A1 revision for A2 Assessment 2

Friday 29th September 2023

Mainly covers the following topics (including relevant practicals) from Y1:

 Energetics

 rates

 equilibrium and Kc

 Organic basic concepts

 Organic Synthesis techniques

 Organic analysis (spectroscopy)

There will also be Y2 standard Kc and Kp questions

Also some questions worth a few marks will be related to Atomic structure and Isomerism

 Energetics

“BUILD
UP”

“BURN
DOWN”

Page 1 of 46
Q1.
This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a) A student determined the enthalpy of combustion of cyclohexane (C6H12).

The student
• placed a pure sample of cyclohexane in a spirit burner
• placed the spirit burner under a beaker containing 50.0 g of water and ignited
the cyclohexane
• extinguished the flame after a few minutes.

The results for the experiment are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Initial temperature of the water / °C 19.1

Initial mass of spirit burner and

192.730
cyclohexane / g

Final mass of spirit burner and

192.100
cyclohexane / g

The student determined from this experiment that the enthalpy of combustion of
cyclohexane is –1216 kJ mol–1

Use the data to calculate the final temperature of the water in this experiment.

The specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J K–1 g–1

The relative molecular mass (Mr) of cyclohexane = 84.0
(4)

(b) A data book value for the enthalpy of combustion of cyclohexane is –3920 kJ mol–1

The student concluded that the temperature rise recorded in the experiment was
smaller than it should have been.

Suggest a practical reason for this.

(1)

(c) Table 2 gives some values of standard enthalpies of combustion (∆cH⦵).

Table 2

Substance C(s) H2(g) C6H12(l)

Standard enthalpy of
−394 −286 −3920
combustion, ∆cH⦵ / kJ mol–1

Use the data in Table 2 to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
represented by this equation

6 C(s) + 6 H2(g) → C6H12(l)

(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 2 of 46
Q2.
This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a) State the meaning of the term enthalpy change as applied to a chemical reaction.
(1)

(b) A student determines the enthalpy change for the reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid.

CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

The student follows this method:

• measure out 50 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 aqueous hydrochloric acid using a
measuring cylinder and pour the acid into a 100 cm3 glass beaker
• weigh out 2.50 g of solid calcium carbonate on a watch glass and tip the solid
into the acid
• stir the mixture with a thermometer
• record the maximum temperature reached.

The student uses the data to determine a value for the enthalpy change.

Explain how the experimental method and use of apparatus can be improved to
provide more accurate data.

Describe how this data from the improved method can be used to determine an
accurate value for the temperature change.
(6)

(c) In a different experiment 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous hydrochloric acid are
reacted with 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide.

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ΔH = –57.1 kJ mol–1

The initial temperature of each solution is 18.5 °C

Calculate the maximum final temperature of the reaction mixture.

Assume that the specific heat capacity of the reaction mixture, c = 4.18 J K–1 g–1

Assume that the density of the reaction mixture = 1.00 g cm–3

(5)

(d) Suggest how, without changing the apparatus, the experiment in part (c) could be
improved to reduce the percentage uncertainty in the temperature change.
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 3 of 46
Q3.
This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction taking place when
the standard enthalpy of combustion for ethanol is measured.
(2)

(b) State the name given to the enthalpy change represented by the following chemical
equation.

Explain why this enthalpy change would be difficult to determine directly.

(2)

(c) Standard enthalpies of combustion for carbon and carbon monoxide are
−393 kJ mol−1 and −283 kJ mol−1, respectively.

Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (b).
(2)

(d) Use the following data to calculate a value for the Xe–F bond enthalpy in XeF4

(3)

(e) Suggest a reason why the value calculated in part (d) differs from the mean Xe–F
bond enthalpy quoted in a data source.
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q4.
This question is about energetics.

(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction with an enthalpy change
equal to the enthalpy of formation for iron(III) oxide.
(1)

(b) Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.

Table 1

CO(g) Fe2O3(s)

ΔfHo/ kJ mol−1 −111 −822

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ⟶ 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) ΔH = −19 kJ mol−1

Use these data and the equation for the reaction of iron(III) oxide with carbon
monoxide to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation for carbon
dioxide.

Show your working.

(3)

Page 4 of 46
(c) Some enthalpy data are given in Table 2.

Table 2

Process ΔH / kJ mol−1

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⟶ 2NH3(g) −92

N2(g) ⟶ 2N(g) +944

H2(g) ⟶ 2H(g) +436

Use the data from Table 2 to calculate the bond enthalpy for N−H in ammonia.
(3)

(d) Give one reason why the bond enthalpy that you calculated in part (c) is different
from the mean bond enthalpy quoted in a data book (388 kJ mol−1).
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 5 of 46
 rates
Explanation Of How these Factors Affect The Rate Of Reaction – make
your own version
Concentration
If the concentration of a solution increases there are more molecules contained in the same
volume hence there are more collisions in total which means that there are more collisions
between molecules that have the activation energy or greater, per second and so rate of
reaction increases.
Pressure (gases only)
Increasing the pressure of a gas decreases the volume of space the molecules have to move in or
there are more molecules contained in the same volume. There will, therefore, be more
collisions in total and hence more collisions between molecules that have the activation energy
or greater per second, hence rate of reaction increases.

Temperature
Increasing the temperature has a two-fold effect on the rate of reaction. Firstly because the
particles have a greater kinetic energy the total number of collisions per second increases.
Secondly because the particles have greater kinetic energy a larger proportion of those particles
will have E> Ea so a greater proportion of the collisions will be successful. This can be shown
using a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve. (see over). Overall the number of successful
collisions per second increases.
Catalysts
A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway for the particles that has a lower activation
energy (show on the enthalpy profile diagrams below).

