Information and communication university Zambia

Assignment feedback form

NAME :

COURSE :

PROGRAM :

MODE OF STUDY ;

EMAIL :

PHONE:
Many scholars have tried to give a definitive meaning to communication. In the view ofthe
Association of Periopoerative Practice, communication originated from the Latin
wordcommunis. Lunenberg (2010) agrees with them that communication has its root in
Latinfrom the word commune’s. However, he asserts that it means ‘common’, which
suggests that there must be a common understanding of the message between the source and
the receiver concerning the message being communicated. The general view of
communication is that it is an interaction within a social context. Communication usually
involves a sender (source) and a receiver. It involves the interlocutors exchanging
signals. These signals could be verbal or graphic, it could be gestural or visual
(photographic). In essence, communication involves using codes that are done with the eyes,
body movement or sounds made with the voice. Whichever way it is done, there is always a
process in which someone initiates a meaning intent that is passed to the interlocutor
(receiver). Daniel (2016) asserts that it is when feedback, which involves the
receiver responding to the signal by initiating another circle of meaning exchange,
has been sent to the sender (source) that the communication process has gone full circle and
become complete.Giffin & Patten (1976) also state that communication is the process of
creating meaning as well as ascribing it. It is the exchange of ideas and interaction among
group members. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (2004)
defines communications the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving
people information. One can safely say that communication is the act of transferring
information and messages from one place to another and from one person to another. In a
related manner, the Online Business Dictionary describes communication as a two
way process. It involves participants reaching a mutual understanding beyond
merely encoding and decoding information, news, ideas and feelings. It is important that
they also create and share the meaning content in the messages passed (see Daniel,
2013). In addition to this, communication is also seen as a means of connecting people
or places. It is also regarded as an important key function of management because an
organization cannot operate without communication between levels, departments and
employees (Okenimpkpe, 2010).

Again, communication can be defined as a field of study concerned with the transmission of
information and broadcasting. It can involve any of the various professions, which have to
do with the transmission of information such as advertising, public relations,
broadcasting and journalism. The foregoing shows that communication is
something human beings do every day in different ways and through different means. That
is, the modern man communicates through different methods like speaking, using
telephones, blogging, television, art, hand and body gestures and facial expressions. This can
happening closed intimate settings or over long distances. An example is the internet. The
acts of communication draw on a number of inter and intra-personal skills like
observing, speaking, questioning, analysing and assimilating. It enables
collaboration andcooperation.Above all, language is the basic level of communication
between one human being and another. It is the means by which we pass on our ideas,
feelings, knowledge and requests.Awoniyi (1982) affirms that without communication there
would be chaos. He adds that human existence and civilization as we know today
would disappear without communication. He further claims that there are at least five
important elements of the communicative process

Related to the above are various categories of communication. Of these categories, more than
one may occur at a given time. For example, if you are with a group of close friends having a
general conversation, you can at the same time be carrying on another tacit, non-verbal or
sign communication with someone of your choice, which others in the group may not be
aware of. Whatever the category or channel of communication, understanding is the desired
outcome or goal of any communication act. Senders and receivers are very important in the
communication process. There are many ways by which communication can take place as
well as many skills one can employ in the process of communication. Another example is
that a parent can communicate displeasure to a child over their behaviour in
the midst of people by sign language without breaking the flow of conversation
and without others being aware. These signs include frowning, clearing ofthe throat or
stepping on the child’s toes. This is very common among Nigerians as it is said that a well
trained child does not miss-interpret the sign language from the parent(s).Of course, sign
language here should not be confused with that used by those unable to use vocal symbols to
communicate; it usually means body language

People communicate to satisfy the needs for belonging, to be heard and be appreciated.
People communicate to keep in touch with and connect with others such as friends, family,
colleagues and business partners. In short, people communicate to socialize. The human
being is a social animal living and operating in a community peopled by other human
beings with whom they are in constant touch. The human is able to socialize because of its
ability to communicate. In addition, people communicate in order to get things done or
make their intentions and feelings known. Above all, people communicate with specific
purposes in mind. There are four basic purposes of communication. Almost all of these
purposes are better served through verbal communication than other options like email
or print messages. Communication can be used to convey information. This can be done
verbally or through text based media to pass information such as time of meeting or policy
statements from an organisation’s administration to its employees. Communication can be
used to ask for help, which verbally triggers empathy. Like other verbal communications,
verbal requests mean a request can be stated clearly without any misunderstanding. It can
also be used to influence listener or audience, as used by politicians; the most
important aspect of which are the words used as these are the things that would influence
audience. It can include non-verbal cues like dressing and appearance. It can also
be useful for entertainment. This is manifest in the ability of comedians in the
country who make their living from live shows where they can readiilyinteract with their
audience. This cannot be adequately done in text-based communication

