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The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual

 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 1

Instructor Manual

This manual is intended for use by instructors as notes to support the audio visual
presentation tools and as background reading to provide depth for the trainer.

Contents:

Instructor Introduction ................................................................................. 2

Safety and Administration Brief......................................................................... 2
Vehicles.................................................................................................................. 2
Administration Brief ............................................................................................. 3
Participant Introduction ...................................................................................... 3
Module 1 - Introduction to Crash-Free Driving ........................4
Introduction to Crash-Free Driving............................................................. 5
What is Crash-Free Driving?............................................................................... 5
Schlumberger Driving Policy & Journey Management and Driving
Standard (SLB QHSE-S001) ......................................................................... 6
The Schlumberger Driving Policy ...................................................................... 7
SLB QHSE S001 - Journey Management and Driving Standard.................. 7
Module 2 – DriveSMARRT............................................................8
Attitude................................................................................................................... 8
Search to the Horizon................................................................................. 10
Head-on Crashes................................................................................................ 11
Maintain Space and Visibility.................................................................... 13
SMARRTspace.................................................................................................... 13
Following Space ................................................................................................. 14
Rear End Crashes ............................................................................................... 15
Stop Ability........................................................................................................... 16
SMARRTspace When Stationary..................................................................... 17
Hills and Curves .................................................................................................. 17
Low Visibility Driving.......................................................................................... 18
Stopping at Intersections.................................................................................. 18
Always Move your Eyes............................................................................. 19
Types of Vision.................................................................................................... 19
Intersections ....................................................................................................... 20
Blind Spots........................................................................................................... 21
Recognize and Respond............................................................................. 22
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 2
Wheel to Ground Reference............................................................................. 23
Lane of Least Potential ...................................................................................... 23
Adverse Driving Conditions .............................................................................. 23
Rollovers .............................................................................................................. 25
Intersection Crashes – Expect the Unexpected............................................ 26
Managing Traffic Signals / Lights.................................................................... 26
Driver Distractions and Concentration ........................................................... 27
Mobile Telephones............................................................................................. 28
Reversing Vehicles............................................................................................. 28
The Practice and Advantages of Reverse Parking....................................... 29
The 10 Safe Reversing Practices..................................................................... 30
Take Control – Be Seen.............................................................................. 32
Communication ................................................................................................... 32
How To Make Sure Pedestrians See You ...................................................... 33
Overtaking Other Vehicles ................................................................................ 33
The Use of Emergency / Hazard / 4-way Flashers ........................................ 34
Module 3 – Alertness & Fatigue Management.........................35
Fatigue .......................................................................................................... 35
Alertness............................................................................................................. 36
Circadian Rhythm and Fatigue ......................................................................... 36
Fatigue and Schlumberger Journey Management and Driving Standards
............................................................................................................................... 36
Fatigue Management......................................................................................... 36
Alcohol and Substance Abuse and Vehicle Operations....................... 38
Module 4 – Occupant Restraints & Seating Position...............39
Driving Ergonomics and Seating Position ............................................... 39
Seating Position.................................................................................................. 40
Arm Position ........................................................................................................ 40
Seatbelt ................................................................................................................ 40
Head Restraint .................................................................................................... 41
Hand Position ...................................................................................................... 41
Mirror Positioning............................................................................................... 41
Vehicle Passengers ......................................................................................... 42
Module 5 – Journey Management & Pre-Trip Checks ............43
Journey Management ................................................................................ 43
Pre-Trip Inspection ..................................................................................... 44
Leaks..................................................................................................................... 44
Lights .................................................................................................................... 44
Levels.................................................................................................................... 44
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 3
Safety Equipment................................................................................................ 45
Loose Objects Within the Vehicle.................................................................... 45
Driving Improvement Monitors ........................................................................ 45
Documentation.................................................................................................... 46
Pre-Trip Inspection checklist - Global Driver Assessment form................ 46
Module 6 – Skill Assessment & Commentary Drive .................47
Skill Assessment and Commentary Drive................................................ 47
Conduct of Skills Assessment and Commentary Drive. ............................... 47
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 2

Conducting Training
Instructor Introduction

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
Introduce yourself to the trainees and establish credibility by giving a brief overview of your own
experience and/or qualifications. Try and relate your experience to the company or workplace, as
this will help you develop a rapport with the trainees and make them feel more comfortable. As the
trainer you have a duty of care to your trainees, you must do all that is reasonable to facilitate a
safe learning and driving environment. Below is a guide to help you through the key elements of a
safety and administration briefing.

Do not underestimate the importance of the briefing or the hidden concerns your trainees may
have. Attending a driving course is very intimidating for many participants as they attend with many
pre-conceived ideas.

Safety and Administration Brief

Slide Cover FIRE/EMERGENCY EVACUATION PROCEDURES including:
4
• Exits
• Alarms
• Extinguishers
• Muster/Form-up points
• Evacuation Leader or Warden

Identify ROOM HAZARDS including:

• Trip hazards
• Obstructions
• Light
• Ventilation
Vehicles
During the course, you are responsible for the participants and vehicles. Advise that no vehicles
are to be moved or driven without your knowledge and authorization.
Detail the site key policy - ensure that keys are left in the vehicle if operationally required by site
rules. (Ensure you check before conducting training)
Be familiar with local/national traffic regulations and local driving hazards before commencing
training.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 3
Administration Brief
Location of rest rooms/toilet
Breaks during training
Coffee/tea facilities
Mobile phones off or silent

Participant Introduction
Ask the participants to address the group providing:

• Name
• Position in the company
• Brief summary of their driving experience and how much they do - including the drive to
and from work. (Answers may reflect distance or time)
• Ask the participants how many have ever been involved in a crash.
• If so what did they learn from the situation?
• Ask if it changed their driving habits.

We should all learn from what we do or have done - one of the most important aspects of defensive
driving is to survive. It should be noted at this point however that not only is it our own survival that
we should be concerned about as drivers, but also other road users and everyone else who is
affected by the impact of a vehicle crash. This is why we want to achieve Crash-Free Driving!

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
The objective of this activity is to provide relevance to the training, provide motivation and to value
and encourage their input as early as possible. Please be mindful that if someone in the group has
experienced a loss or knows someone who has had a serious road crash, they may become
emotional when asked this question.

Be sympathetic and do not push them to talk about it if they are not comfortable, you will find
someone else more than willing to share this information. Their response will already have made an
impact on the group identifying that road trauma affects normal people who are also colleagues.
Road crash statistics will vary from country to country but are typically high no matter where you
are. Chances are a course member will know of people or will have experienced road trauma
related incidents.

There is another reason to be very careful at this point; if you do not control the responses and do
allow participants to provide drawn out stories, this may set the precedence for the whole session
and you may end up struggling to keep on track.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 4

Slide Objective of DT 2.2

5
To enhance the driving skills of Schlumberger Drivers and to promote
Crash-Free Driving

Slide Learning Outcomes of DT 2.2

6
• A greater awareness of driving responsibilities

• The ability to identify hazards in the driving environment

• An understanding of the organisational requirements for road safety

• The ability to recognize and respond appropriately to changing road hazards

• An understanding of the mechanisms that will enable you to modify your behaviour to
make you a safer driver

Slide Course Outline

7
Module 1 Introduction to Crash Free Driving
Module 2 DriveSMARRT
Module 3 Alertness and Fatigue Management
Module 4 Occupant Restraints & Seating Position
Module 5 Journey Management & Pre-trip checks
Module 6 Skills Assessment & Commentary Drive

Slide Module 1 - Introduction to Crash-Free Driving

10
Schlumberger Road Safety Performance

Vehicle crashes not only affect the drivers and passengers involved in the crash, but also cause
significant grief and suffering to family members and loved ones.
In addition to the lives directly lost from vehicle crashes, seriously injured survivors and families
must live with the consequences of the crash and probably suffer from it for the rest of their life.
These are the forgotten numbers of people that usually do not get included in statistics for vehicle
crashes.

Review latest Schlumberger statistics for Automobile Accident Rates (AAR) and other information
relating to company vehicle operations.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 5
Introduction to Crash-Free Driving
Slide
Schlumberger has recognized that driving is the single biggest risk exposure due to severity and
12
consequence that its employees are exposed to in their day-to-day activities within the
organization. As a result, Schlumberger is investing significant resources into the training of all
Schlumberger personnel in the Crash-Free Driving program.

As a Schlumberger employee you are required to understand and implement the Schlumberger
Journey Management and Driving Standard – SLB QHSE-S001. The delivery of this training
package supports the standard as it encourages Schlumberger employees to understand,
implement and achieve Crash-Free Driving.

The intent of this program is to develop a Crash-Free Driving environment within Schlumberger that
eliminates the hazards that are associated with driving vehicles. You are required to understand
this driving philosophy as an employee and you are expected to implement the knowledge and skills
whenever you are driving a vehicle on Schlumberger business. You should also be looking to use it
in your private time and with your family; a crash can destroy our lives on or off of the job.

What is Crash-Free Driving?

Schlumberger is corporately committed to the elimination of all losses due to driving incidents. We
will use any and all appropriate resources to this end and will be exhaustive in our efforts to
maintain the effectiveness and integrity of our programs and tools, and to identify new approaches,
new applications and new technologies to accomplish this. We will address the issue of vehicle
crashes prior to the commencement of an actual trip and will conclude our efforts after the trip is
completed. We will address the hazards faced by recognizing driving as a function of risk
management. We will investigate and review all driving incidents commensurate with their actual
and potential severity to establish actions to eliminate or at least minimize the probability for their
re-occurrence. We will apply our learning and commitment to our contractors and require of them
compliance with those aspects of our program that address their risk exposures and their
involvement with our operations.

As we have realized over time, safe driving is not solely a function of knowledge and skill. Very
skilled and knowledgeable drivers have crashes. The major difference between driver behavior and
whether they have a crash or not, is based upon their attitude.

The use of the word "crash" versus "accident" is in itself a display of attitude. The word "accident" by
partial definition and by wide usage has a connotation of little or no responsibility, i.e. unplannable,
unforeseeable, unpreventable, etc. The word accident has also an aura of mystery, lack of
responsibility and a lack of control. In fact the word accident comes from Latin, meaning act of god.
We do know that we can plan to avoid vehicle crashes (or collisions) as they are foreseeable and
hence preventable. The use of the word "crash" more readily conveys a collision as a mechanical
fact, something that is measurable, something that there is a responsibility for and something that is
manageable.