E
act Products
E
act

Energy Reactants Energy

H
H
Reactants

Products

Extent of Reaction Extent of Reaction

Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction

Since a lower activation energy route is available, a greater proportion of molecules will have
sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy (although the total number of collisions stays
the same) i.e. there will be a greater proportion of collisions per second that are successful.

Page 6 of 46
This can also be shown using a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve. (see over).

Page 7 of 46
Q5.
The graph shows the Maxwell−Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a sample
of gas at a fixed temperature.

(a) Label the horizontal axis on the graph.

(1)

(b) On the graph, sketch a distribution of molecular energies for this sample of gas at a
higher temperature.
(2)

(c) This gas decomposes on heating.

Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate at which this gas
decomposes.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 8 of 46
Q6.
Line X in the diagram represents the volume (V) of gas formed with time (t) in a reaction
between an excess of magnesium and aqueous sulfuric acid.

Which line represents the volume of hydrogen formed, at the same temperature and
pressure, when the concentration of sulfuric acid has been halved?

(Total 1 mark)

Page 9 of 46
 Q7.
Calamine lotion can contain a mixture of zinc carbonate and zinc oxide in suspension in
water. A manufacturer of calamine lotion claims that a sample contains 15.00 g of zinc
carbonate and 5.00 g of zinc oxide made up to 100 cm3 with distilled water.

(a) A chemist wanted to check the manufacturer’s claim. The chemist took a 20.0 cm3
sample of the calamine lotion and added it to an excess of sulfuric acid.
The volume of carbon dioxide evolved was measured over time. The chemist’s
results are shown in the table.

Time / s 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135

Volume / cm3 0 135 270 380 470 530 560 570 570 570

(i) Plot a graph of the results in the table on the grid. The volume should be on
the y-axis. Draw a best-fit curve through all the points.

ASK FOR REAL GRAPH PAPER!

(3)

(ii) Estimate the time taken for the reaction to be completed.

(1)

Page 10 of 46
(b) (i) The volume of carbon dioxide in part (a) was measured at 293 K and at a
pressure of 100 kPa.

Use information from your graph to calculate the maximum amount, in moles,
of carbon dioxide evolved from the zinc carbonate in this 20.0 cm3 sample.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Show your working.

(3)

(ii) Use your answer to part (i) to calculate the mass of zinc carbonate in the 20.0
cm3 sample of calamine lotion.

(If you were unable to complete part (i), you may assume that the amount of
carbon dioxide evolved was 0.0225 mol. This is not the correct answer.)
(2)

(iii) Calculate the difference between your answer to part (ii) and the
manufacturer’s claim that there are 15.00 g of zinc carbonate in 100 cm3 of the
calamine lotion.

Express this difference as a percentage of the manufacturer’s claim.

(If you were unable to complete part (ii), you may assume that the mass of
zinc carbonate in the 20 cm3 sample of calamine lotion was 2.87 g. This is not
the correct answer.)
(2)

(c) Draw a diagram of a suitable apparatus needed to perform the experiment outlined
in part (a). Include in your diagram a method for collecting and measuring the
carbon dioxide. The apparatus should be airtight.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 11 of 46
 equilibrium and Kc and Kp

This is on Teams but you can make a better summary incorporating the RICE
method and explaining changes “in terms of K” instead of LCP

Q8.

Page 12 of 46
 Hydrogen can be prepared on an industrial scale using the reversible reaction between
methane and steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3 H2(g) ΔH = +206 kJ mol−1

The reaction is done at a temperature of 800 °C and a low pressure of 300 kPa in the
presence of a nickel catalyst.

Explain, in terms of equilibrium yield and cost, why these conditions are used.
(Total 6 marks)

Q9.
Hydrogen gas can be made by reacting ethanol with steam in the presence of a catalyst.

C2H5OH(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ 2 CO(g) + 4 H2(g)

(a) Give an expression for Kc for this equilibrium.

State its units.

Kc
(2)

(b) The table shows the amount of each substance in an equilibrium mixture in a
container of volume 750 cm3

Substance C2H5OH(g) H2O(g) CO(g) H2(g)

Amount of substance / mol 0.0750 0.156 0.110 0.220

Calculate Kc
(3)

(c) The pressure of the equilibrium mixture was increased by reducing the volume of
the container at constant temperature.

Predict the effect of increasing the pressure on the equilibrium yield of hydrogen.
Explain your answer.

Predict the effect of increasing the pressure on the value of Kc

(4)
(Total 9 marks)
Q10.
This question is about equilibria.

(a) Give two features of a reaction in dynamic equilibrium.

(2)

(b) A gas-phase reaction is at equilibrium.

When the pressure is increased the yield of product decreases.

State what can be deduced about the chemical equation for this equilibrium.
(1)

Page 13 of 46
(c) Carbon monoxide and hydrogen react to form methanol.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)

0.430 mol of carbon monoxide is mixed with 0.860 mol of hydrogen.

At equilibrium, the total pressure in the flask is 250 kPa and the mixture contains
0.110 mol of methanol.

Calculate the amount, in moles, of carbon monoxide present at equilibrium.

Calculate the partial pressure, in kPa, of carbon monoxide in this equilibrium

mixture.
(3)

(d) Give an expression for the equilibrium constant (Kp) for this reaction.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)

(1)

(e) A different mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is left to reach equilibrium at a
temperature T.

Some data for this equilibrium are shown in the table below.

Partial pressure of CO 125 kPa

Partial pressure of CH3OH 5.45 kPa

1.15 x 10–6
Kp
kPa–2

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)

Calculate the partial pressure, in kPa, of hydrogen in this equilibrium mixture.

(3)

(f) Use the Kp value from the table above to calculate a value for Kp for the following
reaction at temperature T.

CH3OH(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 2H2(g)

(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Page 14 of 46
 Organic Synthesis techniques

Create your own summary including diagrams and techniques – see slides for further details
and links to videos of the techniques in use
OCR-Q1. This question is about alkenes.