Earlier research on communication skills among university students has reported the
significance learning of such skills. Worldwide examples demonstrate the latter. Let's
say in California, Kim and Wright (1989) mapped community college students' and
employers' perceptions on abilities needed most for workplace. 2,330 participant
students and 306 participant employers responded to a 46-workplace skill survey
questionnaire. The study reported that interpersonal skills, communication skills, and
problem solving are exclusively essential in workplace. Similarly in Romania,
Iordachescu -Plats and Josan (2009) evaluated the communication competence within
Romanian universities and proposed conducts to improve such competence in line with
European Union competence. Findings asserted the significant role of university as a
trigger for amendment and development in culture and society. In Hong Kong, however,
Bankowski (2010) trained students, enrolled at English for Academic Purposes (EAP)
course, on oral presentations skills. Findings revealed that presentation skill training
helped students to perform research, understand themes, speak to audience, use formats and
structures, and to that end motivated them to embrace different ways of study.
Correspondingly as part of a greater scale study on Language and Social Cohesion in
the Formation of National Identity sponsored by University Kebangsaan in Malaysia,
Idris, Hassan, Ya’acob & Gill, (2012) investigated the roles of universities in shaping
the national identity of the youth; where 375 individuals took part and filled in a survey
questionnaire. Results asserted the crucial role of universities in development of national
identity. Nevertheless, In Brazil, Feitosa, Del Prette & Del Prette (2012) examined the
relationship between social skills and academic ability. 80 male and female students were
assessed by three tests; namely: intelligence test, social skills test and an achievement
test (viz. SAT). Findings established that cognitive competence enables social skills to
develop students' academic attainment. In the same vein in Philippines, Comedis
(2014) ascertained the relationship of De La Salle Araneta university students' social
skills with their academic ability. A correlational research design was followed as to
correlate 103 sociology freshman students' academic ability with their social skills of:
cooperation, assertiveness, empathy and self-control for two successive years. Findings
revealed that self-control and whole social skills improved students' academic ability. In
Malaysia, Mey, Abdullah and Yin (2014) summarized and observed personality traits
of graduate and undergraduate research university students.

The authors followed a quantitative research design of personality traits by the means of
the Behavioural Management Information System (BeMIS) to hold distinction, novelty
and vitality measures. Findings confirmed that students' personality profile helped them
to handle the formal change; as their personality turns out to be extra powerfully
expressed and developed during the change phases. Likewise in Australia, Schurer,
Kassenboehmer and Leung (2015) examined the role of universities in shaping
graduates' personality in light The participants, 369 youth, were examined throughout
eight years. Findings pinpointed that university does not form graduates who have a
strong personality qualities in terms of ethics or intelligence. Nevertheless, it fades as
they get older. In the same vein in Saudi Arabia, Ismail et al. (2016) investigated 941
students university students' “personality” who are enrolled in dissimilar departments of
five different universities. To collect data, retrospective and extracurricular activities to
help students develop their personalities (Big Fives). Findings were crystal clear
concerning the effectiveness of the given activities in assisting students build their
potentials in leadership in addition to sport. Another example comes from Romania,
Simona (2015) considered foreign language skills along with communication kills as
crucial for engineering career in knowledge community. 100 students took part in the
study. Data were collected by interviews containing replicated job interviews together
with case study analyses. Findings confirmed that presentation skills in English assisted
students to achieve their career ends. Likewise in Ghana, Asemanyi (2015) investigated
the reasons behind students' low achievement in, Communication Skills course at the
University of Education, Winneba, in order to publicize recommendations on its
teaching and learning. The sample consisted of 35 students and 5 lectures who are
concerned with the course under study. To collect data, interviews, observations, and
documents were used. Findings revealed students' negative attitudes towards the
course because of language incompetency, lack of facilities related to the lecture hall, and
irregular meetings devoted to the course

Development programmes can only realise their full potential if knowledge and technology
are shared effectively, and if populations are motivated and committed to achieve success.
Unless people themselves are the driving force of their own development, no amount of
investment or provision of technology and inputs will bring about any lasting improvements
in their living standards.