Slide I will not have a crash. This "good attitude" can be comprised of many components that may
13 range from a basic fear (of injury, damage, job security, etc.) to highly developed risk management
awareness. This attitude recognizes the responsibility to the company to operate one of its assets
in such a manner so as not to diminish its value nor to create loss during the process of its use. The
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 6
attitude also recognizes that there is nothing so important that it cannot be done safely; this is part
of the responsibility to the company but also to one's self and family. It is to one's self and family
that the responsibility is realized as the absolute accountability for loss and that is a fatality. From
whatever motivation, the driver must make a conscious decision to select low/no risk practices
versus at-risk behavior consistently, commensurate with their skill and knowledge, to avoid being
involved in a crash.

Slide I will not cause a crash. A "good attitude" recognizes the consequences of being involved in a
13 crash external to one’s self. The immediate pain, loss and suffering realized from an event are
sometimes far outweighed by the residual grief and life changing disabilities. These are felt by all
involved in the incident, not only to the driver. While we may drive without "incident", the way we
operate our vehicles can place others in jeopardy. When we provide resources to our employees
(training, safe vehicles, journey management tools, etc.) to assist them in not having a crash and
expect that result, we should also expect that they would use these resources to avoid putting
others in a situation in which they then are involved in a crash. This is done for the well being of the
community and the reputation of our company.

I will not be a victim. Another part of this attitude recognizes that we must be ever alert to that
which can put us in harms way. A primary component of the extremely hazardous nature of driving
stems from the required interaction with other users of the roadway. If we could limit road use to no
others or a select few, we would significantly reduce the risks. As this is rarely possible, we must
be diligent in our observations of the other road users to anticipate their actions and to avoid their
to errors. It does not matter who is at fault; either way we are involved in a crash and suffer the
consequences. The other driver may make the initial error but we would make a greater error by
failing to compensate - we become a victim.

We must do this as a driver and we must also practice this as a passenger. Being a passenger does
not provide us with extra or greater protection than the driver. Being a passenger also adds another
exposure - not only are we exposed to the limitations and attitude of other users of the road but also
to those of the driver in the vehicle in which we ride. We can very readily become involved in a
crash if we fail to utilize our knowledge, experience and influence to protect ourselves; we can very
readily become a victim. We must be selective of whom we drive with and we must use the same
diligence we use as a driver.

We can also become a victim to the tragedies of driving when we are not even in the vehicle. We
must use our influence and control wherever possible to guide our family members, friends and
Slide fellow workers in the application of Crash-Free Driving practices to help shield them from those
events that occur when we are not there to intervene.
17

I Will Not Have a Crash, I Will Not Cause a Crash, I Will Not be a Victim

These philosophies will help us realize the Schlumberger goal of zero loss due to driving events.

Slide Schlumberger Driving Policy & Journey Management and Driving Standard
18 (SLB QHSE-S001)
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 7
The risk related to operating a vehicle in Schlumberger is being addressed in 3 main areas:

1. Schlumberger Limited Driving Policy

2. SLB QHSE S001 - Journey Management and Driving Standard
3. Local and GeoMarket (GM) Journey Management plans

The Schlumberger Driving Policy

The Schlumberger Driving Policy demonstrates the high level of management commitment toward
reducing the number of driving-related incidents.

Key elements of the policy are:

• Driver training,
• Compulsory wearing of seatbelts by all persons in company vehicles or on company
business,
Slides • Journey management procedures to reduce risk,
19-26 • Prohibition of driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs,
• Installation of Driving Improvement Monitors to facilitate review of driving techniques
and habits in an effort to improve driving skills,
• Prohibition of using a cell phone while driving, and
• Stated disciplinary action for violation of policy.

SLB QHSE S001 - Journey Management and Driving Standard

Objective -to ultimately eliminate driving related crashes that cause fatalities and injuries to OFS
Slide employees, families, contractors and third parties and minimize damage to equipment through
27 careful management of all phases of the transportation process by:

• Eliminating hazards and unnecessary exposure through active journey management;

and
• Reducing the residual risk through the proper selection and preparation of people,
equipment and routes.

ACTIVITY
Provide the participants with a copy of SLB QHSE-S001 and give them 10 minutes to read an
allocated key element of the standard, and then be prepared to give a 2-minute explanation of the
point to the rest of the group. If it is a large group, break them into smaller syndicates. Review each
point with the nominated person and allow the rest of the group to ask questions.
Provide feedback and further explanation as required.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 8

Slide Module 2 – DriveSMARRT

30

ACTIVITY
Get participants to rate themselves as drivers
Questions may include:
• Who do they see as good/bad drivers? Why?
Slide • What are the qualities of a safe driver?
32 • Are they a safe driver and is it just the other people on the road that make mistakes all of
the time?
• What do they see as the biggest risk when they drive on the road?
• Get them to rate themselves out of 10 as a driver. After that, get them to rate other road
users in their location out of 10.

Attitude

Studies show that drivers who rate themselves as good or highly skilled drivers tend to take risks
and generally drive in a manner that puts themselves, their passengers and other road users at risk
of being involved in crash. They have a perception that they can get themselves out of situations
without a problem or drive faster because they are a skilled driver.

Instead of needing to rely on good driving skill to get yourself out of a situation, you can learn to
DriveSMARRT. As well as being a comprehensive system for safer driving, the name DriveSMARRT
also reflects how Schlumberger wants you to approach the task of driving. If you DriveSMARRT,
you will not only reduce the risk of having a crash and injuring yourself, you will also be able to
recognize hazardous situations and respond in a way that you, passengers in your vehicle and
other road users have a reduced risk of being injured.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 9
DriveSMARRT
Slide
34

S Search to the horizon

M Maintain space and visibility

A Always move your eyes

RR Recognize and Respond

T Take control - be seen

 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 10

Slide Search to the Horizon

36
Train your eyes to lead the vehicle down the road by searching as far ahead as possible to
observe potential hazards so that you can take the appropriate action.

Key Points

Slide • Describe the three (3) zones when driving a vehicle.

38
1. Green Zone

2. Yellow Zone

3. Red Zone

• Understanding the need to actively look into all 3 Zones when driving
• Understand how driving in the Red Zone will reduce your capacity to effectively react to
changing driving conditions
• Describe a “Red Zone” driver and how their driving habits can lead them to having a
vehicle crash

Slide 1. Green Zone

39
The area that is known as the Green Zone is the area that can be seen by the driver from 30
seconds in front of their vehicle to the limits of their vision, or to the horizon. The Green Zone
includes anything that you may encounter such as terrain, structures and other vehicles that may
impact on you or your vehicle. Looking to this zone allows you to identify any hazards so that you
can effectively plan alternative actions before you reach this area. If you can identify a hazard a
minimum of thirty seconds in advance of reaching it, you will have time to smoothly and safely avoid
the hazard. This zone could also be referred to as the Pro-Active zone. By searching deeply into the
driving environment, you have the ability to detect and deal with hazards generally well before you
encounter them; searching the Green zone allows you to be a pro-active driver.

Slide 2. Yellow Zone

40
The Yellow Zone is the area that is 5 to 30 seconds in front of your vehicle. Within this zone,
hazards can be clearly identified and you will still have sufficient time to safely act and adjust your
driving to deal with the hazard.

In the Yellow Zone you should also pick a target that is in the center of your driving line
approximately 15 seconds ahead of your vehicle. When you are looking into the Yellow Zone you
should look to the center of the driving line that you intend to take as wherever your vision is
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 11
generally focused the vehicle will follow. Aiming at the center of this driving line will prevent you
from constantly correcting the direction of the vehicle. This is known as “See Sawing” the wheel as
the hands that are on the steering wheel are constantly moving up and down and causes the
vehicle to weave down the roadway. This zone could also be referred to as the Active Zone.
Dealing with hazards recognized in the Yellow zone still allows you the opportunity to identify and
select an appropriate action to address the hazard versus being forced to become a victim of
circumstance.

Slide 3. Red Zone

41
The zone that is 5 seconds to the front of your vehicle is called the Red Zone. This is the zone in
which you must take direct action to avoid a crash if a hazard appears; if you drive in this zone, you
may not always be able to respond in time. This zone could also be referred to as the Reactive
Zone. In this zone you do become the victim of circumstances as you have limited opportunity to
recognize and respond early to changing conditions.
If you are vigilant and are constantly scanning the Green and Yellow Zones you will identify all of
the hazards that exist on the road and take corrective action by adjusting your speed and position
on the roadway. You must always be alert as unforeseen events may occur in the Red Zone where
you will have to take an immediate action to prevent a crash from occurring.

Drivers that only concentrate on the Red Zone are sometimes known as “Red Zone Drivers” as
Slide they do not look far enough ahead of the vehicle to detect potentially hazardous situations and take
42 effective action. Red Zone Drivers will constantly be taking an abrupt or severe corrective action to
avoid crashes as they drive. This type of driver is indicated by an erratic driving style where they
brake hard regularly and change lanes often.

Red Zone Drivers do not have the capacity to compensate for hazards that may appear and as a
Slide result they do not drive in a smooth, controlled style. As a result they are more at risk of having
43 crashes, as they do not allow enough time to take effective corrective actions. They are also very
harsh on their vehicles mechanical systems and are always driving at the limits of both their own
and the vehicles capabilities. In short, they are a crash waiting to happen.

The objects and circumstances within these three zones are constantly changing while you drive
Slide
and by constantly searching to the horizon and by looking down the intended path of travel, you will
44 recognize problems early and take action to safely and effectively deal with them.

Head-on Crashes

By searching to he horizon (past your Red zone), you can prevent one of the deadliest types of
Slides crashes: the head-on. Head-on crashes are devastating because the speed of the vehicles is
45 + 47 combined and combining the speed dramatically increases the energy and subsequently the force
of the impact. Head-on crashes are commonly caused when drivers do not take enough care when
overtaking vehicles.

Searching to the Horizon will allow you to identify potential hazards that can create a head-on
crash situation. By identify any hazards in your Green Zone you allow yourself enough time to take
corrective action. If you are not searching effectively to the horizon, and not looking into all 3 of the
driving zones, you will not be able to identify all of the potential hazards that may impact on you.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 12
If you identify a hazard in your Red Zone you will need to take immediate action. You must reduce
your speed without loosing control of the vehicle or locking the wheels. If you lock your wheels by
harsh braking the vehicle will skid and it will be out of control and that may result in a more
hazardous situation being created.

If you have been Recognizing and Responding effectively you should have already determined a
safe run off area for your vehicle. If you are unable to avoid a crash, look for options that will
minimize the potential injury and damage. For example, if you are driving along a country road and
a vehicle crosses into your path by trying to overtake another vehicle, there may be a safe run off
area by the side of the road such as a field or low shrubs. This option may be a better option than
hitting the other vehicle head on as the field area allows an open area into which you can drive.

