Data and Digital

Communications
Engr. Mark Henrie Dela Paz
 Module 1:
Introduction to Data
Communications and
Networking
 Sub Topics

• What is Data Communications?

• History of Data Communications
• Components of Data Communication System
• Block Diagram of Data Communication Systems
• DTE and DCE
• Analog and Digital Communication Systems
• Data Flow or Data Transmission Modes
• Networks
Data Communications
 Data Communications Defined…

• The movement of computer information from one point to

another by means of electrical or optical transmission systems.
• The transmission, reception, and processing of digital
information.
• Process of transferring digital information between two or more
points.
• Data communications are the exchange of data between two
devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire
cable.
 Data Communications Defined…

Keywords:
• Transmission, reception, process, point to point, data,
information, and computer.

• Data Communication is a system consisting of different

components that can transport, receive, and process data.
• Data are the information and can be of several formats. (audio,
video, bits, digital info)
 Importance of Data Communications

• Computers need to communicate

• Computers need to communicate with the peripherals.

• Electronic equipment need to communicate

• Data need to be secured and delivered between devices.

Brief History of Data
Communications and
Telecommunications
Brief History of Data Communications and
Telecommunication
• 1837 – Samuel Morse exhibited a working telegraph system
• 1843 – Alexander Bain patented a printing telegraph.
• 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell, invented the first telephone.
• 1880 – First pay telephone.
• 1915 – First transcontinental telephone service and first
transatlantic voice connections.
• 1947 – Transistor invented in Bell Labs
• 1951 – First direct long distance dialing
• 1962 – First international satellite telephone call
• 1968 – Carterfone court decision allowed non-Bell equipment to
connect to Bell System Network.
Brief History of Data Communications and
Telecommunication
• 1970 – Permitted MCI to provide limited long distance service
in competition to AT&T.
• 1984 – Deregulation of AT&T
• 1980s – Public service of Digital Networks
• 1990s – Cellular telephones commonplace
 Phases of Telecommunication
Development
• Telegraph & Telephone (19th Century)
• Satellite Communications (1960s)
• Digital Communications (1980s)
• Internet Age (1990s)
• Wireless Communications (1990s)
• 21st Century?

Trends: From wired to wireless, from analog to digital, from voice,

video, picture to data
Components of Data
Communications
Five Components of Data Communications

1. Message – The message is the information (data) to be

communicated. Popular forms of information include text,
numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
2. Sender – The sender is the device that sends the data message.
It can be a computer, workstation, telephone, handset, video
camera, and so on.
3. Receiver – The receiver is the device that receives the message.
It can be a computer, workstation, telephone, handset, video
camera, and so on.
Five Components of Data Communications

4. Transmission Medium – The transmission medium is the

physical path by which a message travels from sender to
receiver. Some examples of transmission media include
twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio
waves.
5. Protocols – rules and conventions used in order to exchange
information in a Data Communications Network.
Five Components of Data Communications
Block Diagram of Basic Data
Communication System
Block Diagram of Basic Data
Communication System
 DTE and DCE Role in Data
Communications
1. DTE or Data Terminal Equipment – These are the end
devices that is used to deliver the message in that can be
understood end to end.
2. DCE or Data Communications Equipment – Another term for
the MODEM (Modulator-Demodulator) equipment. The
equipment used in long distance serial data communication
system responsible for different modulation techniques.
DCE Examples
DTE Examples
Data Representation
 Data Representation