Communication is central to this task in many ways. For example, it enables planners, when
identifying and formulating development programmes, to consult with people in order to take
into account their needs, attitudes and traditional knowledge. Only with communication will
the project beneficiaries become the principal actors to make development programmes
successful.

Helping people at all levels to communicate empowers them to recognise important issues
and find common grounds for action, and builds a sense of identity and participation in order
to implement their decisions. On top of that, development involves change, new ways of
doing things. Will people have the confidence to make a project work? Will they acquire the
new knowledge and skills they need? How can barriers of illiteracy be overcome?
Communication media and techniques can be powerful tools to advise people about new
ideas and methods, to encourage adoption of those ideas and methods, and to improve
training overall. Communication approaches are also invaluable for improved coordination
and teamwork to manage development programmes, and to gain institutional support.

We live in a communication age, and the full impact of communication on development is

just starting to be seen. Based on the experience of FAO and other agencies, communication
for development has reached the stage where it can have a noticeable and rewarding effect on
many development programmes.

This booklet not only promotes the concept of development communication but, more
important, it also describes how achieving its full potential to support development requires
executive decisions by national planners and policy-makers.

Effective communication is about more than just exchanging information. It's about
understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information. As well as being able to
clearly convey a message, you need to also listen in a way that gains the full meaning of
what's being said and makes the other person feel heard and understood.

Effective communication sounds like it should be instinctive. But all too often, when we try
to communicate with others something goes astray. We say one thing, the other person hears
something else, and misunderstandings, frustration, and conflicts ensue. This can cause
problems in your home, school, and work relationships.

For many of us, communicating more clearly and effectively requires learning some
important skills. Whether you’re trying to improve communication with your spouse, kids,
boss, or coworkers, learning these skills can deepen your connections to others, build greater
trust and respect, and improve teamwork, problem solving, and your overall social and
emotional health. Stress and out-of-control emotion. When you're stressed or emotionally
overwhelmed, you're more likely to misread other people, send confusing or off-putting
nonverbal signals, and lapse into unhealthy knee-jerk patterns of behavior. To avoid conflict
and misunderstandings, you can learn how to quickly calm down before continuing a
conversation.

Lack of focus. You can't communicate effectively when you're multitasking. If you're
checking your phone, planning what you're going to say next, or daydreaming, you're almost
certain to miss nonverbal cues in the conversation. To communicate effectively, you need to
avoid distractions and stay focused.