When alcohol A is heated with an acid catalyst, a reaction takes place forming alkene B.
The equation for this reaction is shown below as Equation 16.1.

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CHOHCH3 → CH3CH(CH3)CHCHCH3 + H2O Equation 16.1

alcohol A alkene B
i. State the type of reaction in Equation 16.1.

[1]

ii. Alkene B has two stereoisomers.

Explain what is meant by the term stereoisomers, and draw the skeletal formulae of the two stereoisomers of
alkene B.

[3]
iii. The reaction of A with an acid catalyst also forms another alkene, C.

Alkene C is a structural isomer of alkene B.

Suggest the structure of alkene C.

[1]
iv. * A student carries out the reaction in Equation 16.1 using 9.26 g of alcohol A.

The student obtains a liquid reaction mixture containing a mixture of organic products and the acid catalyst.

The student purifies the reaction mixture to obtain the liquid alkene B with a percentage yield of 75.0%.

Describe a method to obtain a pure, dry sample of alkene B from the reaction mixture and calculate the mass of
alkene B that the student produced.

[6]

Page 15 of 46
OCR-Q2. A student wants to remove an acid impurity from an organic liquid.

What should the student do?

A. Add Na2CO3(aq)

B. Reflux the mixture

C. Add Br2

D. Add MgSO4

Your answer
[1]

OCR-Q3.

1-Bromobutane is an organic liquid with a boiling point of 102 °C.

A student prepares 1-bromobutane by reacting butan-1-ol with sulfuric acid and sodium bromide. The student boils the
mixture for one hour.

The equation is shown below.

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + H+ + Br− → CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + H2O

The student obtains a reaction mixture containing an organic layer (density = 1.27 g cm −3) and an aqueous layer (density =
1.00 g cm−3).

i. * Draw a labelled diagram to show how you would safely set up apparatus for the preparation. Outline a method to
obtain a pure sample of 1-bromobutane from the reaction mixture.

[6]

ii. The student used 0.150 mol of butan-1-ol. The student obtained a 61.4% percentage yield of 1-bromobutane.

Calculate the mass of 1-bromobutane obtained.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

mass = g [2]

Page 16 of 46
Q11.
Propanone can be made by reacting propan-2-ol with an excess of acidified potassium
dichromate(VI).

The propanone is removed from the reaction mixture by distillation.

(a) The figure below shows the apparatus set up by a student to make propanone by
this method. Suitable clamps are used to hold all the apparatus firmly in place.

There are three problems with the apparatus set up in the figure above.

For each problem:

• identify the problem

• describe the issue it would cause
• suggest how the problem can be solved.
(6)

Another student completes the experiment using apparatus that is set up correctly.

(b) The student reacts 2.0 cm3 of propan-2-ol (CH3CH(OH)CH3) with an excess of
acidified potassium dichromate(VI).

The student obtains 0.954 g of propanone (CH3COCH3).

Calculate the percentage yield of propanone in this experiment.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Density of propan-2-ol = 0.786 g cm–3

(4)

Page 17 of 46
 (c) Molecules of propan-2-ol and propanone each contain three carbon atoms.

Complete the table below to suggest the shape and a bond angle around the central
C atom in a molecule of each compound.

propan-2-ol propanone
Compound
CH3CH(OH)CH3 CH3COCH3

Shape around
central C atom

Bond angle around

central C atom
(2)

(d) Explain why propanone has a lower boiling point than propan-2-ol.
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Q12.
Propane-1,2-diol has the structure CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH3. It is used to make polyesters and
is one of the main substances in electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes).

A sample of propane-1,2-diol was refluxed with a large excess of potassium

dichromate(VI) and sulfuric acid.

(a) Draw the skeletal formula of propane-1,2-diol.

(1)

(b) Write an equation for this oxidation reaction of propane-1,2-diol under reflux, using
[O] to represent the oxidizing agent.

Show the displayed formula of the organic product.

(2)

(c) Draw a labelled diagram to show how you would set up apparatus for refluxing.
(2)

(d) Anti-bumping granules are placed in the flask when refluxing.

Suggest why these granules prevent bumping.
(1)

(e) Draw the structure of a different organic product formed when the acidified
potassium dichromate(VI) is not in excess.
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 18 of 46
 Organic analysis (spectroscopy)

Page 19 of 46
Q13.
Infrared spectroscopy can be used to distinguish between esters, alcohols and carboxylic
acids.

Use the table below, where appropriate, to answer the following questions.

Infrared absorption data

Bond Wavenumber
/ cm−1

N–H 3300 – 3500

(amines)

O–H 3230 – 3550

(alcohols)

C–H 2850 – 3300

O–H 2500 – 3000

(acids)

C≡N 2220 – 2260

C=O 1680 – 1750

C=C 1620 – 1680

C–O 1000 – 1300

C–C 750 – 1100

(a) Identify an absorption that would enable you to distinguish between methyl
ethanoate and ethanoic acid.
(1)

(b) Identify an absorption that would enable you to distinguish between methanol and
ethanoic acid.
(1)

(c) State how infrared spectroscopy can be used to show that an unknown ester is
definitely methyl ethanoate.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Page 20 of 46
Q14.
The infrared spectrum of an organic compound is shown.

Which compound produces this spectrum?

A ethanoic acid

B 4-hydroxybutanone

C propan-1-ol

D prop-2-en-1-ol
(Total 1 mark)

Page 21 of 46
Q15.
Butan-2-ol can be oxidised by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to form butanone as
shown by the following equation.

CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 + [O] → CH3CH2COCH3 + H2O

(a) State the class of alcohol to which butan-2-ol belongs.

(1)

(b) The infrared spectrum shown below is either that of butan-2-ol or that of butanone.

Identify the compound to which this infrared spectrum refers.

Explain your answer.