• Text – alphanumeric characters represented as bit patterns

(sequence of bits, 1 and 0). Each set is called a code.
• Numbers – also represented as bit patterns, in data
communications, the numbers are converted to binary
equivalent.
• Images – it is also represented as bit patterns, composed of a
matrix of pixels (picture elements) where each pixel is a dot.
• Audio – recording or broadcasting of sound or music.
Continuous form.
• Video – recording or broadcasting of a picture or a movie.
Common Terms used
in Data
Communication
 Common Terms used in Data
Communication
• Information – knowledge or intelligence , (analog/digital)
• Data – information stored in digital format
• Data Transmission Code – information converted to binary
code
• Data Communication Code – Used to represent characters or
symbol. Includes character codes, character set, symbol codes,
character languages.
• Bandwidth – range of frequencies contained in a frequency
spectrum. It is used to define a particular channel in a
transmission system.
 Common Terms used in Data
Communication
• Information Theory – a highly theoretical study of the
efficient use of bandwidth to propagate information through
electronic communication system
• Bit – binary digit. It is the most basic digital symbol used to
represent information. It could be a 1 or 0.
• Mark – refers to binary 1
• Space – refers to binary 0
• Block/Frame/Packet – group of bits transferred as a unit.
• Bit Rate – rate of change of a digital information signal. It is
also referred to the number of bits transmitted per second
 Common Terms used in Data
Communication
• Information Capacity – measure of how much information
can be represented through a communications system.
Represent the number of independent symbols that can be
carried through a system in a given unit of time. It is usually
dependent on the frequency and bandwidth
• Baud Rate – refers to the rate of change of signal in a
transmission (communications) medium after encoding and
modulation have occurred. Number of signaling element per
second in a transmission medium. It is equal to 1/time of one
output signaling element.
 Common Terms used in Data
Communication
• Station or Node – an endpoint where subscribers gain access
to the data communications circuit.
• Communication Link – path for transmission of signals
between communicating devices.
• Channel – specific band of frequencies allocated to a
particular service of transmission.
• Protocol – format set of conventions governing how
communications should take place in a communications
system.
• Protocol Stack – the list of protocols used by the system
 Common Terms used in Data
Communication
• Network – set of devices (nodes or stations) interconnected by
communications media link
• Data Communications Network – Systems of interrelated
computers and computer equipment that are interconnected to
one another for the purpose of transmitting and/or receiving
of information.
• Computer Network - Two or more computers interconnected
with one another for the purpose of sharing resources such as
printers, databases, files and backup devices
 Common Terms used in Data
Communication
• Analog Signal – signal whose amplitude continuously varies
with time.
• Digital Signal – signal which are discrete, their amplitude
maintains a constant level for a prescribed period of time
Communication
System
 Two Basic Types of Electronic
Communication System
• Analog Communication System – system in which signals are
transmitted and received in analog format.
• Digital Communication System – system in which signals are
transmitted and received in digital form (discrete levels such
as +V, -V, and 0V)

NOTE: In a Data Communication System, both analog and digital

system can be incorporated

Can you give example?

Two Basic Types of Electronic
Communication System
Data Flow
 Data Transmission (Data Flow)

• Simplex – communication is unidirectional. Only one of the

two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive.

• Half Duplex – Only one of the two devices on a link can

transmit; the other can only recieve.

• Full Duplex – Both station can transmit and receive

simultaneously.
Network
 Networks

Network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected

by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or
any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data
generated by other nodes on the network.

• Most networks use distributed processing, in which a task is

divided among multiple computers. Today it can be referred to
a cloud computing.
 Network Criteria

• Reliability - is based on the frequency of failure measurement.

It’s the ability of the network to recover from a network link
failure and the networks robustness in a catastrophe
• Security – protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting
data from damage and development, and implementing
policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data
loses.
 Types of Network Connection

• Point to Point – dedicated link between two devices.

• Multipoint – multiple connection in a single link. Also called
multidrop.

Network Topologies:
Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh

NOTE: In mesh topology, the number of links (L) is equivalent to

n(n-1)/2 where n is the number of stations or nodes to be
connected
 Summary

• Data Communication is a system consisting of different components that can

transport, receive and process data.
• Data are the information and can be of several formats.(audio, video, bits,
digital info)
• Components of Data Comms: Message, Sender, Receiver, Transmission
Medium, Protocols
• Data Terminal Equipment. These are the end devices that is used to deliver the
message in that can be understood end to end.
• Data Communications Equipment. Another term for the MODEM( Modulator
Demodulator) equipment. The equipment used in long distance serial data
communication system responsible for different modulation techniques
 Summary

• Two Basic Types of Electronic Communication Systems: Analog

Communication System and Digital Communication System
• Data Transmission Modes: Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex
• Network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links.
• A network is evaluated using the following network criteria: reliability and
security.
 Assessment no. 1

• Give at least 5 examples of analog signals.

• Give at least 5 examples of digital signals
• Give at least 3 examples of Analog Communication System.
• Give at least 3 examples of Digital Communication Systems
• Give at least 5 examples of Simplex, Half Duplex, and Full Duplex.