Inconsistent body language. Nonverbal communication should reinforce what is being said,
not contradict it. If you say one thing, but your body language says something else, your
listener will likely feel that you're being dishonest. For example, you can't say “yes” while
shaking your head no.
levels, budget management and control and assessments, as a result of the work carried out.
These management functions which support work within the organization are bringing a
touch of its dynamism. The individuals of the organization, namely the work force, will be
the first to benefit from the results of the strategy or not, because they are the ones who
execute the tasks assigned to attain the objectives (Bodie and Crick, 2014). Therefore, a
manager who is in charge of carrying out the functions of manageThe motivated and
dedicated employees are the dream of any employer because they are the ones that increase
the productivity of the company, maintain a positive working environment and based on
collaboration and teamwork, are loyal to the company. In short, they are the ones who ensure
the long-term success of the organization (Frandsen, Johansen and Pang, 2013). Motivating
employees, however, is not an easy thing to get. Motivation, from the psychological point of
view, is the basis of each individual’s behavior, both in the sphere of personal and
professional. When we talk about an employee’s behavior at work, motivation has strict
concerning the manner in which it perceives its role within the organization, with the way in
which his work is appreciated, both in terms of value (the fact that he receives a salary for his
work), and the social aspect (the way in which his work is regarded by others) but also with
human relations established in the professional area. In addition to human resource policies
that are implemented in any organization in terms of financial packages, career plans, training
programs and professional development, internal communication programs have a very
important role in enhancing the motivation of employees. The explanation is simple:
numerous studies have shown that, at the international level, great importance is given to the
non-financial factors, such as: the relationship between professional life and private life and
quality relationships with coworkers. Internal communication programs contain increasingly
more often such factors of non-financial motivation. Internal professional communication
has been challenged over the last decade, gradually passing from the internal communication
programs intended exclusively for the dissemination of information within the organization,
whether uni-or bi-directional, to programs of involvement and motivation of employees
(Miller, 2012). In general terms, communication inside a company: – creates job satisfaction:
organizations that encourage a distribution of information between seniors and subordinates,
as well as between employees of the same departments; a good feedback brings only
benefits, motivates employees to work better and makes them feel valuable to the company;
open communication prevents the occurrence of conflicts and helps solving them faster.
When a conflict is resolved through discussion, employees develop mutual respect, which
leads to an their development, both professionally and personally; – grows productivity;
effective communication in the workplace is an important issue for the success or failure of
the organization; managers need to define, to explain thoroughly the objectives to be
accomplished, communicate to employees the responsibilities and duties that have to be met;
if the line ahead is clear, the employees will know exactly what they have to do and how to
focus on that, leading to increased productivity; – uses resources more effectively: when
problems, crises and conflicts arise in an organization, due to the lack of communication
between employees, unnecessary delays in the daily routine occur; it comes down to a
resource leak and end up in decreasing the overall productivity.ment will always use the
processes of communication in order to make it understandable to coordinate its business
activities, to make decisions and implement them, in order to conclude partnership and
cooperation agreements etc. Communication, from a management point of view, is the
process by which people are informed and guided to achieve the best results. To
communicate effectively means not only

The motivated and dedicated employees are the dream of any employer because they are the
ones that increase the productivity of the company, maintain a positive working environment
and based on collaboration and teamwork, are loyal to the company. In short, they are the
ones who ensure the long-term success of the organization (Frandsen, Johansen and Pang,
2013). Motivating employees, however, is not an easy thing to get. Motivation, from the
psychological point of view, is the basis of each individual’s behavior, both in the sphere of
personal and professional. When we talk about an employee’s behavior at work, motivation
has strict concerning the manner in which it perceives its role within the organization, with
the way in which his work is appreciated, both in terms of value (the fact that he receives a
salary for his work), and the social aspect (the way in which his work is regarded by others)
but also with human relations established in the professional area. In addition to human
resource policies that are implemented in any organization in terms of financial packages,
career plans, training programs and professional development, internal communication
programs have a very important role in enhancing the motivation of employees. The
explanation is simple: numerous studies have shown that, at the international level, great
importance is given to the non-financial factors, such as: the relationship between
professional life and private life and quality relationships with coworkers. Internal
communication programs contain increasingly more often such factors of non-financial
motivation. Internal professional communication has been challenged over the last decade,
gradually passing from the internal communication programs intended exclusively for the
dissemination of information within the organization, whether uni-or bi-directional, to
programs of involvement and motivation of employees (Miller, 2012). In general terms,
communication inside a company: – creates job satisfaction: organizations that encourage a
distribution of information between seniors and subordinates, as well as between employees
of the same departments; a good feedback brings only benefits, motivates employees to work
better and makes them feel valuable to the company; open communication prevents the
occurrence of conflicts and helps solving them faster. When a conflict is resolved through
discussion, employees develop mutual respect, which leads to an their development, both
professionally and personally; – grows productivity; effective communication in the
workplace is an important issue for the success or failure of the organization; managers need
to define, to explain thoroughly the objectives to be accomplished, communicate to
employees the responsibilities and duties that have to be met; if the line ahead is clear, the
employees will know exactly what they have to do and how to focus on that, leading to
increased productivity; – uses resources more effectively: when problems, crises and
conflicts arise in an organization, due to the lack of communication between employees,
unnecessary delays in the daily routine occur; it comes down to a resource leak and end up in
decreasing the overall productivity.