You may find it helpful to refer to the table of infrared absorption data on the back of
the Periodic Table (Table 1).
(3)

(c) Draw the displayed formula of the alcohol C4H9OH which is resistant to oxidation by
acidified potassium dichromate(VI).
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 22 of 46
Q16.
This question is about the reaction between propanone and an excess of ethane-1,2-diol,
the equation for which is given below.

In a typical procedure, a mixture of 1.00 g of propanone, 5.00 g of ethane-1,2-diol and

0.100 g of benzenesulphonic acid, C6H5SO3H, is heated under reflux in an inert solvent.
Benzenesulphonic acid is a strong acid.

The products would not have an absorption in the infra-red at

A 1050 cm−1

B 1720 cm−1

C 2950 cm−1

D 3400 cm−1
(Total 1 mark)

Page 23 of 46
Q17.
Consider the five cyclic compounds, A, B, C, D and E.

(a) The infrared spectra of compounds A, B, C and D are shown below.

Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in the box next to each spectrum. You may find
it helpful to refer to Table 1 on the Data Sheet.

(i)

(1)

(ii)

(1)

Page 24 of 46
 (iii)

(1)

(iv)

(1)

(b) A simple chemical test can be used to distinguish between cyclohexane (A) and
cyclohexene (D).
Give a reagent for this test and state what you would observe with each compound.
(3)

(c) Cyclohexanol (B) can be converted into cyclohexanone (C).

Give a reagent or combination of reagents that can be used for this reaction and
state the type of reaction.

State the class of alcohols to which cyclohexanol belongs.

(3)

(d) Cyclohexane (A) can be converted into bromocyclohexane (E) by a reaction that is
similar to the reaction of methane either with chlorine or with bromine.

Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction of methane (CH4) with bromine to
form bromomethane (CH3Br). Give one condition for this reaction to occur.
Write an equation for each step in your mechanism.
(5)
(Total 15 marks)

Page 25 of 46
Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)

M1
Correct answer scores 4 marks
1

M2 heat released = 1216 x 1000 x 0.0075 (= 9120) (J)

[or 1216 x 0.0075 = (9.12) (kJ)]
0.0075 scores M1 with or without working
9120 or 9.12 scores M1 and M2 with or without working
1

M3
Allow ECF at each stage
correct M3 scores M1 and M2
1

M4 final temperature = 19.1 + M3 = 62.7 or 63 (°C)

1

Alternative M3/4

M3 9120 = 50 × 4.18 × (Final T – 19.1)

M4 Final T = 62.7 or 63 (°C)

Ignore negative sign for q in M2 and/or ΔT in M3, but penalise if
used as a temperature fall in M4 (if alternative method used for
M3/4 and negative value for q is used, allow M3 for expression
with negative q value but do not allow M4)
(temperatures to at least 2sf)
If candidates use a value in kJ rather than J to find ΔT / final T then
they lose M3, but ECF to M4 [e.g. 9.12 rather than 9120 giving ΔT
= 0.0436 and final temperature = 19.1(436) – this would give 3
marks]
If candidates use 0.63 g for m in M3, they will get ΔT = 3.46 and
final temperature = 22.56 – this would give 3 marks]
Cannot score M2 using moles = 1

(b) thermal energy / heat loss or

or idea of heat being transferred to calorimeter

incomplete combustion or
allow idea that it is not under standard conditions

evaporation
allow no lid / poor/no insulation
1

Page 26 of 46
(c) M1 6 × (–394), 6 × (–286) and –3920
1

M2 (ΔH =) [6 × (–394)] + [6 × (–286)] + 3920

(or (ΔH =) [–2364)] + [–1716)] + 3920)
(or (ΔH =) –4080 + 3920)
1

M3 = –160 (kJ mol–1)

1
–160 scores 3 marks; +160 scores 2 marks
–8000 scores 2 marks; +8000 scores 1 mark
–1876 scores 2 marks; +1876 scores 1 mark
M1 is for correct coefficients, i.e. 6 × ΔcH H2 & 6
× ΔcH C & 1 x ΔcH C6H12 (ignore whether + or –)
ECF from M1 to M2/3 for incorrect coefficients /
arithmetic error / transposition
ECF from M2 to M3 for use of products – reactants
Ignore any cycle
[8]

Page 27 of 46
Q2.
(a) Heat energy change at constant pressure
1

(b)
This question is marked using Levels of Response.
Level 3:
All stages are covered and the explanation of each stage is generally
correct and virtually complete.
5-6 marks
Answer is well structured with no repetition or irrelevant points.
Accurate and clear expression of ideas with no errors in use of technical
terms.
Level 2:
All stages are covered but the explanation of each stage may be
incomplete or may contain inaccuracies OR two stages are covered and
the explanations are generally correct and virtually complete.
3-4 marks
Answer shows some attempt at structure.
Ideas are expressed with reasonable clarity with, perhaps, some repetition
or some irrelevant points.
Some minor errors in use of technical terms.
Level 1:
Two stages are covered but the explanation of each stage may be
incomplete or may contain inaccuracies, OR only one stage is covered but
the explanation is generally correct and virtually complete.
1-2 marks
Answer includes isolated statements but these are not presented in a
logical order or show some confusion.
Answer may contain valid points which are not clearly linked to an
argument structure. Errors in the use of technical terms.
Level 0:
0 marks
Insufficient correct chemistry to gain a mark.