If there is a problem in the Red Zone up to 5 seconds ahead, you have to act immediately. You need
to reduce your speed, so threshold brake to immediately reduce speed and still maintain steering
control. If your brakes are locked, you will skid and you cannot control a skidding car – you must
get off the brakes and keep your wheels rolling…use the shoulder of the road as required and do
not hesitate to leave the road to avoid a worse crash, then drive your vehicle to a controlled stop
before attempting to return your vehicle onto the road. Driving into a ditch does not mean to drive
off a cliff or into a body of water or similar. However if the ditch is of a type that is a safe alternative
to a head-on crash...take it! You will not be fired for driving into the ditch to avoid a worse crash. If
the ditch does not provide an alternative, that is a “condition” – drive to conditions; be alert to
reduce your speed to minimize the impact.

You should never plan to go into the oncoming lane to avoid a head-on. The other driver may
attempt to swerve back to their side of the road.

In addition to regularly searching well into the green zone, the following seven points are a good
Slide guide to avoiding a head on crash:
46
• Reduce speed
• Move to your side of road (Drive off the road)
• Warn the other driver ie. With lights and horn (If you have time)
• Brake hard
• Release your brakes
• Drive right off the road (Drive, don't skid)
• Stop your vehicle
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 13

Slide Maintain Space and Visibility

48
Two key concepts in Crash-Free Driving are space and visibility. As a driver you require
adequate space and visibility to perceive and act according to the changing road and traffic
conditions.

Key Points

• How you can create a “SMARRTspace” to maintain a Crash-Free Zone

• The importance of Following Distance in Crash-Free Driving
• Understand timed-interval following distance
• The significance of stopping distances and the effect that speed and weather conditions
have on these distances
• The importance of maintaining visibility and establishing space to maneuver your
vehicle
• Recognizing blind spots
• The use of space and visibility to plan ahead and to anticipate dangerous situations.
• Understand the term Point of Decision

As a driver you are primarily concerned with what is happening in front of you, but driving also
requires a 360° situational awareness. You need to observe and understand what is happening
beside you, behind you, below you, and above you. You must be able to view the entire driving
environment clearly so that you can effectively analyze the information and effectively adjust your
driving to suit this environment.

SMARRTspace
Slide
50 Definition
A SMARRTspace is a safe area that you can create around your vehicle
to help prevent hazards in the driving environment and other road users
impacting on you.

When you are driving you should try to create a safe area around your vehicle that maintains space
and visibility for 360°. This is your SMARRTspace. When anybody or anything invades this invisible
SMARRTspace, you should quickly re-establish your safe area by adjusting your speed and/or
position on the road – speed up, slow down and/or change lanes. With time, you should feel
uncomfortable when your SMARRTspace is threatened and move automatically to re-establish it.

By maintaining space, maximizing your visibility and searching to the horizon, you will be able to
determine all of the hazards that may have impact on you so you will have enough time to maintain
your safety. You need to recognize the blind spots created by the design of your vehicle and search
Slide
for the vehicles that “come out of nowhere”. You should look beyond the vehicle in front of you to
51 hazards that may force that vehicle to slow down or stop. Searching ahead while maintaining your
space and visibility will enable you to recognize these hazards while they are still in your Green or
Yellow Zones, where you still have enough time to respond and take action.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 14
As a Schlumberger driver you need to understand the specific hazards that may exist in your driving
environment, for example, heavy vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians, intersections, traffic signals, etc.,
and plan an appropriate course of action. You must constantly be looking around your driving
environment for options and then advise other road users of your intentions. Your horn, lights and
signals allow you to effectively communicate to other road users.

Slide Following Space

52
Following space is the minimum distance that you must leave between your vehicle and the vehicle
in front so that you can safely avoid a rear end crash because you are traveling too close. Because
different vehicles and speeds require different distances and distance is hard to determine when
driving, the appropriate following space is measured in time. The space between your vehicle and
the one in front must be protected and you should work to maintain your SMARRTspace for 360°
around your vehicle. This space allows you more time to react and take action in an emergency
situation.

Timed-Interval
Slide
53 In the same period of time, the faster you go, the greater the distance traveled. If we determine a
safe following time, we create a safe space that allows for speed changes. By using time to
determine the following space, when we go slower the space is less and when we go faster, the
space is greater.

The Schlumberger standard for calculating following space is “one second for each three meters
(ten feet) of vehicle length plus two seconds for think/act time, under ideal conditions.” This would
be two seconds for a standard passenger vehicle (for an average car or pick-up) plus two more
seconds under ideal driving conditions. This means that you must be following a minimum of four (4)
seconds behind the vehicle in front of you to allow enough time (distance) to stop or take effective
evasive action.

Larger vehicles require a greater space to compensate for their greater mass and less efficient
braking systems. So for them we increase the time. It would be six seconds following time in, for
example, a 12 meter (forty foot) long truck, and more for longer units. Again, this is under ideal
conditions. Remember, as the length of the vehicle increases, the following space should also be
increased.

ACTIVITY
Ask students to individually state what type of vehicle(s) they drive at work and at home and what
the minimum timed-interval distance should be for each. Ask as well the height of the vehicle(s) and
how that knowledge may be significant, e.g. underpasses, bridges, garages, power lines, etc.

The space between your vehicle and the one in front must be protected and you should work to
maintain this space because the more space you allow, the more time you will have to react and
take action in an emergency situation.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 15
One method of establishing this distance is to use roadside markers such as signposts and traffic
intersections as a guide. As the rear bumper of the vehicle in front of you passes a marker at the
side of the road, start counting — one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand three and so
on until the front bumper of your vehicle passes the same marker. If you can count one thousand
four or higher, you have allowed a safe following distance to the vehicle in front of you. If you count
less than one thousand four (or more as appropriate to vehicle size) you are too close and will not
have enough time to act and avoid a crash if the vehicle in front brakes suddenly – you may only be
able to react, like that of a Red Zone driver.

You should be constantly checking this distance to ensure that you are maintaining a safe following
distance.
It is important to remember this formula applies under ideal driving conditions. The six factors or
Adverse Conditions that affect ideal driving conditions are;

• Light conditions
• Weather conditions
• Road conditions
• Traffic conditions
• Vehicle conditions
• Driver conditions

These will be addressed in detail further on.

Remember: We must maintain the minimum safe timed-interval distance

under ideal conditions and extend it when we encounter adverse conditions.

Rear End Crashes

Slide
60 Rear end crashes are one of the most common crash types. To reduce your risk of being involved in
a rear end crash you must establish a safe Following Space. However, space and visibility are not
only required in front of your vehicle. You must work to maintain a safe distance behind your vehicle
as part of your SMARRTspace, so that you avoid the risk of being hit from following vehicles.
Avoiding being hit by a car behind you is just as important as avoiding the vehicle in front of you.
You must check your mirrors consistently for changing conditions behind you such as speeding
drivers or emergency vehicles approaching from behind and adjust your driving accordingly.

Tailgaters are vehicles that follow too closely and they can increase the risk of rear-end crashes.
If you are being followed too closely, extend the distance between you and the vehicle ahead. You
will require a greater following distance allowing you a greater ability to respond to changing
conditions by slowing down sooner, more gradually and over a greater distance; you have to see,
think and act for the tailgater because they cannot see past your vehicle.

As most tailgaters want to get past you, Let them pass - you have the greatest control over what is
in front of you, so encourage them to pass by slightly reducing your speed. DO NOT apply your
brakes to attempt to force them to increase their following distance as you may cause a rear end
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 16
crash or cause them to become angry with you. Gradually adjust your speed and position on the
road to encourage them to pass you if it is safe and legal to do so. Avoid crossing over the road
edge marker line as you do not want to put your self in a position where you have given up your use
of the shoulder as an escape option.

To compensate for the tailgater when stopping in traffic, again, you need to slow your vehicle
sooner and more gradually over a greater distance. Treat them as if they were a trailer that you are
towing. Take care in bad weather, slick conditions, or when you have limited visibility such as in fog
or rain. You may be able to stop in time but the car behind you may not.

In addition, develop the habit of looking in your rear view mirror before your foot goes to the brake –
Slide “Eyes to mirror, foot to brake”. Beware of any vehicles that are following you too closely before
60 applying your brakes. You must be aware of how close they are so that you can gauge how much
time and space you have to safely brake without creating a crash. Many rear end crashes are
caused by vehicles not being able to stop in time because they were too close to the vehicle in
front. The leading vehicle slowing down less abruptly can avoid these crashes. As a Crash-Free
driver, it is your responsibility to ensure that you will not cause a rear end crash by braking too
hard.

Stop Ability

Slide Stopping Distance

58 To fully understand following distance, you need to understand the concept of stopping distance.
This is the total distance that you will travel between the time you recognize the need to stop and
when your vehicle will be completely stopped. Total stopping distance is comprised of two (2) main
elements:

• Reaction Distance – the distance traveled from when you perceive the need to stop to
when you have actually started to apply the vehicles brakes
• Braking Distance – the distance traveled between the moments you apply the vehicle
brakes until the vehicle is completely stopped

Reaction Distance + Braking Distance = Stopping Distance

Note that accepted stopping distances vary between countries, so Schlumberger has adopted an
average range that is on the more conservative side.

The actual distance required to stop their vehicle surprises many drivers. Remember also that
these distances are under ideal driving conditions. The stopping distance of a vehicle will be
Slide dramatically increased by factors such as:
59 • Weather factors (e.g. rain, snow and ice) will increase stopping distance
• Road conditions (e.g. tarmac, gravel, mud) will greatly increase the stopping distance
• The condition of the vehicle (e.g. tire condition, tire pressure, braking system condition)
• Driver reaction speed and fatigue levels
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 17

The chart shown here illustrates the reaction time and distance required at various speeds. Note
how far you travel just in the time it takes to get off the accelerator and onto the brakes.

SMARRTspace When Stationary

Crashes do not only occur when we are moving, but they can also happen when we are stationary.
Whenever you stop your vehicle, you need to maintain a safe distance between you and the car in
Slide front as part of your SMARRTspace that you can use to prevent or minimize a rear end crash.
64 Whenever you stop in traffic you should always use your rear vision mirror to monitor vehicles
approaching from the rear so that you can take evasive action to prevent a rear end crash.

When you approach a traffic intersection allow the vehicle to come to a complete stop with a
minimum of one (1) vehicle length between you and the vehicle in front of you. If another vehicle
approaches at an inappropriate speed from the rear and is unable to stop in time you have created
a SMARRTspace where you can move forward or to the side out of the path of the vehicle to
prevent or minimize the effect of a rear end crash.

