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152 2/ Basic Suuctures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums, and Matrices
DEFINITION 13
EXAMPLE 32,
Partial Functions
A program designed to evaluate a function may not produce the correct value ofthe function for
all elements in the domain of this function, For example, a program may not produce a correct
Value because evaluating the function may lead to an infinite Ioop or an overflow. Similarly, in
abstract mathematics, we often want to discuss functions that are defined only for a subset of
the real numbers, such as 1/x, J, and arcsin (x). Also, we may want to use such notions as
the “youngest child” function, which is undefined for a couple having no childsen, or the “time
of sunrise,” which is undefined for some days above the Arctic Circle. To study such situations,
swe use the concept of a patil function.
A partial function f from a set A to a set B is an assignment to each element a in a subset
of A, called the domain of definition of fof a unique element b in B. The sets A and B are
called the domain and codomain of f., respectively. We say that f is undefined for elements
in A that are not in the domain of definition of f. When the domain of definition of f equals
A, we say that f is a foral function.
Remark: We write f: A> B to denote that f is a partial function from A to B. Note that
this is the same notation as is used for functions. The context in which the notation is used
determines whether f is a partial function or a total function,
Thefunction f : Z— Rowhere f(n) = yisapartial function from ZtoR where the domain of
efinition isthe set of nonnegative integers, Note that f is undefined for negative integers.
Exercises
A. Why is f nota function from R to Rif
o fo) =2VGF+D7
@ Downe wheter fs fonction fom 210 Rt
a) f{n) = tn.
Tr
1/@? - 4).
5. Deumine whether aft fom het of a it
fg tobe eto ge
jena peciion etait
>) Jes isthe numberof isin
©) £(S) is the smallest integer i such that the ith bit of
ii yperlerct ec ebenrdiate
Seg wih
4. nd te domain ang of hese fasts, Note that
seth ceo find he domain determine te tof
Plemtereta beeen een
St ec or nig toa sameness
wuaige
1) the fant at ass he et arg
becomabenton
Benton ht signs to it aiag he umber of
owe hein ig
4) tun at gst iting he er
tate mine
5, Find the domain and range of these functions. Note that
Jn each case, to find the domain, determine the set of
clements assigned values by the function.
a) the function that assigns o each bit string the number
‘of ones in the string minus the number of zeros in the
string
) the function that assigns to each bit string twice the
‘number of zeros in that string
© the function that assigns the number of bits left over
‘when a bit string is spit into bytes (which are blocks
of S bits)
4) the function that assigns to each positive integer the
largest perfect square not exceeding this integer
6, Find the domain and range of these functions.
a) the function that assigns to each pair of positive inte-
‘gers the frst integer ofthe pair
by) the function that assigns to each positive integer its
largest decimal digit
©) the function tha assigns to a bit string the number of
‘ones minus the number of zeros in the sting
4) the function that assigns to each positive integer the
largest integer not exceeding the square root of the
integer
© the function that assigns fo a bit string the longest
string of ones in the string 7. Find the domain and range of these functions.
4) the function that assigns to each pair of positive inte-
gers the maximum of these two integers
the function that assigns to each positive integer the
number ofthe digits 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9 that do
not appear as decimal digits ofthe integer
(©) the function that assigns to a bit string the number of
times the block 11 appears
4) the function that assigns to abit string the numerical
position of te first 1 in the string and that assigns the
value 0 to abit string consisting ofall Os
8, Find these valves
»)
Uy bf
9) [-0. @) (01)
© (2.99) »
4TH w TUF th
Find these values
» 18 »
9 [=H ®
© [3] p 5
® E+E » GH
10. Determine whether each of these functions from
{a,b €, dt itslf is one-to-one
a) f@=b. 0) =a. f=. fad
d) Sa) =b. fF) =b. SO =4.fld) =e
9 @=4.fO=b fo =e =d
11. Which functions in Exercise 10 ae onto?
12, Determine whether each of these functions Irom Z to Z
is one-to-one
a) fn) =n-1
bso =ret
© fsn 4) Fe) = [n/2]
13, Which functions in Exercise 12 are onto?
