay ang pagsasanay ng pagtatago ng mga panloob na detalye ng isang bagay mula sa labas
ng mundo. Pinoprotektahan nito ang bagay mula sa hindi awtorisadong pag-access at tinitiyak na ito ay
ginagamit nang tama. Pinapadali din ng encapsulation na baguhin at i-update ang system sa paglipas ng
panahon. Inheritance: Nagbibigay-daan ang inheritance para sa paglikha ng mga bagong klase batay sa
mga dati nang klase. Makakatulong ito upang mabawasan ang pagdoble ng code at pagbutihin ang
organisasyon ng code. Polymorphism: Ang polymorphism ay nagbibigay-daan sa mga bagay na
magkaroon ng maraming anyo o pag-uugali depende sa konteksto kung saan ginagamit ang mga ito.
Makakatulong ito upang gawing mas flexible at madaling ibagay ang code. Mayroong ilang mga
potensyal na disadvantages ng object-oriented system development, kabilang ang: Steep Learning
Curve: Ang Object-oriented programming (OOP) ay maaaring maging mas kumplikado kaysa sa iba pang
programming paradigms. Kailangang maunawaan ng mga developer ang mga object-oriented na
konsepto, tulad ng mga klase, object, inheritance, at polymorphism, bago sila magsimulang lumikha ng
mga application.