Hills and Curves

Slide
57 Extending your following distance is very important when driving on hills and curves. You must drive
at a speed that you will be able to maintain a stop-ability. You must be able to stop within your field
of vision. If you can’t see further than your minimum safe timed-interval distance down the road,
reduce your speed until you can. Driving on twisting mountain roads is not the same as driving on
flat open roads where you can see far into the distance, or Green Zone. You must adjust your speed
to ensure that you can see a minimum of your timed-space interval of clear road between the
vehicle in front and / or bends in the road.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 18
Low Visibility Driving

To be in total control of your vehicle, you must be able to stop within your field of vision. All low
visibility situations require that you slow down to a speed at which you can stop within your field of
vision. At night, low beam headlights will illuminate approximately 50 meters (150 feet) of the road
ahead. When you are driving at night at 100 km/hr (60 mph) you need at least 136meters (426 feet) to
stop the vehicle. Therefore if your lights only have an effective range of 50 meters you are
constantly driving in the Red Zone. This means that you are in fact driving blind as you can not see
anything in the Green and Yellow zones and therefore not following Crash-Free Driving practices.

At night reduce your speed to ensure that you are not driving past the visible limits of your lights.

Stopping at Intersections
Slide
61 When you approach a traffic intersection, which requires you to stop, allow the vehicle to come to
a complete stop with a distance of one (1) vehicle length between you and the vehicle in front of
you. If another vehicle approaches at speed from the rear and is unable to stop in time you have
created a space where you can move forward to prevent or minimize the effect of a rear end crash.

If you are approaching a controlled intersection and you have not seen the signal turn to green, you
must assume that the signal will change before you get to the intersection. Any green traffic signal
that you have not seen turn green is called a “Steady Green” signal and you must anticipate that it
is going to change color.

The last point on the road where you think that you can safely stop your vehicle is called the “Point
of Decision”. If you pass the Point of Decision and the traffic signals change color you will have
to commit to moving through the intersection because you would not be able to safely stop your
vehicle in time. If you brake hard, the vehicle behind may not be able to stop and may cause a rear
end crash with your vehicle.

Your Point of Decision will be affected by factors such as:

• The vehicle speed
• The road conditions
• The weather conditions
• The following distance of the vehicles behind you
• The condition of the vehicles brakes and suspension
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 19

Slide Always Move your Eyes

63
Moving your eyes allows the driver to continuously search the driving environment for the
information that is required to track the many activities that are taking place so that you can
adjust your driving accordingly.

Key Points

• Moving your eyes enables you to continuously search the driving environment for the
critical information that is required to achieve Crash-Free Driving. – every 2 seconds
• The two types of vision – central vision and peripheral vision
• Identification of the difference between these two types of vision and how we can use
them to make us a safer and more effective driver
• Where are we looking when we move our eyes – mirrors, road, instruments, different
searching zones, etc.
• Addressing blind spots

Types of Vision
Slides
65 + 66 Humans have two (2) types of vision:

Central vision: a sharply focused central vision where your conscious mind is constantly sorting
and analyzing the information provided by your eyes
Peripheral vision: is used to detect movement. It is a much wider but less focused and is
triggered by motion, contrast and color.

Your peripheral vision is the area of vision that surrounds your central vision and you must learn to
react to movement in your peripheral visions so that you can effectively use your central vision. It
provides you with a sense of speed and lateral position, and it registers motion in this area.
Peripheral vision becomes less effective as your speed increases; therefore it is important that you
increase the effectiveness of this area of vision if you will be driving at high speed. A driver
effectively loses 60% of their peripheral vision at 100 kph or 60 mph. There is often a lag time
between when an object is detected in your peripheral vision to when you adjust your central vision
to analyze this movement. This time is known as Perception Time.

The time it takes for your brain to analyze the information that it is presented and start to take action
is known as Reaction Time. The combination of the Perception Time and the Reaction Time
accounts for the two seconds of the think/act time that is required when computing your following
distance.

If you are not moving your eyes when you are driving, you tend to stare at a point in front of the
vehicle. A vigilant driver needs to constantly move their central vision every two (2) seconds to
ensure that all hazards are being identified. One of the first indicators of fatigue is when a driver
starts to stare at one spot in their vision. When you stare, your eyes are not as effective at utilizing
your peripheral vision, and therefore you will not detect objects that move into this area. As a
result, there is a chance that these objects will not be detected in enough time to take corrective
action and a crash may result. Moving your eyes every two (2) seconds is critical for Crash-Free
Driving.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 20
When you are moving your eyes, scan from side to side as you drive. Check to the left, check the
front, check to the right - utilize you’re strong central focus as you drive. Include your mirrors and
your instruments periodically and continue to keep your eyes moving. Including your mirrors is
important for observing those areas to the side and to the rear of the vehicle so that objects or
vehicles don’t impact on you’re SMARRTspace. By keeping your eyes moving you are also
maintaining the ability to perceive distances and calibrate stopping distances more effectively.

You need to adjust your scan as you drive according to traffic and approaching hazards. When you
are approaching an intersection, for example, it is not the time to be checking your instruments.
Extra care should also be taken when approaching multiple hazards. Do not become focused on
any one hazard longer than two (2) seconds as you may not detect other hazards in your peripheral
vision.

As well as always scanning the road with your eyes regularly, you need to check your mirrors every
5-8 seconds. Vehicle instruments also should be checked periodically. A useful cycle to consider is
detailed below.

Slide
68
Green Zone

Yellow Zone One cycle every

5 to 8 seconds

Red Zone
Remember that the Green, Yellow and
Red Zones extend out in all directions
Instruments – not just to the front.
(Periodically)

Mirrors

Intersections
Slide
69 An intersection can be defined as any part of the roadway where there may be vehicles,
pedestrians, cyclists or other road users entering the roadway or crossing your path. Intersections
are particularly dangerous because there is interaction and cross over of road users at this point. It
is therefore very important to observe and recognize all potential hazards as early as possible and
respond accordingly to ensure a crash does not occur.

By Searching to the Horizon and Always Moving Your Eyes you will recognize an intersection
before you reach it. You need to identify intersections in your Green Zone (minimum of 30 seconds
in front of you) so that you can prepare to move through the intersection safely.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 21
Blind Spots
Slide
70 Blind spots are the areas around a vehicle that cannot be seen with the vehicle mirrors. All
vehicles have a blind spot, and larger vehicles tend to have larger blind spots. Blind spots are
usually to the side of the vehicle but depending on the type of vehicle there may be blind pots in
front, above and to the rear of the vehicle.

Whenever you change directions in a vehicle you must ensure that you check your blind spots.
This can be achieved by a positive “Shoulder Check”, where the driver makes a definite head
movement over their shoulder that allows them to search in the direction that they want to move the
vehicle. The driver can then be sure that there are no vehicles, including motorbikes, or pedestrians
that have moved into the blind spot area and that have not been seen in the mirrors.

A positive Shoulder Check must be carried out any time that the driver intends to change the
vehicle’s path of travel, i.e. changing lanes, turning, etc. Another crucial time is when traffic is
entering or intersecting your path, e.g. lane merges, on-ramps, etc., and areas of high congestion,
e.g. car parks, etc.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 22

Slide Recognize and Respond

72
When you recognize changing driving environment conditions, you must be able to respond in
a safe and time effective manner.

Key Points

• The importance of anticipation when driving a vehicle

• Always expect that the other road user is a threat
• Recognize the 6 Adverse Conditions and how they effect Crash-Free Driving
Slide • Understand appropriate responses to the Adverse Conditions
73 • Understand the concept of “speed for conditions”
• Understand implication of “speed and position”
• Identifying driver distractions and planning a way to limit or eliminate the distraction.
• Actively observe the current road conditions and make the appropriate changes to your
driving
• Understand how to deal with intersection hazards

As we have discussed, to implement Crash-Free Driving techniques you must plan well ahead and
respond early to any hazards within your driving environment. Whenever you are driving you
should be constantly identifying safe areas to drive into if the unexpected occurs so you can avoid
a crash. To avoid crashes you may need to stop your vehicle and your vehicle may need to be taken
off the roadway. By Recognizing and Responding early to any hazards that may occur you can
reduce the likelihood of having a crash. This can be achieved by adjusting your speed and position
on the road to meet these changing conditions. And remember, your safest speed may be zero, and
the safest position for your vehicle may be parked in a parking lot well off of the roadway.

You can easily understand the importance of this technique by asking yourself “what if” questions.
• What if that car doesn’t stop at the stop sign?
• What if that child’s ball bounces into the street?
• What if my brakes failed right now?
• What if I dropped a wheel off the roadway?

You need to be constantly asking yourself these types of questions and anticipating what may
happen. An effective Crash-Free Driver will always be assessing all of the possible situations while
they are driving and anticipating what my happen. It is only by assessing each of the risks and
treating them effectively that you can be fully prepared for all hazards that may impact on you as a
driver.

Anticipating and recognizing these hazards requires that you utilize the skills that we have
discussed in the previous sections of this presentation.

• Search to the horizon

• Maintain space and visibility
• Always move your eyes
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 23
Wheel to Ground Reference

You must constantly analyze oncoming traffic and vehicles parked on the side of the road. By
observing the wheel to ground reference of oncoming and parked vehicles you can anticipate a
vehicle moving into your Red Zone. Any vehicles that have their wheels turned into your Red Zone
can potentially move into your path, causing you to crash. At an intersection, if an oncoming
vehicle has its wheels turned toward you it can suddenly move into your path if struck from behind
as the wheels are already turned in your direction. If you see a vehicle with its wheels turned
toward you, Recognize and Respond to this by anticipating the actions that you must take to avoid a
crash. Conversely, when we are stopped, we should also keep our wheels straight.

When you are driving past parked vehicles, always look to see the position of their front wheels and
if there is a person in the driver’s seat. If there is a person in the driver’s seat and the front wheels
are turned toward your lane, it may indicate that they intend to move into the traffic. By
Recognizing and Responding early to these observations you can take the corrective action that is
required to avoid a crash. Know where you will go if the unexpected happens.

Lane of Least Potential

There is a potential of being involved in a crash whenever our vehicle is in motion. We must be
diligent in our analysis of the driving environment for those things that may affect us at all times
while driving. We need to read the traffic and the road to determine which is “the lane of least
potential”…. the lane with the least potential for a crash. This may be the slower lane or the faster
lane; this may be the right lane, the center lane or the left lane; this may be the inconvenient lane;
but you must travel in the lane with the least potential for a crash, while observing local regulations.

