SUSPENSION BRIDGE

ABSTRACT: -
Suspension bridge, bridge with overhead cables supporting its roadway. Modern suspension
bridges are light and aesthetically pleasing and can span longer distances than any other
bridge form. They are also among the most expensive bridges to construct. A suspension
bridge carries vertical loads through curved cables in tension. These loads are transferred
both to the towers, which carry them by vertical compression to the ground, and to the
anchorages, which must resist the inward and sometimes vertical pull of the cables. The
modelling of bridge is necessary before construction. In the present work the suspension
bridge is modelled using AUTOCAD 3D.
A bridge is a structure that spans a divide such as:
• A stream/river/ravine/valley
• Railroad track/roadway/waterway
A bridge has to carry a service (which may be highway or railway traffic, a footpath, public
utilities, etc.) over an obstacle (which may be another road or railway, a river, a valley, etc.)
and to transfer the loads from the service to the foundations at ground level.
Classification of Bridges: -
According to functions:
Aqueduct, viaduct, highway, pedestrian etc.
According to materials of construction:
Reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, steel, composite, timber etc.
According to form of superstructure:
Slab, beam, truss, arch, suspension, cable-stayed etc.
According to inter span relation:
Simple, continuous, cantilever.
According to the position of the bridge floor relative to the superstructure:
Deck-through, half-through etc.
According to method of construction:
Pin-connected, riveted, welded etc.
SUSPENSION BRIDGE: -
A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on
vertical suspenders. A typical suspension bridge is a continuous deck with one or more
towers erected above piers in the middle of span. The deck maybe of truss or box girder.
Cables pass over the saddle which allows free sliding. At both ends large anchors are placed
to hold the ends of the cables. The type covered here has cables suspended between towers,
with vertical suspender cables that transfer the live and dead loads of the deck below, upon
which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for
additional clearance. Like other suspension bridge types, this type often is constructed
without the use of falsework.
The main cables of a suspension bridge will form a catenary; the cables will instead form
a parabola if they are assumed to have zero weight. One can see the shape from the constant
increase of the gradient of the cable with linear (deck) distance, this increase in gradient at
each connection with the deck providing a net upward support force. Combined with the
relatively simple constraints placed upon the actual deck, that makes the suspension bridge
much simpler to design and analyse than a cable-stayed bridge in which the deck is in
compression.
Cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges may appear to be similar, but are quite different
in principle and in their construction.
In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang between the towers and
are anchored at each end to the ground. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings
in the towers, bear the load of the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are
under tension from their own weight. Along the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to
the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the tension in the cables increases,
as it does with the live load of traffic crossing the bridge. The tension on the main cables is
transferred to the ground at the anchorages and by downwards compression on the towers.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TYPES OF BRIDGE: -

In cable-stayed bridges, the towers are the primary load-
bearing structures that transmit the bridge loads to the ground.
A cantilever approach is often used to support the bridge deck
near the towers, but lengths further from them are supported
by cables running directly to the towers. By design, all static
horizontal forces of the cable-stayed bridge are balanced so
Suspension bridge
that the supporting towers do not tend to tilt or slide and so
must only resist horizontal forces from the live loads.

Cable-stayed bridge, fan design

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD 3D: -
3DORBIT: -
Constrained 3D Orbit 3DORBIT activates a 3D Orbit view in the current viewport. You can view
your entire drawing or select one or more objects before starting the command. When 3DORBIT is
active, the target of the view stays stationary and the camera location, or point of view, moves around
the target. However, from the user's point of view, it appears as if the 3D model is turning as the
mouse cursor is dragged. In this way, you can specify any view of the model.

Revolve: -
This AutoCAD 3D command creates a 3D solid by revolving a 2D object around an axis.

Extrude: -
This AutoCAD 3D Extrude command allows the user to create a 3D object by extruding a 2D
face along a line or path. For example, A cylinder can be created by selecting a 2D circle and
extruding it along with a path.

Sweep: -
This command helps the user to extrude the 2D objects without the 2D face being orthogonal
to the beginning of the path.

Union: -
This AutoCAD 3D command allows the user to combine two objects converting them into
one single object.

Subtract: -
This command is opposite to the union command; this command works when there is a
common area in both the objects. Then this command subtracts the object A from the object
B.

Intersect: -
With this AutoCAD 3D command, the user is left with the area that is common to both the
objects.

MESH: -
The basic mesh forms, known as mesh primitives, are the equivalent of the primitive forms
for 3D solids.

mesh objects by smoothing, creasing, refining, and splitting faces. You can also drag edges,
faces, and vertices to mold the overall form.
POLYSOLID: -
3D walls with straight and curved segments of constant height and width.You can create a 3D
solid with POLYSOLID just as you would a polyline. The PSOLWIDTH system variable sets
the default width for the 3D solid. The PSOLHEIGHT system variable sets the default height.
You can also convert existing 2D objects such as lines, 2D polylines, arcs, and circles to 3D
solids with a default height, width, and justification.

SURFOFFSET: -
Reverse the direction of the offset with the Flip Direction option.

Union: -
The Union command is used to combine the selected 2D regions or 3D solids by the addition.
The selected parts are combined to form a single region, surface, or solid. But, we are
required to select the parts of the same object. We can select two or more parts to combine it
into a single region, solid or surface.

EXTRACT EDGE: -
the XEDGES command, you can create wireframe geometry by extracting all the edges from
the following objects
This bridge has four sections each having length about 100’.
Each section also has two side supporting bars.
There are two tower and the distance between them is about 200’.
There are 8 suspender cable one side.
In the main cable 18 number of cables present.
The two tower supported by stone pillar.
CONCLUSION: -
By doing this project we got to know how to draw the 3D model of a bridge. Through
AutoCAD 3D software we can visualize the purpose model of a bridge. In the above project
the colour combination gives aesthetic view. Finally, I would to conclude to saying that
through this we understood working of AutoCAD 3D along with limitless possibilities of this
software in advance models.