Indicative Chemistry

Stage 1: Apparatus
1a. Use a burette/pipette (instead of a measuring cylinder)
1b. Use a polystyrene cup (instead of a beaker) / insulate beaker
1c. Reweigh the watchglass after adding the solid 1d: Use powdered solid

Stage 2: Temperature Measurements

2a. Measure and record the initial temperature of the solution for a few minutes
before addition
2b. Measure and record the temperature after the addition at regular intervals (eg
each minute) for 8+ minutes/until a trend is observed

Stage 3: Temperature Determination

3a. Plot a graph of temperature against time
3b. Extrapolate to the point of addition
3c. Determine ΔT at the point of addition
6

Page 28 of 46
 (c) n(HCl) or n(NaOH) = 50 x 0.500 / 1000 = 0.025 moles
1

q = –ΔH x n = 57.1 x 0.025 = 1.4275 kJ

M2 = 57.1 × M1
1

ΔT = q/mc
1

ΔT = (1.4275 x 1000) / (100 x 4.18) = 3.4(2) °C

M4 = (M2 × 1000) / (100 × 4.18)
1

Final Temperature = 18.5 + 3.4 = 21.9 °C

M5 = M4 + 18.5 (but final temperature must be higher than
18.5 °C)
1

(d) Increase the concentration of the solutions

1
[13]

Q3.
(a) C2H5OH(I) + 3O2(g) ⟶ 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(I)
1 mark for correct formulae and balancing
1
1 mark for all correct state symbols
1

(b) (Standard) enthalpy of formation

1

Difficult to prevent C reacting with O2 to form some CO2

1

(c) ΔH = ΣΔHc reactants − ΣΔHc products or a correct cycle

1

OR ΔH = −393−(−283)

ΔH = −110 (kJ mol−1)

1

(d) Correctly drawn Hess’s law cycle

1

4 (Xe–F) = 252 + (2 × 158) = 568

Xe–F = 568 / 4
1

Xe–F = 142 (kJ mol−1))

1

(e) Mean bond enthalpy found by taking an average for Xe–F in a range of
compounds
1
[10]

Page 29 of 46
Q4.
(a) 2Fe(s) + O2(g) ⟶ Fe2O3(s) ONLY
Don’t allow multiples. States must be shown
1

(b) M1 Correct cycle or equation

If M1 and M2 not awarded then M3 can be awarded for their
M2 divided by 3
1
M2 (3 × ΔfHCO2) = −19 + (−822) + 3(−111) − 0
(3 × ΔfHCO2) = −1174
1
M3 ΔfHCO2 = −391 kJ mol−1
−317 for 1 mark
+391 for 1 mark
1
Allow 2 sig fig or more

(c) M1 Correct Hess’s law cycle or equation

If M1 and M2 not awarded then M3 can be awarded for their
M2 divided by 6
1
M2 (6(N−H)) = 944 + 3(+436) + 92
(6(N−H)) = 2344
−391 for 1 mark
1
M3 N−H = (+)391 kJ mol−1
1
Allow 2 sig fig or more

(d) Data book value derived from (a number of) different compounds (not just
different NH3 molecules)
1
[8]

Page 30 of 46
Q5.
(a) energy
Ignore reference to
• any units (e.g. J, kJ, J mol−1, kJ mol−1)
• particles
• molecules
• kinetic
NOT mean energy or average energy
NOT E
1

(b) M1 maximum peak height is lower and displaced to the right of the original
1
M2 all of the following
• starts at the origin but does not follow the original line
• shows separation as soon as possible from the original line
• crosses the original curve once only
• similar area to original curve
• an attempt has been made to draw the new curve correctly towards the
energy axis above the original curve but not to touch the original curve (or
axis)
1

(c) M1 an increase in the number/amount/proportion/fraction of molecules

with
E ≥ Ea / with activation energy
or more molecules have E ≥ Ea / with activation energy
or more molecules have enough / sufficient energy (to react)
M1
Ignore
• Molecules have more energy
• More energetic collisions
• More collisions

Allow E > Ea in place of E ≥ Ea

Credit particles for molecules (but not atoms)
Penalise for M1 reference to increased activation energy
1
M2 more successful / effective / productive collisions in a given time / period
or higher rate of successful / effective / productive collisions
or higher frequency of successful / effective / productive collisions
M2
Must refer to both idea of successful / effective / productive
collisions and the rate / frequency of collisions
Ignore ‘chance of collision’
1
[5]

Q6.
A
[1]

Page 31 of 46
Q7.
(a) (i) Uses sensible scales.
Lose this mark if the plotted points do not cover half of the
paper.
Lose this mark if the graph plot goes off the squared paper
Lose this mark if volume is plotted on the x-axis
1
All points plotted correctly
Allow ± one small square.
1
Smooth curve from 0 seconds to at least 135 seconds − the line must
pass through or close to all points (± one small square).
Make some allowance for the difficulties of drawing a curve
but do not allow very thick or doubled lines.
1
(ii) Any value in the range 91 to 105 s
Allow a range of times within this but not if 90 quoted.
1
(b) (i) Using pV = nRT
This mark can be gained in a correctly substituted equation.
1
−6
100 000 × 570 × 10 = n × 8.31 × 293
Correct answer with no working scores one mark only.
1
n = 0.0234 mol
Do not penalise precision of answer but must have a
minimum of 2 significant figures.
1
(ii) Mol of ZnCO3 = 0.0234
Mark consequentially on Q6
M1 1
Mass of ZnCO3 = M1 × 125.4 = 2.9(3) or 2.9(4) g
If 0.0225 used then mass = 2.8(2) g
M2 1
(iii) Difference = (15.00 / 5) − Ans to b
If 2.87 g used then percentage is 4.3
M1
1
Percentage = (M1 / 3.00) × 100
Ignore precision beyond 2 significant figures in the final
answer
If 2.82 g used from (ii) then percentage = 6.0
M2 1
(c) A reaction vessel which is clearly airtight round the bung
1
Gas collection over water or in a syringe
Collection vessel must be graduated by label or markings
Ignore any numbered volume markings.
1
[13]

Page 32 of 46
Q8.

This question is marked using levels of response. Refer to the Mark Scheme Instructions for
Examiners for guidance on how to mark this question.