Slide Adverse Driving Conditions

74
Remember that the six adverse conditions that affect ideal driving are:
Slides • Light conditions
75 + 76 o Too much
o Too little
• Weather conditions
Slides o Visibility
77 - 79 o Temperature
• Road conditions
o Surface type
o Surface condition
Slides o Traction related issues
o Vehicle control issues, i.e. rough roads
80 - 82
o Corners
o Camber
• Traffic conditions
o Pedestrians
Slide o Animals
83 o Density
o Regional attitudes/culture
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 24
o Speed
• Vehicle conditions
o Vehicle maintenance - Two most important aspects of vehicle
Slides control – the ability to steer and the ability to stop; to be in
84 + 85 control, the vehicle must respond the way you want it to, when
you want it to
o Vehicle selection – fit-for-purpose
o Stability issues, e.g. high center of gravity
• Driver conditions
o Greatest issue as drivers make all decisions on above
Slide conditions
Affected by:
86
• Knowledge
• Attitude
• Competence
• Ambient conditions
• Current vehicle
• Fatigue
• Alcohol/drugs
• Mental distractions

If the weather conditions are not clear and the roads are not dry, you have to allow additional
following distance to ensure that you have enough time (distance) to stop the vehicle safely.
Examples of the conditions that would increase the time between the vehicles include:

• Rain
• Snow
• Ice
• Reduced visibility
• Heavy traffic conditions
• Dusk or dawn
• Gravel or dirt roads.

The condition of the vehicle has a great impact on the stopping distance. If your vehicle is in good
condition and the tires and braking system are in good order, then your stopping distance will not
be affected significantly. If your vehicle has worn tires and braking system its ability to stop
effectively will be reduced. Therefore you should always check your tires and braking systems
before commencing a journey.

If you are fatigued, your perception and reaction times are going to be greater. As a result, the
distance that it will take to stop the vehicle will be increased. If you are feeling tired or fatigued you
should not drive a vehicle. If you are driving and you start to feel tired, stop the vehicle and rest. It
is better to arrive late, than not arrive at all.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 25

ACTIVITY
Write each of the six conditions on a white board or paper and have the course participants identify
an example of a circumstance where they have had to react and respond to a situation relating to
each of them.

Slide What is the first thing you do when you encounter adverse conditions?
Slow down! To slow down does not necessarily mean to abruptly decelerate or activate the brakes.
87
We must recognize what the condition is that we wish to reduce our speed for and then slow
accordingly. Too many crashes are caused by drivers over-reacting to a situation.

To slow relative to the situation, we have four basic options:

Slide 1. Reduce the rate of acceleration - if we reduce our rate of acceleration, we arrive at
the point of conflict at a later time and may avoid that conflict … we have effectively
88 slowed down.
2. Coast (neither accelerating nor decelerating) - the next option may be to coast (i.e. stop
accelerating but maintain current speed) vs. accelerate; again, we arrive at the point of
conflict at a later time and may avoid that conflict and have effectively slowed down.
3. Decelerate – here we need to start being more aware of what is going on behind us. By
decreasing our rate of speed, we increase the possibility of a rear-end crash. As well, if
we were to decelerate abruptly on a slippery surface, we may cause wheel lock-up due
to engine deceleration.
4. Brake – this is usually the most immediate and effective way to reduce speed however
it create the greatest exposure for rear-end crashes and skids.

The key here is to use the DriveSMARRT skills to select the most appropriate action for the
conditions. If we fail to Search to the Horizon, fail to Maintain Space and Visibility, and fail to
Always Move Your Eyes, we become a reactive driver and may miss our opportunity to select the
correct option and be forced into selecting an option that leads to a crash.

Rollovers

The rollover is one of the most deadly forms of crash as it can happen quickly and relatively easily
to a distracted or inattentive driver. Some common causes of a rollover are:

• Wheel drop
• Tire blow-out
Slides
• Poor suspension/high speed
91 - 96
• Skids
• Fatigue related loss of control
• Abrupt maneuver
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 26
Rollovers are more prevalent in high center of gravity vehicles such as 4-wheel drives, especially
when driven at high speed or on graded roads. Try not to brake hard or steer suddenly in these
situations as this causes a weight shift that can cause the vehicle to go out of control and roll over.

Slide Intersection Crashes – Expect the Unexpected

97
Anywhere another vehicle can cross your path is considered an intersection and you must
recognize and respond accordingly.

As you approach it, you must identify all of the possible hazards that may impact on your movement
through the intersection. These hazards could include:

• Any vehicles that may be in the intersection at the same time as you
• Buildings or signs that block your or another driver’s vision
• Traffic control devices that effect traffic flow
• The intentions of others drivers in the intersection are all factors that you must read and
understand at every intersection
• The prevailing weather conditions

You must check left, right, left or right, left, right (depending on the country that you are in)
continually as you approach and enter into the intersection.

You search constantly starting as soon as you see the intersection. Pay particular attention to the
intentions of others as you approach the intersection. Take control – be seen and confirm they see
you with eye contact or another form of communication – obtain feedback. Observe that they
commit to the stop or turn before you continue through the intersection. NEVER assume that they
will stop.

You must control your speed through the intersection. Take your foot off the accelerator and cover
the brake as you evaluate the intentions of others. If evasive action such as stopping or altering
course is necessary, you will reduce your response time as you have already prepared for the
brake.

When stopped, hesitate before proceeding to enter the intersection. Search the intersection and
surrounding area for vehicles and pedestrians that fail to yield you the right of way – count 1, 2, 3
before committing yourself and moving into the intersection.

When moving through intersections always look for a safe area to direct your vehicle in the event
that you have to avoid a crash. There needs to be safe area where you can safely stop or swerve
around the vehicle in the case of an emergency event without hitting other road users or objects.
By controlling your speed and pre-determining a safe run off area you have assessed options that
may prevent a crash from occurring.

Managing Traffic Signals / Lights

Whenever you approach an intersection that is controlled by traffic signals, always look for the
traffic signal color in your Green Zone. If you are approaching an intersection and you have not
seen the signal change to green, you must assume that the signal will turn Yellow and then red
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 27
before you get to the intersection. Any green traffic signal that you have not seen turn green is
called a “Steady or Stale Green” signal.

If you are approaching a Steady Green signal you must anticipate that is going to change color and
you will have to stop. When you are approaching the intersection you will have to decide the point
at which you can safely stop your vehicle if the traffic signal changes color. The last point on the
road where you think that you can safely stop your vehicle is called the “Point of Decision”. After
the Point of Decision if the traffic signals change color you will have to commit to continuing
through the intersection, as you would not be able to safely stop your vehicle in time if you were to
brake.

Your Point of Decision will be affected by factors such as:

• Your vehicle speed
• The current road conditions
• The current weather conditions
• The following distance of the vehicles behind you
• The condition of the vehicles braking and suspension systems.

Once you have crossed your Point of Decision you should continue through the intersection. If you
are indecisive or change your decision before you reach the intersection, you may cause a crash
because you will brake too hard for the vehicle behind to stop, or you may crash into a vehicle in
the intersection.

Driver Distractions and Concentration

ACTIVITY
Brainstorm on a whiteboard or paper for types of distractions that affect driver concentration. Steer
the group to see the logic in grouping into the following three (3) categories – then develop
solutions.

Driver distractions affect concentration and therefore the way that a driver can respond while
driving. Distractions can be broken down into the following categories:

Slide • In-vehicle e.g. Radio/CD player, phones, eating, drinking, passengers and loose cargo.
• Outside vehicle e.g. route problems, scenery and unfamiliar driving tasks.
104
• Driver e.g. stress, fatigue, alcohol and drugs.

Some measures to prepare for and reduce distractions can include:

• Get adequate sleep before trip

• All passengers have seat belts fastened before moving
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 28
• Adjust all mirrors
• No alcohol or medication causing drowsiness
• Pre-Program radio stations
• Pre-Load CDs or cassette tapes
• Clear vehicle of unnecessary objects
• Review maps and travel plan before starting vehicle
• Don’t read or write while driving
• Avoid smoking, eating, and drinking while driving
• Don’t engage in stressful or emotional conversation
• Pull off road in safe place to deal with unruly passengers or pets

Mobile Telephones
Slide
103 In accordance with the Schlumberger Journey Management and Driving Standard “Drivers should
never initiate nor answer a cellular call while driving a vehicle (this includes text messaging). The
use of hands free devices while driving is forbidden”.

Mobile telephones and radios are not to be used when driving because they distract the driver and
take their attention away from the task of driving. The level of driving that Schlumberger expects
their drivers to attain requires their full attention, and distractions such as the use of mobile
telephones and radios prevent the driver from giving their full attention to driving. In fact, recent
studies have suggested that talking on a mobile telephone while driving has a similar effect on
driver concentration as driving while under the influence of alcohol

Under this standard, you can have the mobile phone activated in the vehicle to receive notification
of in-coming calls but if you need to respond to the call immediately or place an out-going call, you
must safely leave the road and bring the vehicle to a complete stop before doing so. Remember, the
side of the road may not be a safe place to stop.

This policy also applies to radios that are used for communication with a base station. The only
exception to this rule is the use of two-way or CB radios in convoy operations.

Reversing Vehicles

Reversing a vehicle is a potentially dangerous maneuver. There is a significant risk of causing

injury, damage and even death. The limitation in visibility and effective maneuvering can allow us to
come in contact with a number of hard to see objects including:

• Children
• Pedestrians
• Other vehicles
• Toys/Tools
• Fixed objects
• Pets
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 29
The Practice and Advantages of Reverse Parking
Slide
Schlumberger has employed the practice of reverse parking for many years. It is confusing to some
105 when they first hear of it, however the concept becomes quite clear and the benefits quite apparent
as you integrate the philosophy of Crash-Free Driving into your driving practices both on and off the
job.

The Advantages – Why Reverse Park?

• You will be more attune to the current driving environment upon arrival – back now,
drive forward later.
• With the first move being ahead, you need only move the vehicle ahead approximately
1/4 to 1/3 its length to gain maximum available visibility vs. backing 2/3 to 3/4 of the
vehicle length. The vehicle(s) can exit more efficiently in the event of an emergency.
• You dramatically decrease the potential of backing over children, tools, toys, etc. You
assess the situation – “clear the rear” - as you approach the parking spot and back now
if safe to do so. With your first move forward, children and any obstacles will all be in
your field of vision.
• Mirrors and vehicle body design have/create blind spots when you are reversing. If you
back into the area of less conflict, i.e. into the parking stall vs. into the traffic flow, you
reduce the possibility of missing something and having a crash.
• During an emergency, vehicles may reverse either to the right or to the left to exit.
However, if reverse parked, the first move is ahead with the least potential for a crash
and minimal confusion.
• Avoid backing your vehicle if at all possible - make another trip around the block, park in
a drive through spot, park along side, etc. We need to first look for an opportunity to
eliminate the need for backing altogether. If this is not possible, we must then minimize
the risks we are exposed to.
• Back from area of most conflict to area of least conflict – most, if not all, parking spots
have less conflict/congestion within them vs. the roadway/throughway, i.e. no vehicle
movement or pedestrian movement; you deal with stationary objects that are more
predictable... but expect the unexpected.
• Park so the first move is forward

Don’t expose yourself to greater risk. If you must reverse, do it on arrival.