Good and effective communication skills are essential in the business world for three main
reasons: First, ineffective communication can be very expensive. If a business does not
effectively and efficiently communicate to its employees its objectives, rules and regulations,
along with its business culture, then the employees will not know how to be effective at the
work place. If employees cannot communicate with each other, regardless of whether the
communication is horizontal or vertical with in the business, things will not run smoothly.
Without good communication, things may not get done correctly or even at all, or, work
could be done twice, overlapping each other, which can be wasteful and costly. Good
communication is essential for the operation of business in all aspects. Second, the changing
environment and increasing complexity of the 21st century workplace makes communication
even more important nowadays than ever before. The flattening of business structure and the
increase in teamwork at the work place demands good communication skills. Third, the world
‘s economy is becoming increasingly global, meaning people need to be able to communicate
with the outside world and even at times at the international level (Markovik and
Salamzadeh, 2018).

Communication is one of the most important components of our lives. It influences how
people connect in both their personal and professional lives. Good communication is the
foundation for building respect and trust. It also assists in a person comprehension and the
environment of a discussion. Even though communication seems to be straightforward, the
majority of what twofold people say is misread, leading to battles and pain. To communicate
effectively, you must understand the emotional basis of what you're saying. Significant how
to transfer effectively at home, at work, and in social circumstances may allow one's
relationships to become stronger.

Communication skills such as listening, nonverbal signals, and managing stress may all help
you in improving your relationships with people. One of the most fundamental areas of
language is listening. A good listener is one who not only understands how the characters
feel, but what they are expressing. Establishing a deep connection between both the speaker
and the audience is among the first elements in being a good listener. Speakers should first
build this relationship by being in an environment with open-minded listening, which helps
them to prompt their opinions, feeling and thoughts more freely. Listeners need to refrain
from casting judgement. People need not agree with the speaker's ideas, beliefs, or attitudes;
instead, they must lay aside their criticisms to fully appreciate them. The speech will think
they can trust the audience with their expertise if they feel they would not be judged.

According to sociological theory, a human being is a social being who develops and lives in
accordance with the stimuli from the environment. The quality of life depends on the stimuli.
The more positive and developing signals from the environment, the better social functioning
of an individual. The approach that human being is a loner social organism has changed since
the ancient times. Antisthenes, an ancient philosopher, while educating about ponos
(hardship, toil) acknowledged that a human being is supposed to overcome the need of social
delusions and desire. He claimed that an individual can live solitarily and function without
society demonstrating high level of intellectual autonomy at the same time. Aristotle held that
a human being living outside society is either an animal or God the environment as well as to
acquire social skills. It incorporates the aspect of personality development that enables
shaping skills that are accountable for cooperation (Turowski 1993).
A person who is influenced by parents, specialists and speech therapists through imitation
identifies with the environment. The difficulty with imitation stemming from disturbed
communication and social interaction in people with autism should be taken into account in
speech therapy. A significant factor in the process of socialisation is the family. Family is the
basic and the first environment for a child's development. It shapes an individual. In the
pedagogical approach, family is believed to be the basic unit, and natural upbringing
institution. It is the system of mutual relations since the relationships among members of a
family influences other relatives. How about the family of a child with autism? Tolstoy starts
his great work Anna Karenina by claiming "Happy families are all alike; every unhappy
family is unhappy in its own way" (ibid. 8). Therefore, every family constitutes a social
group that thanks to emotional bonds, common norms and rules form a unit. Any
dysfunctions of a family affect all its members (Turowski 1993).

Improving communication skills may assist one in several contexts, such as at work, at social
gatherings, and in your personal life. Communication skills cannot be taught; nevertheless,
with adequate training, commitment, and hard effort, they may be developed. At the graduate
level, students must have the chance to further enhance their communication abilities. The
syllabus committee or university officials should consider the situation carefully and make
any necessary revisions to the programme. Communication skills faculty members should
accept the difficulties and concentrate on practice and execution.