All stages are covered and the explanation of each stage is generally correct and
Level 3 virtually complete.
5-6 Answer is well structured with no repetition or irrelevant points.
Marks
Accurate and clear expression of ideas with no errors in use of technical terms.

All stages are covered but the explanation of each stage may be incomplete or may
contain inaccuracies OR two stages are covered and the explanations are generally
Level 2 correct and virtually complete.
3-4 Answer shows some attempt at structure. Ideas are expressed with reasonable clarity
Marks with, perhaps, some repetition or some irrelevant points.
Some minor errors in use of technical terms.

Two stages are covered but the explanation of each stage may be incomplete or may
contain inaccuracies, OR only one stage is covered but the explanation is generally
Level 1 correct and virtually complete.
1-2 Answer includes isolated statements but these are not presented in a logical order or
Marks show some confusion.
Answer may contain valid points which are not clearly linked to an argument structure.
Errors in the use of technical terms.

Level 0 Insufficient correct chemistry to gain a mark.

Indicative chemistry content

Stage 1: Temperature
1a. The reaction is endothermic (so equilibrium shifts to RHS to reduce the temperature)
1b. So, higher temperature increases the yield 1c. High temperatures are costly (so
compromise temperature used)

Stage 2: Pressure
2a. More moles of gas on the right hand side, (so equilibrium shifts to RHS to increase the
yield)
2b. So, lower pressure increases the yield
2c. A low pressure means a low cost

Stage 3: Catalyst
3a. Catalyst has no effect on yield
3b. Adding a catalyst allows a lower temperature to be used
3c. So, this lowers the cost
[6]

Page 33 of 46
Q9.

(a) M1
1

M2 mol4 dm–12
M2 allow for units that are consequential on M1
1

(b) M1 clear attempt made to divide moles by volume to find concentrations

7.66 x 10–3 scores M1,2,3
7.66 x 10–15 scores M1,3
M1 can use 0.750 or 750 (or 75, 7.5, 0.075, 0.0075, etc)
1

M2

M2
for M2 volume used must be 0.750 or 750 (if use V at this
stage, then must be one of these values of V used later on)
1

M3 7.66 x 10–3
M3 ignore units
If moles are used in place of concentration
penalise M1, but M2 and M3 could score for ECF

M2 M3 2.42 x 10-3
Allow ECF if incorrect expression for Kc is used
1

(c) M1 yield would decrease

mark each point independently
1

M2 equilibrium (position) moves left / shifts left / in direction of reverse reaction

to oppose increase in pressure / to reduce pressure

M2 need both parts; ignore favours reverse reaction for the
first part
1

M3 fewer moles/molecules of gas on left hand side / fewer moles/molecules of

gaseous reactants
M3 2 moles/molecules (of gas) on left hand side v 6
moles/molecules (of gas) on right hand side
1

M4 no effect on Kc
1
[9]

Page 34 of 46
Q10.
(a) forward and reverse reactions proceeding at equal rates
1

concentrations (of reactants and products) remain constant

or
concentrations (of reactants and products) stay the same
do not accept equal concentrations
do not accept concentrations are the same
ignore closed system
1
allow answers in either order

(b) more moles of (gaseous) products (than (gaseous) reactants)

or
more moles on the RHS (than LHS)
allow molecules
do not accept atoms
1

(c) M1 (at equilibrium) n(CO) = 0.32 (mol)

1

M2 total number of moles (at equilibrium) = 1.07 (mol)

or mole fraction (CO) = 0.299
1

M3 p (CO) = = 74.8 (kPa)

M3 =
allow 75 kPa
an answer of 67.8 (kPa) = 2 marks max
1

(d)
do not accept square brackets
1

(e) M1 p(H2)2 =
rearrangement with/without numbers
1

M2 p(H2) = √37 913 or p(H2)2 = 37 913

1

M3 p(H2) = 194.7 (kPa)

M3 = √M2
allow 195 (kPa)
1
if rearrangement incorrect in M1 allow M3 only
if p(H2) is not squared in part (d) allow

Page 35 of 46
 p(H2) = for M1 and 37 913 for M2
(max 2)

(f) = = 8.7(0) × 105

allow 869 565
1

kPa2
1

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

OCR1 i Elimination 1 ALLOW Dehydration

ALLOW have the same structure / displayed

formula / skeletal formula

Same structural formula DO NOT ALLOW same empirical formula OR

AND same general formula
Different arrangement (of atoms) in space
OR different spatial arrangement Stereoisomers have the same formula or molecular
formula is not sufficient
ii 3
Reference to E/Z isomerism or optical isomerism is
not sufficient

IGNORE names

IF skeletal formula is not used ALLOW one mark if

both stereoisomers of alkene B are shown clearly.

ALLOW correct structural OR skeletal OR

displayed formula OR mixture of the above
iii 1
IGNORE names

Page 36 of 46
 * Please refer to the marking instruction
point 10 for guidance on how to mark this
question.

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Outlines full details of how a pure sample of
B is obtained from the reaction mixture.
Indicative scientific points, with bulleted
AND elements, may include:
Correctly calculates mass of B

 Purification steps are clear, in the 1. Purification

correct order, using appropriate  Use of a separating funnel to separate
scientific terms.
organic and aqueous layers

 Calculation shows all relevant  Drying with an anhydrous salt, e.g.

steps and mass given to 3 MgSO4, CaCl2, etc.
significant figures.

Level 2 (3–4 marks)  Redistillation

Some details of how a sample of B is Incorrect purification method is NOT worthy of
obtained from the reaction mixture. credit.
AND
Attempts a calculation which is mostly 2. Mass of B obtained
correct.

iv  Purification steps lack detail, e.g. 6
no drying agent or no explanation = theoretical n(B)
of separation, or only some
scientific terms used.  Actual n(B) obtained

 Calculation can be followed but

unclear.  mass B = 84 × 0.0681 = 5.72 g

Level 1 (1–2 marks) CHECK for extent of errors by ECF

Few or imprecise details of how a sample of
B is obtained from the reaction mixture. Alternative correct calculation may
AND calculate the mass of B as 0.0908 × 84 =
Attempts to calculate the mass of B using
mole approach but makes little progress
with only 1 step correct.