Reversing vehicles can be even more hazardous when you don’t have anyone to assist or guide you
in reversing the vehicle. There are a number of safety precautions that need to be considered
when you reverse a vehicle to prevent injury to bystanders and damage to vehicles and/or property.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 30
The 10 Safe Reversing Practices

The following ten (10) precautions or safety tips should be followed every time you reverse a
Schlumberger vehicle, no matter what type and size the vehicle is.

The ten (10) recommended rules for safe reversing are:

1. Check to the rear. Ensure that there are no people or obstacles behind the
Slide vehicle before you attempt to reverse the vehicle. If you have to, get out of
107 the vehicle and physically check that there are no people or obstructions
behind your vehicle.

2. Sound the horn before you start to move. Before you start to move
backwards ensure that you sound the horn to warn any people that may walk
behind your vehicle after you have checked to the rear. Sound your horn
even if the vehicle has a reversing warning device.

3. Back immediately. Once you have checked the rear of the vehicle and
sounded a warning, reverse immediately. The longer you take to reverse the
higher the chance that somebody will walk behind the vehicle or the
situation behind the vehicle may change.

4. Reverse slowly. Whenever you are reversing it should be done in a slow and
controlled manner. As the steering wheels are now behind the driver, the
steering characteristics of the vehicle change dramatically, and if you are
moving too fast it can create an unsafe driving practice. Slow and controlled
vehicle speed is required for reversing.

5. As you reverse, check both side-mirrors. Don’t just use one mirror when you
are reversing. If you use only one of your mirrors, you may become focused
on one side of the vehicle and have a crash. You must ensure that you
observe all sides of the vehicle when reversing.

Slide 6. Don't back further than necessary. As reversing is a relatively hazardous

108 driving task, try to minimize the distance that you have to reverse. If you find
that you have to reverse for some distance, if it is possible, drive the vehicle
forwards to a point that is closer and then reverse. If there is no way of
avoiding a long reversing distance, ensure that you have another person
spotting hazards for you as you reverse.

7. Reverse to the driver's side. It is easier to reverse a vehicle using the

driver’s side as a reference point. As a driver you are familiar with using the
mirrors and controls on the driver’s side of the vehicle. If you are reversing
using the passenger side there is a possibility that you will make a mistake
judging distances. Also the mirrors on the passenger side of the vehicle
often make objects appear closer than they are.

8. Use a ground guide or ground reference. Ground guides are people who are
positioned strategically to assist the driver while reversing – they act as
extra eyes and ears for the driver. As a driver you must keep them in sight,
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 31
require them to employ proper hand signals or other equally effective means
of communication, and stop whenever you lose communication. If you stop
early, you may lose a little bit of time; if you stop too late, you may lose much
more. Even when you do have a ground guide, the driver is ultimately
responsible for vehicle control and subsequent damage. If you are not 100%
certain you are safe, STOP. Ground guides are required whenever you do not
have effective 360° visibility or when backing into an area congested with
people or with close tolerances for movement.

Ground references are reference points on the ground that you can use to
guide the vehicle as you reverse. An example of a ground reference is the
lines that are used to mark parking bays. When you reverse, use these
ground references to ensure that you are reversing in a straight line.

9. Always park so the first move in the vehicle is forward. This ensures that
your first movement will always be forward, which is the safest way to park a
vehicle. If you have to reverse out you encounter all of the hazards that have
been discussed above and your chances of having a crash are increased
significantly.

10. Engage your 4-way flashers (hazard lights) prior to rearward movement. This
will communicate to other persons and drivers that you are about to do
something contrary to general traffic flow.

Slide
109
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 32

Slide Take Control – Be Seen

111
As a driver you must ensure that you are visible on the roads, so that other road users and
people in the roadway environment can see you.

Key Points

• Achieve good road positioning to allow other drivers to see you

Slide
• Use your lights and other communication devices if required
112
• Ensure communication between you and other road users

As a Crash-Free Driver, you do not want to be aggressive but you must be decisive. You must be
Slide confident and communicate effectively with pedestrians and other road users. If you are passive in
117 this, you may become the victim of a crash due to the other driver not being aware of your
intentions. For example, as you Search to the horizon, you spot children playing with a ball beside
the road in your Yellow zone. You are moving your eyes, maintaining space and visibility and asking,
what if that child runs onto the street. You can’t change lanes so you reduce your speed. What
element is missing?

The missing element that is required for safety is effective communication. The most effective
preventive measure you can take is to make sure that you are seen – Take control - be seen.
Therefore, first, turn on your headlights … if your vehicle is in motion, the headlights are to be on
(or daytime running lights). And don’t just turn on the headlights, turn on the park (or marker) and
tail lights as well – all lights on at any time the vehicle is in motion, this way you will be visible
from all sides. This may not be possible or practical in some countries due to prevailing law or
conditions, so be aware of local requirements. Remember also that when you are stopped for any
length of time, it may be desirable to turn off your headlights to prevent temporarily blinding other
road users but keep your park/marker lights/hazard flashers on, as appropriate, to let others know
you are there and the vehicle is occupied.

>> Refer to Local Risks and Regulations

ACTIVITY
Brainstorm with the group on a whiteboard some methods of establishing and maintaining
communication when driving. Make it applicable to the local situation and have participants detail
what communication would not be acceptable in the location due to local culture.

Communication
Slide
113 Horns and turn signals are also effective communication devices. They enable you to inform others
on or near the road around you of your intentions and help you establish eye contact. Make a habit
of making sure other people see you and Make a habit of ensuring you established effective
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 33
communication – get a response, a hand wave, direct eye contact, and a change in vehicle speed
or position. You can never assume someone sees you. Other road users want to avoid being in a
crash just like you do - if they see you, they will try to avoid hitting you.

Slide When communicating with other road users and pedestrians, an effective technique that can be
used is a friendly tap of the horn. It is an effective tool to Take control - be seen. Make eye
114
contact and confirm it with a wave or other form of feedback. Others may think you are the
friendliest person on the road. Or, they may think you are crazy. Either way, they will see you and
you will know they see you.
to
Turn signals are a form of communication. But never assume someone is going to turn just because
his or her turn signal is flashing. All a flashing light means is that it is working properly unless there
is some other information associated with it to verify what it is intended to indicate. We have all
Slide seen people drive mile after mile with one blinking signal. Also, never assume that another driver
116 has seen your turning signal!

Don’t drive in other drivers’ blind spots. If you cannot see their eyes in their mirror, they cannot see
you!

Slide Make sure that you familiarize yourself with acceptable local communication
117 practices and norms and be sensitive to gestures or communication that may be
considered offensive. Be sure to adapt your communication signals to the local
conditions.

How To Make Sure Pedestrians See You

Be prepared; anticipate they will step or run out in front of you any time you see them. Cover the
brake, tap your horn and get eye contact. Look for feedback to know they see you. Check your rear
view mirror to be sure no one is tailgating you so that you are prepared to stop quickly without
having a crash, and compensate for him or her if they are.

Exercise lane discipline by deciding where you need to be and remaining there as much as
possible. Signal lane changes and turns well in advance to let the vehicles behind know your
intentions.

Overtaking Other Vehicles

Overtaking is one of the most hazardous situations while driving. Overtaking another vehicle can
place you in the direct path of oncoming traffic at potentially high speeds. As a result you should
always question the need to pass vehicles before committing yourself.

Some of the factors that need to be considered are;

• Is it safe?
Slide • Does my vehicle have the capacity to safely complete the overtaking maneuver?
118 • Does my vehicle have the required acceleration and handling capabilities?
• Is it legal to overtake here? Look for road markings and signs that may indicate that it is
not legal to overtake in this area.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 34
If you make the decision to overtake:

Slide • Check your mirror to see if it is possible / check that space and visibility are adequate.
119 • Signal your intention.
• Re-check your mirrors to confirm still possible to overtake.
• Check over your shoulder and clear your blind spot.
• Ease over into the oncoming lane
• Confirm that you still have space and visibility adequate to safely complete the
overtaking maneuver before proceeding
• Accelerate to complete the maneuver – remember, overtaking is not an excuse to
exceed the posted speed limit. Generally, you should be traveling at least 8kph (5 mph)
faster than the vehicle that you are overtaking. Otherwise, why are you overtaking?
• When you see at least the full front of the vehicle you have overtaken in your center
mirror or can ascertain adequate space in front of the vehicle in your side mirror, it
should be safe to return to your lane, however, if you are putting up a spray of water or
slush, a cloud of dust, or are throwing up gravel behind your vehicle, you should allow
even more space before pulling back into your lane.
• Use your turn signal to let everyone know your intentions.
• Check your mirrors.
• Check over your shoulder to view the blind spot.
• Ease back to your lane and ensure your turn signal is turned off.
• Maintain your speed - if you overtake only to slow down, there was probably no reason
to overtake.

The Use of Emergency / Hazard / 4-way Flashers

4-way flashers can be a very effective tool for communicating a hazard to other users of the road.
Some situations for their use could be:

• When reversing
• When stopped on a roadway or on shoulder, in close enough proximity to passing traffic
to constitute a hazard – consideration should be given to the placement of reflective
markers if stopped for a significant period of time in keeping with best practice and local
regulations
• When traveling at a significantly reduced rate of speed vs. other traffic, e.g. vehicles
slowly ascending or descending a grade
• When traveling in restricted visibility at a significantly reduced speed, e.g. fog, smoke,
blowing snow/sand, etc.
• Communicating a hazard to vehicles behind, e.g. approaching the scene of a crash or
roadway hazard
• Communicating a hazard to approaching traffic, e.g. after having passed the scene of a
crash or roadway hazard

Remember that there may be some regulatory restriction on the use of these devices but don’t
forget that they can be a very effective communication tool.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 35

Slide Module 3 – Alertness & Fatigue Management

122
Key points
• Understand fatigue and what causes it
• Understand alertness and how to maintain it
• Be able to manage fatigue and plan to address it
• Be aware of the affect of alcohol and drugs on the body

Slide Fatigue
124
Fatigue is a term that is used to describe both the physical and psychological state of a person. It is
a generalized term that is used to describe when a person is feeling tired or sleepy and the
associated effects that this has on their mental function and alertness.