(Mikosz, Fąka 2010). Globalisation and digitalization is supposed to socialise people and
enhance communication. However, many studies indicate that it is the other way round.
Online communication, which should socialize people, causes loneliness. Proper functioning
mechanism, which is responsible for regulating human relationships, has a fundamental
meaning for one's social functioning. The goal of communication is creating optimal
conditions and the environment which will facilitate one's fulfilment in various spheres of
social life. Communication is a skill of sending messages and answering to them.
Communication comprises verbal and non-verbal communication. In the context of people
with autism, verbal communication may be based on the communication model proposed by
Catherine Kerbrat - Orecchioni (1980). The author has modified classic communication
model proposed by Jakobsona, and took into consideration both sender's and receiver's
language competence, cultural and ideological competence, limiting discourse and
psychosocial conditions. All factors have an impact on social communication.
The extent to which a manager accomplishes corporate goals depends on his ability to
communicate effectively. (Herich, 2008). Organizations which develop effective
communication processes are more likely to have positive work environments and they also
will be more effective in achieving their objectives. In this way, communication contributes
to increased job satisfaction for employees and better bottom line benefits for the
organization (Morley et al. 2002,).the importance of communication for the effectiveness of
organizations and the wellbeing and motivation of employees is undisputed. The benefits of
effective communication include: - increased productivity, higher quality of services and
products, greater levels of trust, engagement and commitment, more staff suggestions and
higher levels of creativity, greater employee job satisfaction and morale, better workplace
relationships, more acceptance of change, decreased absenteeism, reduced staff turnover, less
industrial unrest and fewer strikes, reduced costs, effective use of resources.

Effective communication improves organizational relationship and minimizes conflicts in the

form of strikes and lockouts. Organizational purposes and goals are sometimes defeated when
communication is not effective. More wastages and mistakes which results in a cost to the
organization are the results of gaps in communication. Ineffective communication in an
organization may result in uncertainty, apprehension and dissatisfaction, which on the other
hand lead to, poor productivity. It is therefore necessary that managers communicate with
employees effectively (Lolling Ekeowa Kelvin-Iloafu, 2016)

The business world is continuously on the lookout for the highly competitive applicant who
can meet their requirements. Students should strive to acquire all of the abilities and skills
necessary for success in the business sector. If the author overlooks the value of
communication skills, our pupils will never meet the demands of the corporate world. Being
able to communicate effectively can help you grow in your career. To do your job properly,
you'll need to deal with problems, gather information, engage with people, and have strong
interpersonal skills, all of which are elements of exchanging ideas that will aid you in the
future.
References

Adler, R. B., Rosenfeld, L. B., & Proctor, R. F. (2010). Interplay: The process of interpersonal

communication. New York: Oxford University Press.

Al-Eiadeh, A-R., Al-Sobh, M. A., Al-Zoubi, S. M., & Al-Khasawneh, F. (2016). Improving

English language speaking skills of Ajloun National University students.

International Journal of English and Education. 5(I3), 181-195.

Asemanyi, Abena Abokoma (2015). An assessment of students’ performance in

communication skills: A case study of the university of education. Journal of

Education and Practice, 6(35).

Bankowski, E. (2010). Developing skills for effective academic presentations in EAP.

International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 22(2), 187-196.

Bruner, J. S. (1960). The process of education. Harvard University, Cambridge,

Massuchusetts. doi:10.1002/bs.3830090108

Burns, D. D. (1985). Intimate Connections. New York: Signet (Penguin Books).

Miller, K. (2012). Organizational Communication: Approaches and Processes (6th ed.).

Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth.

Ruck, K. & Welch, M. (2012). Valuing Internal Communication; Management and

Employees Perspectives. Public Relations Review, 38, 294-302.

Slatten, T., Göran, S., & Sander S. (2011). Service Quality and Turnover Intentions as

Percieved by Employees. Personnel Review, 40(2), 205-221.

Starch, Z., Stachová, K., Paul, J., Papulová, Z., Kohnová, L. (2019) Effective communication in
organisations increases their competitiveness. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 19 (1), pp.
391-403

Thomas, G., Zolin, R. and Hartman, J. (2009) The central role of communication in developing trust
and its effects on employee involvement, International Journal of Business Communication, 46, 287-
310.

Turowski J., (1993), Socjologia. Małe struktury społeczne, Towarzystwo Naukowe katolickiego
Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, Lublin

Vidales Gonzáles, C. (2011). El relativismo teórico en comunicación. Entre la comunicación como

principio explicativo la comunicación como disciplina práctica. Comunicación y sociedad, (16), 11-45.