 Purification step is unclear with few

scientific terms and little detail, Calculation must attempt to calculate n(A) in mol.
e.g. just ‘separate the layers and Simply finding 75% of the initial mass of alcohol A,
dry’. 9.26, is NOT worthy of credit.

 Calculation is difficult to follow and

lacking clarity

0 marks
No response or no response worthy of
credit.

Total 11

OCR2 A 1

Total 1

Page 37 of 46
 Indicative scientific points may include:

Apparatus set up for reflux:

Please refer to the marking instructions on • round-bottom/pear shaped flask

page 5 of this mark scheme for guidance on • heat source
• condenser
how to mark this question.
Detail: water flow in condenser bottom to top;
Level 3 (5–6 marks)
open system.
Correctly labelled diagram of reflux
apparatus that works, with no safety
problems Purification
AND
An appreciation of most of the purification Use of a separating funnel to separate organic
and aqueous layers
steps required to gain a pure sample •
Detail: Collect lower organic layer density
greater
There is a well-developed line of reasoning Drying with an anhydrous salt,
which is clear and logically structured. The •
Detail: e.g. MgSO4, CaCl2, etc.
information presented is relevant and Redistillation
•
substantiated. Detail: Collect fraction distilling at 102°C.

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Labelled diagram of apparatus (either reflux
or distillation) but with safety/procedural Examiner’s Comments
problems OR clear diagram of reflux
apparatus without labelling Candidates were not prepared to answer this type
AND of question and the diagrams were hard to give
OCR3 i Some details of further purification steps 6 credit to. Many had significant safety implications
such as open beakers of butan-1-ol being heated
There is a line of reasoning presented with by a Bunsen burner. Most mis-read the question
some structure. The information presented and just outlined the method for purification and
is relevant and supported by some struggled to recall the practical details. Very few
evidence. candidates mentioned the use of anhydrous salts,
referring instead to ‘boiling off’ the water.
Level 1 (1–2 marks)
Diagram of apparatus (reflux OR
separation OR distillation) drawn with no
labelling OR labelled diagram with
significant safety/procedural
AND / OR
Few or imprecise details about further
purification stages

There is an attempt at a logical structure

with a line of reasoning. The information is
in the most part relevant.

0 marks
No response or no response worthy of
credit.

Exemplar 4

Page 38 of 46
 This candidate was credited 4 marks for this level 2
answer. Although they have drawn distillation
apparatus instead of reflux, they have considered
the boiling point of the product, detailed using a
separating funnel, a drying agent and that the
lower organic layer would be drawn off first.

Common errors:
33.4 (0.150 × 100/61.4 = 0.244 × 136.9)
1 mark

ALLOW ECF for incorrect moles or incorrect Mr of

1-bromobutane (provided answer is to 3 SF)
DO NOT ALLOW 6.82 (using Mr of butan-1-ol)
FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON
ANSWER LINE ALLOW calculation using masses, e.g.
IF answer = 12.6 (g) award 2 marks

Theoretical = 0.150 × 136.9 = 20.535 (g) ✓

ii 2 •
• (ALLOW 20.535 rounded back to 20.5)

Mass 1-bromobutane = 0.0921 × 136.9

• •
= 12.6 (g) ✓
(20.5 also gives 12.6)
3 SF required

Examiner’s Comments

This question was well answered, but a significant

number of candidates incorrectly used the Mr of
butan-1-ol when calculating the mass of 1-
bromobutane.

Total 8

Page 39 of 46
Q11.
(a)
This question is marked using levels of response. Refer to the Mark Scheme Instructions
for Examiners for guidance on how to mark this question.

All stages are covered and each stage is generally correct and virtually
Level 3 complete
5-6 (6 v 5) Answer is well structured, with no repetition or irrelevant points, and
marks covers all aspects of the question. Accurate and clear expression of ideas with
no errors in use of technical terms.

All stages are covered but stage(s) may be incomplete or may contain
inaccuracies OR two stages are covered and are generally correct and
Level 2
virtually complete
3-4
(4 v 3) Answer has some structure and covers most aspects of the question.
marks
Ideas are expressed with reasonable clarity with, perhaps, some repetition or
some irrelevant points. If any, only minor errors in use of technical terms.

Two stages are covered but stage(s) may be incomplete or may contain
Level 1 inaccuracies OR only one stage is covered but is generally correct and
virtually complete
1-2
marks (2 v 1) Answer includes statements which are presented in a logical order
and/or linked.

Level 0 Insufficient correct chemistry to gain a mark.

Stage 1
Anti-bumping granules
1a no anti-bumping granules / add anti-bumping granules
1b to create smaller bubbles / to prevent large bubbles / to prevent
mixture jumping into condenser

Stage 2
Open system with no thermometer
2a system should be closed (above flask) to prevent gases escaping
2b should be closed with (bung +) thermometer
2c to allow collection of propanone (only) / to prevent distillation of
other components / to stay in suitable temperature range

Stage 3
The water direction in the condenser
3a water flows in wrong direction through condenser / change water direction
3b condenser not cool enough / not full of water
3c product may not condense / comes through as gas
6

Page 40 of 46
(b) M1 mass of propan-2-ol = 2.0 x 0.786 (= 1.572 g to at least 2sf)

M2 amount of propan-2-ol = ( = 0.0262 to at least 2 sf) mol

M3 mass of propanone expected = 0.0262 x 58.0 ( = 1.52 g to at least 2sf)

M4 % yield = = 63% (2sf only)

Alternative for M3/4

M3 amount of propanone formed = ( = 0.0164) mol

M4 % yield = = 63% (2sf only)

Allow ECF at each step
4

(c) M1 propan-2-ol: tetrahedral and 109.5°

M1 allow 104–110°
1

M2 propanone: trigonal planar and 120°

M2 allow 115–123°
Any two correct boxes scores one mark
1

(d) M1 propan-2-ol has stronger intermolecular forces

Penalise M1 and M2 for any reference to breaking covalent
bonds, (but M3 could score)
1

M2 propan-2-ol has hydrogen bonds between molecules

For M2 ignore reference to dipole-dipole forces in propan-2-
ol
1

M3 propanone has dipole-dipole forces and/or van der Waals’ forces

1
[15]

Page 41 of 46
Q12.