Driver fatigue is one of the greatest influencing factors on driver behavior.

Fatigue is a personal experience as you can have two people and put them through the same
physical and psychological experiences before they drive and they will have different levels of
fatigue. As a result it is very hard to measure fatigue because people will react differently to a vast
range of stimulus.

Some of the more common indicators of driver fatigue are:

Slide • Back tension

• Shallow breathing
125
• Loss of concentration
• Felling tired
• Itchy eyes
to • Yawning
• Loss of concentration
• Not remembering the last few minutes of the journey
• Slow reaction time
• Boredom
Slide
• Irritability and restlessness
129
• Microsleep
• Automatic Behavior Syndrome (ABS)

Your level of fatigue directly affects your level of alertness. As a Crash-Free Driver you need to be
adequately rested and alert before you undertake any journey. If you are tired or fatigued your level
of alertness is lowered therefore increasing your chances of having a crash. Studies have
indicated that being fatigued cause a reduced ability to concentrate and operate vehicles
equivalent to driving under the influence of alcohol. As you should never drive vehicles under the
influence of alcohol, so to you should never drive a vehicle if you feel fatigued.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 36
Alertness
Slide
130 Alertness is about the body’s ability to respond and operate effectively. Our alertness levels are
influenced by factors such as previous rest, sunlight, meals, physical activity and external stimuli.
Factors such as shift work, long working hours and the home environment can influence our
alertness levels as we are working against our natural body clock requirements. Alertness levels
can also be influenced by the tasks we are required to complete. Driving a vehicle on a long
journey can have a dramatic affect on our alertness levels, therefore we have to be able to
recognize when our levels are dropping.

Circadian Rhythm and Fatigue

Slides
131 + 132 Every human has an inbuilt urge or requirement to sleep, particularly at night, so that the body can
effectively rest and recuperate. There is a natural urge for your body to sleep at night due to your
natural biological rhythm. As a result you should try to limit journeys undertaken at night, as this is
when your body will be most fatigued. Fatigue impairs your perception skills and judgment
capability, and as a result it impairs your ability to take the most appropriate action at the time,
which would be to pull over and rest.

Adequate preparation for a journey requires adequate rest before the departure to reduce the
effects of fatigue on your body. We should also try to avoid driving at times of the day when our
bodies are the least alert, such as early morning hours.

Fatigue and Schlumberger Journey Management and Driving Standards

As part of the Journey Management Procedures that form part of the Schlumberger Journey
Management and Driving Standard you need to consider the following factors:

• Do I need to make this journey or is there an alternative way of achieving the journey
objectives?
• Have I worked for more than 16 hours in the previous 24-hour period? If so, you should
not undertake a journey until adequately rested.
• Is this journey going to exceed this 16-hour rule? If so, you must incorporate adequate
rest breaks or alternate drivers before the journey during the journey.
• Are there other regulations or controls that I must comply with regarding hours of
service versus driving?

Fatigue Management
Slide
There are many steps that you can put in place to reduce or minimize the effects of fatigue. These
133 include:

• Get adequate rest before a long or difficult journey – try to get seven (7) to nine (9) hours
sleep the night before the journey.
• Take advantage of every opportunity to rest.
• Develop and following a napping strategy.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 37
• Do not start a long journey late in the day. If you start the journey at this time you will
already be fatigued from the day’s activities and your alertness and concentration levels
will already be affected.
• If possible do not drive alone. Passengers can alternate the driving with you – this
reduces your fatigue levels on a long journey, as you are able to rest.
• Avoid long journeys at night. This is the normal time that your body will be resting and
as a result you will become fatigues earlier that if you started the journey in the morning.
Also, the glare of on coming headlights and the dashboard lights increases the chances
of focusing on one point – an early indicator of fatigue.
• Keep the temperature of the car relatively cool. If you increase the temperature inside
the vehicle it will increase drowsiness and fatigue levels.
• Obey the 16-Hour Rule – do not drive after 16 hours on-duty time within a 24-hour period
and do not exceed any other regulatory or practiced limitations.

Rules:

When a driver becomes aware of any symptoms of fatigue, they are required to:

Slide • Stop, and get out of the vehicle to refresh themselves, or,

134 • Stop, change drivers, if available and if the other driver is alert, or, if these two options
are not effective or possible,
• Stop, get rest – have a nap and do not proceed until alert.

When a driver is fatigued, he/she must STOP!

When you are on a long journey take regular rest breaks to help prevent fatigue. It is recommended
Slides that you stop at least every two hours for at least 15 minutes to refresh and prepare yourself for the
135 remainder of the journey. When driving from 11:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m., plan to stop every hour. This is
especially important if you are traveling alone. If you have another driver in the vehicle, change
to
over regularly to prevent fatigue. The driver can then rest until the next rest break is taken. Nobody
137 likes to be late, but remember it is better to arrive late than to not arrive at all.

Fatigue is real and it can kill you!!

 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 38

Slide Alcohol and Substance Abuse and Vehicle Operations

140 The Schlumberger Journey Management and Driving Standard states that:

“Driving a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or any drugs or

narcotics, is strictly prohibited and subject to disciplinary action including
termination of employment.”

There is a very strong scientific link between alcohol and crash fatalities. Even a small amount of
Slide
alcohol in your blood will impair your driving ability. Different types of prescription drugs can also
141 have an impairing affect on your level of driving ability. You as the driver need to be aware of what
is in your body and recognize the affects as a danger to your driving safety.

When you have consumed alcohol, the amount of time it takes to clear out of your system is
dependant upon different factors – mostly body size and rest. Even though you may have stopped
drinking hours ago and had a good sleep, you may still have alcohol in your blood stream and be
affected enough to have impaired driving ability.

Taking non-prescription drugs is not only illegal in most countries and against Schlumberger policy,
Slide
but can be very dangerous to your health. It also impairs your ability to think straight and use good
142 judgment, so you should NEVER drive while under the influence of drugs.

Even prescription drugs such as cough mixtures, cold tablets or other medications can cause
drowsiness and affect your ability to respond when driving a vehicle. Make sure that you carefully
read prescription labels and DO NOT drive if it states that it causes drowsiness.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 39

Slide Module 4 – Occupant Restraints & Seating Position

143
Key points
• Importance of correct seating position
• Correct arm and hand position on the steering wheel
• Correct positioning of the head restraint
• Importance of seat belts for driver and passengers
• “Live to tell the story video”

Driving Ergonomics and Seating Position

Slide Whenever you first get into a vehicle that you do not drive regularly you need to adjust your driving
position so that you are safe within the vehicle and so that you can operate the vehicle safely. The
144 most important consideration is your seating or driving position. This is your position within the
vehicle in relation to the controls, safety systems and the vehicle instruments

Correct seating position is important as it ensures that;

• Your safety in the event of a crash is maximized
• The safety restraint systems can work effectively
• You are the correct distance from the steering wheel
• You are balanced correctly
• Your level of fatigue when driving is reduced
• You maintain maximum control of the vehicle at all times

The two most important aspects of vehicle control are the ability to steer and the ability to stop. To
be able to do this effectively, we must be positioned, or seated, correctly in the vehicle. We also
need to be seated correctly so that in the event of a crash, the safety systems work effectively to
protect us. The main way you can adjust your position is with the seat adjustments.

Two common seating position faults are:

Slide
1. Sitting too close to the steering wheel
145 2. Sitting too far from the steering wheel, foot pedals and driver control items.

Sitting too far away from the steering wheel is associated with having the seat laid back towards
the rear of the vehicle. Having the seat in this laid-back position reduces the effectiveness of the
safety restraint systems significantly. Seatbelts and airbags are designed to increase the distance
of the occupants stopping distanced during crashes. The forces that are generated in a crash are
Slide associated with the deceleration of the crash. The safety restraint devices such as seat belts and
seat belt pre-tensioners are designed to reduce this force. The vehicle occupants need to be in
146 contact with these restraint devices for them to work effectively. In this position or when the rear of
the seat is erect but the whole seat is too far back, the driver cannot readily utilize the control
devices on the dash without compromising the control they have of the vehicle. If the seat is too far
back the driver cannot adequately reach the pedals and hence limits their control of the vehicle.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 40
By having your seat too far forward reduces the distance between the driver and solid components
of the vehicle such as the steering wheel and he dash. The force that is generated by the
deceleration in a crash will be transferred from the driver to the vehicle components that can cause
significant injury to the driver. If you are too close to the steering wheel you will not allow enough
time for the safety restraint systems to operate in a crash, therefore causing injury to yourself.

You need to position yourself within the vehicle with regard to the space between yourself and the
vehicle components and the safety restraint systems. The recommended driving position can be
achieved by using the following steps in positioning yourself.

Seating Position
Slide
147 Sit deep in the seat to prevent sliding movement, with your shoulders back into the seat. Place your
left foot on the left foot brace to ensure that you can brace you body equally within the seat. Put
your foot on the brake pedal and adjust your seating position so that that your knee is slightly bent –
this ensures that the lower half of your body is correctly positioned. If you are involved in a crash
and you apply the brake your leg will not lock out causing potentially serious pelvic and leg injuries.
It is important to start with your legs and work up the rest of the body.

Arm Position
Slide Sit upright in the vehicle with your arms outstretched. At this position the steering wheel should
148 touch your wrists. If not, adjust the seat forwards or backwards until the steering wheel touches
your wrists. This will ensure that your body is the correct distance from the steering wheel column.
When you hold the steering wheel in the correct 9 and 3 o’clock position, your arms should have a
slight bend in the elbow. This ensures that your elbows will not lock out during a crash that will
cause significant injury. The reason that 9 and 3 o’clock is used as opposed to the previously used
10 and 2 o’clock is the advent of the airbag that deploys towards the head. If your arms are central,
they may be caught and propelled into your head and cause injury.

Seatbelt
Slides
153 + 155 The seatbelt is to be worn over the shoulder and it is to be pulled comfortably tight over the pelvis
region of the body. The seat belt should not be twisted and should lay flat over your body at all
times. Twists cause can create pressure points that increase the forces generated in that area. By
having the seatbelt low and flat it maximizes the restraint of the driver during a crash. Ensure that
the seatbelt is fitted against the body as any gap between the body and the seatbelt increases the
forces generated to that part of the body during a crash. The Schlumberger Journey Management
and Driving Standard states that:

Slide “As a condition of employment, all employees and contractors must wear
154 seatbelts at all times when driving a vehicle, and they must ensure that all
other vehicle occupants are also wearing seatbelts".
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 41
Head Restraint
Slides
The head restraint should be centered at the base of the skull to prevent spinal injury from the
151 + 152 forces that are generated in a crash. This restraint will prevent your neck from being over strained
during a crash – an injury commonly known as whiplash.