(a)
Any correct skeletal formula (both OH groups must be
shown)
1

(b) M1 Displayed formula of correct product

Incorrect organic product CE=0
Must be displayed formula but can be shown separately or in
the equation
1

M2 Balanced equation

Allow any correct structural formula (or molecular formula

C3H4O3) for product in balanced equation
Allow any correct formula of propane-1,2-diol (including its
molecular formula C3H8O2)
1

(c) M1 flask with condenser vertically above it (without gaps between flask and
condenser)
Distillation diagram CE = 0
Condenser must have outer tube for water that is sealed at
top and bottom; condenser must have two openings for
water in/out (that are open, although these openings do not
need to be labelled)
Penalise M1 if apparatus is sealed (a continuous line across
the top and/or bottom of the condenser is penalised)
1

M2 flask and condenser labelled

Allow condensing tube for condenser label
1

(d) Form small(er) bubbles or prevent large bubbles

1

Page 42 of 46
 (e) Any one of these four structures:

Allow any correct structural / displayed / skeletal formula

For reference:

Carbon 1 Carbon 2
aldehyde alcohol
carboxylic acid alcohol
aldehyde ketone
alcohol ketone
1
[7]

Q13.
(a) OH acid (present in acid not in ester)
Allow absorption at 2500–3000 cm–1 in acid.
1

(b) C=O or (absorption at) 1680–1750 cm–1

(present in acid not in alcohol)
Allow correct distinction between 3230–3550 cm–1 for OH
alcohol and 2500–3000 cm–1 for OH acid.
1

(c) Comparison with known spectrum

1

(Exact) match (with known spectrum)

1
[4]

Q14.
B
4-hydroxybutanone
[1]

Page 43 of 46
Q15.
(a) Secondary OR 2° (alcohol);
1

(b) Spectrum is for butanone (or formula) or butan-2-one

The explanation marks depend on correctly identifying
butanone.

If butanone is correctly identified, award any two from

• (Strong) absorption / peak at approximately 1700 (cm–1) /

1710 (cm–1) / in the range 1680 – 1750 (cm–1) This
needs to be stated.

• (Characteristic) absorption / peak for C=O (may be shown

on the spectrum in the correct place).

• No absorption / peak in range 3230 to 3550 cm–1.

1

• No absorption / peak for an OH group.

Look at the spectrum to see if anything is written on it that
might gain credit.
Allow the words “dip” OR “spike” OR “low transmittance” as
alternatives for absorption.
2

(c) Displayed structure for 2-methylpropan-2-ol

Must have all bonds drawn out but ignore the bond angles
1
[5]

Q16.
B
[1]

Page 44 of 46
Q17.
(a) (i) C
1

(ii) A
1

(iii) D
1

(iv) B
1

(b) M1 Br2 OR bromine (water) OR bromine (in CCl4 / organic solvent)

If M1, has no reagent or an incorrect reagent, CE=0
Ignore “acidified”
For M1 penalise Br (or incorrect formula of other correct
reagent), but mark on
For M1, it must be a whole reagent and/or correct formulae

Either order
If oxidation state given in name, it must be correct.

M2 cyclohexane OR A or the alkane: remains orange / red / yellow / brown /

the same OR no reaction OR reference to colour going to cyclohexane layer
For M2 credit “no change”
Ignore “nothing”
Ignore “nothing happens”
Ignore “no observation”

M3 cyclohexene OR D or the alkene: decolourised / goes colourless / loses

its colour
For M3, ignore “goes clear”

Alternatives : potassium manganate(VII)

M1 KMnO4 in acid M2 purple M3 colourless

M1 KMnO4 in alkali / neutral M2 purple M3 brown solid

Give appropriate credit for the use of iodine and observations

No credit for combustion observations
3

(c) M1 acidified potassium or sodium dichromate

For M1, it must be a whole reagent and/or correct formulae

OR eg H2SO4 / K2Cr2O7 OR H+/ K2Cr2O7

OR correct combination of formula and name

If oxidation state given in name, it must be correct.

M2 oxidation OR oxidised OR redox

Do not penalise incorrect attempt at formula if name is correct or vice versa

M3 secondary / 2o (alcohol)
Credit acidified potassium chromate(VI) / H2SO4 + K2CrO4

Page 45 of 46
 3

(d) M1 (free-) radical substitution (mechanism)

M1 both words required

M2 Br2 2Br•
Penalise absence of dot once only.

M3 Br• + CH4 •CH3 + HBr

Penalise + or – charges every time

M4 Br2 + •CH3 CH3Br + Br•

Accept dot anywhere on methyl radical
Accept a correct termination step for 1 mark if neither M3 nor
M4 are scored; otherwise ignore termination steps
Mark independently
NB If Cl2 is used, penalise every time ( this may be for M2,
M3 and M4)
If cyclohexane is used, penalise every time (this may be for
M3 and M4)

M5 Condition

ultra-violet / uv / sun light

OR high temperature

OR 125 °C ≤ T ≤ 600 °C

OR 400 K ≤ T ≤ 870 K
For M5 ignore “heat”
5
[15]

Page 46 of 46