Hand Position
Slide
149 When you are driving you must have both hands on the wheel at all times to ensure that you have
effective control of the vehicle. Your hands should be in the 9 & 3 or quarter to three position on the
steering wheel with your thumbs to the outside of the steering wheel. You have your hands in this
position so that you have the most effective control over the vehicle at all times and also because it
will reduce the likelihood of injury if the safety airbags are deployed. The reason that we keep our
thumbs on the outside of the steering wheel is to ensure that if you are in crash your thumbs do not
become hooked in the wheel as it spins which may cause injury. Certain large trucks or buses may
require an 8 & 4 position.

Slide Mirror Positioning

150
The "out-set" positioning of mirrors increase your SMARRTspace vision and they can be very
effective in reducing your blind spots in high-density traffic. There are two approached that can be
taken for setting the mirror position:

Mirror Positioning Method 1 – Panoramic view

• While seated in the driver's seat, move your head over so that your cheek touches
the drivers window
• Move the driver side mirror out until you just see the rear fender/side of the vehicle in
the mirror
• Re-position yourself with your head on the approximate centerline of the vehicle
• Move the passenger side mirror out until you just see the passenger rear fender/side
of the vehicle in that mirror
• Re-position yourself correctly in the drivers seat and adjust the interior rear view
mirror, as required
• You should now have a panoramic view, almost 180 degrees to the rear and to the
sides of the vehicle, other than those areas obstructed by vehicle structure.

Mirror Positioning Method 2 – Close in view

• As above but don’t move the mirrors out as far
• You have less of a panoramic view but you can reference the side of your vehicle
more readily for reversing

This practice should NOT be used in vehicles with an obstructed rear view such as trucks and pick-
ups with loads.

If you will be performing any reversing maneuvers, you will have to make exaggerated movements
of your head and upper body to reference your vehicle in the mirror. As a result of this you will have
an increased exposure to reversing incidents. Remember, if you are going to set your mirrors using
this method, you must always conduct a positive shoulder check to clear the blind spots of the
vehicle.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 42
Vehicle Passengers
Slide
As well as ensuring that you have established a safe ergonomic position within the vehicle for
156 + 157
yourself, it is your responsibility to ensure that other vehicle occupants are wearing seatbelts and
all other required safety equipment so that they will minimize any injury in the event of an accident.

If you are traveling with babies ensure that they are secured in an approved safety capsule that is
aligned correctly and secured using the approved attachment points. All baby capsules must be
aligned so that the restraint devices will operate as designed and not cause further injury in the
event of a crash. If you are traveling with young children that do not fit correctly into a seatbelt, use
a “booster” type seat to bring them to a height that will ensure that the restraint device operates
effectively and will not cause further injury.

It should also be noted that under the Schlumberger Journey Management and Driving Standard no
unauthorized passengers should be allowed into the vehicle except in the case of an emergency or
as a requirement of the local authorities.

>> Show the Live to Tell the Story Video

 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 43

Slide Module 5 – Journey Management & Pre-Trip Checks

158
Key points
• Confirm the need for the trip/journey
• Reduce the risk of the journey through thorough planning
• Use the Journey management checklist
• Conduct of pre-trip inspection before every trip
• Use the pre-trip checklist

Journey Management
Slide
159 Because driving is the biggest risk exposure that the company has, we have to do everything that
we can to reduce the risk where possible. This starts with confirming that an actual ‘need’ to drive
exists, rather than a ‘want’ to drive. In accordance with the Journey Management and Driving
Standard, each potential journey or trip needs to be subject to the following consideration or
checklist prior to approval:

• Management Review of Trip Necessity – is it really necessary?

• Can the trip be eliminated or an alternative solution be found?

• Can the trip be combined with another?
• Can the trip be done by rail, ferry or air?
to • Can the trip be performed by a 3rd party contractor?

• Assignment of Equipment and Personnel – right vehicle and right driver for the job.

• Trip planning and Execution – best time and route.

• 16-Hour Rule – are the drivers alert and ready to go … and to return?

• Convoying – who goes where, what if things go wrong, effective communications?

• Night Driving/Low Visibility Conditions – should we be driving, what is the best speed?

• Vehicle Safety Equipment – is it fit for the expected situations, present and in good
Slide working condition?
162
• Unauthorized Passengers – none except in emergency situations.

And even when approved, the journey is then monitored to the end to confirm that the journey was
completed safely.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 44

ACTIVITY
Review local Journey Management Plan and Local Driving Risks and Regulations register with
students.

Pre-Trip Inspection

Once the need for the journey has been confirmed and the appropriate journey management
planning has taken place, you must determine that the actual vehicle to be used is safe to drive and
is in satisfactory mechanical condition to complete the journey. To ensure this you need to conduct
a pre trip inspection of the vehicle. This is a comprehensive check of all of the safety components
and major mechanical components of the vehicle.

If there are any problems with the vehicle, it is better to discover them in the yard before the
journey rather than having to deal with a problem in a remote location where a mechanical problem
can be life threatening.

Another point to remember is once you have signed for the vehicle any problems become your
responsibility. Therefore, it is better to find any problems before you are responsible for the
paperwork that is involved. If you find any major problems with the vehicle, do not use the vehicle -
complete an out-of-service report and get another vehicle. If the fault is of a minor significance,
you can use the vehicle, but it is your responsibility to report or log the problem with the appropriate
personnel on return.

To ensure that all vehicles are inspected in a systematic and thorough manner use the following
prompts to ensure that you check all of the required areas of the vehicle before you start your
journey.

Leaks

This includes leakage of any fluids and includes airtight rubber seals

Lights
Slide
This includes all vehicle lights and the electrical system of the vehicle
163
Levels

This includes all fluid levels on the vehicle.

• Fuel levels – gasoline, petrol, diesel
• Oil levels – engine oil, gearbox oil, transmission fluid, brake fluid, power steering fluid
• Water levels – radiator coolant, washer levels, battery electrolyte levels
• Tread depth of the tires
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 45
Safety Equipment

This includes any provision of and serviceability of any required safety equipment as detailed in
Schlumberger Journey Management and Driving Standard SLB QHSE-S001.

This safety equipment includes;

• Restraint devices which includes seat belts, head rests, airbags and
• Anti lock braking systems (ABS)
• QHSE safety requirements in relation to SLB vehicles – first aid, fire
extinguisher, safety triangles, etc
• Recovery equipment such as battery jumper leads, flashlight (torch), foot
pump, etc
• Maintenance equipment that would allow you to make minor repairs on the
vehicle to get you back to base. Example of this equipment would include
spare water, electrical fuses, spare light bulbs,
• Accident investigation kits

Loose Objects Within the Vehicle

Slide
As part of any pre trip inspection of a vehicle, you need to ensure that there are no loose items
164 within the passenger compartment of the vehicle. This includes objects on the rear shelf, items on
the rear seat and items in the front passenger area.

During a crash these objects can move about the passenger compartment of the vehicle at extreme
velocities and can cause severe injuries to the occupants. Also items on the floor of the vehicle
need to be secured because they can move about on the floor and become lodged under driving
controls such as the brake or throttle and can cause a crash.

All loose items that can not be secured in the passenger compartment of the vehicle need to be
placed in the trunk of the vehicle, in a tool box in the back of a pick-up, or behind a cargo barrier in
a van, SUV style vehicle or station wagon, where they can not move about the interior of the vehicle
and cause injury.

Driving Improvement Monitors

Slide
In accordance with the Schlumberger Journey Management and Driving Standard all
165 + 166 Schlumberger vehicles shall be equipped with an electronic driver improvement monitor. Where
these driving monitors are installed all Schlumberger drivers must record their journeys by entering
their personal code or insert their key into the monitor.

These monitors are installed to collect journey data that relates to specific drivers. They record a
wide range of vehicle parameters so that overall driving safety can be analyzed. Some of the
parameters that are recorded include:

• Braking
• Acceleration
• Vehicle speed
• Journey duration
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 46
• Journey distance
• Idling times

This information can then be downloaded by the local QHSE Manager or their delegate and
analyzed to identify unsafe driving practices in order to improve general driving standards. The
information that is downloaded will identify specific areas of driving that need improvement. If
there are any unsafe practices that are occurring regularly with your driving they will be identified
and corrective action may take place.

Documentation

The driver must check and be satisfied that the vehicle is registered and insured to country and
company requirements. All driver and vehicle authorization documents must be completed
appropriately for site requirements and local Journey Management procedures, such as
notification of the journey to a JM cell or JM board must be completed.

Pre-Trip Inspection checklist - Global Driver Assessment form

The Pre-Trip Inspection checklist to be used is contained in the first section of the Global Driver
Assessment (GDA) form. The latest version of this document is available from the SLB Driving Hub.
 o The DriveSMARRT Instructor Manual p 47

Slide Module 6 – Skill Assessment & Commentary Drive

167
Key points

• Skill assessment confirms ability to safely operate the vehicle

• Commentary drive checklist is used to confirm application of DriveSMARRT and hazard
identification skills

Skill Assessment and Commentary Drive

Slide
168 The driving Skill Assessment and Commentary Drive is a technique used to assess Crash-Free
Driving techniques and vehicle control skills. It allows the trainers to assess the students
understanding of Crash-Free Driving techniques and their ability to safely drive a vehicle in different
driving situations.

The Skill Assessment is conducted to confirm a driver’s ability to achieve effective control of the
Slide vehicle driven. The Skill Assessment checklist to be used is contained in the second section of the
169 Global Driver Assessment (GDA) form. The latest version of this document is available from the SLB
Driving Hub.

The commentary drive is, as the name suggests, a journey where you talk as you are driving so that
the trainer assesses your ability to verbalize or talk about what hazards you can identify in the
driving environment and how you will safely negotiate these hazards.

When you are conducting the commentary drive you will be required to indicate to the trainer that
you understand and can practically implement Crash-Free Driving behavior and control the vehicle
effectively in support of this. The five assessment areas are based on the five components of
DriveSMARRT that have been discussed in detail during the previous theory sessions.

Conduct of Skills Assessment and Commentary Drive.

Slides
170 - 175 Assessment of driving skill and commentary drive is conducted in accordance with the Global
Driving Assessment sheet and Commentary Drive Assessors guide.

Instructor to advise students that page 23 of Student Handbook is designed to be perforated. Have
the student complete this page upon completion for insertion into the employee’s file.
 o The Schlumberger Instructor Manual p 2

Copyright Schlumberger 2005