14, Determine whether: x Z > Zis ont it
a) f(m.n) =2m—n
D) fmm) =m? =n
© fmm) mene
fom) = ml In
©) fmm =m ad
18, Determine whether the function f: Z x Z > Zis onto
it
a) fmm) =m
») fom) =m?
© finn =m
@ Fomm =Inh
© Fon) = man
16. Consider these functions from the set of students in a
discrete mathematic class, Under what conditions isthe
function one-to-one if assigns to a student his or her
4) mobile phone number:
) student identification number.
©) final grade in the clas
) home town
17. Consider these functions from the set of teachers in a
school. Under what conditions isthe function one-to-one
if iC asigns toa teacher his or her
2.3 Functions 153
2) office,
b) assigned bus to chaperone in group of buses taking
students om afield trp,
©) salary.
4) social security number
18. Specify a codomain for each ofthe functions in Exercise
16, Under what conditions is each ofthese functions with
the codomain you specified onto?
19, Specify a codomain for each ofthe functions in Exercise
17. Under what conditions is each of the functions with
the codomain you specified onto?
20, Give an example of a function from N to N that is
4) one-to-one but not onto,
B) onto but not one-to-one,
‘) both onto and one-to-one (but different from the iden-
sity function).
4) either one-to-one nor onto,
21. Give an explicit formula for a function from the set of
integers tothe set of positive integers that is
4) one-to-one, but not onto,
B) onto, but not one-to-one,
(©) one-to-one and onto,
4) neither one-to-one nor onto
22, Determine whether each of these functions isa bijection
from R to R.
a) faa n3n+4
b) fa) = -3:2 +7
f= + D/O +2
@ fast
Determine whether each ofthese functions is a bijection
from Ro R.
® f@)=2041
fast
0 f@=2
4) FO) = 62+ H/C? +2)
24, Lat f: RR and let f(s) > 0 for all x ER. Show
that (2) is stiety increasing if and only if the fune-
tion g(x) = 1/f (a) is steietly decreasing
28, Let f: RR and let f(x) > 0 for all x ER. Show
that f(a) is steietly decreasing if and only if the fune-
tion g(x) = 1/f(a) is steely increasing,
26, a) Prove that astctly increasing function from R toi
self is one-to-one
b) Give an example of an increasing function from R to
itself that is not one-to-one.
27. a) Prove that a strictly decreasing function from R to
itself s one-to-one,
ive an example of a decreasing function from R to
itself that is not one-to-one.
28, Show that the function f(x) = e* fom the set of real
numbers to the set of real numbers is not invertible, but
if the codomain is restricted to the set of positive real
‘numbers, the resulting function is invertible.
» 154 2/ Basic Swuctures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums, and Matrices
29. Show that the function f(x) = |x| from the set of real
hhumbers to the set of nonnegative real numbers is not
invertible, bat ifthe domain is restricted tothe set of non-
‘negative real numbers the retulling function i invertible
30, Let $= (=1,0,2.4.7). Find £(S) if
a) sa) =. by SQ) = 2041
©) so) = fx /31 @) SO) =le? + Y/31
@ bet fe = 27/3 Find f(9 if
a) §=(-2,-1,0,1,2,3)
b) $= (0,1,2,3,4,5)
©) $= (1.5.7.1)
® $=2.6.10.18)
32 Let f(a) = 2 whet the domain is the et of enum
bert Whe
a) f(Z)? b) FON)? ©) F(R)?
38. Suppose that gis a function fom At B and fs
funtion fom wo
2) Show tha i boh fang are one-one functions,
thea fo isle emeto-one
1) Show hat if both f and ge eno fantons, hen
f eg isalso onto.
#34 AF fand fog ae eneso-one, des ew that gi
onasornd? Fast your newer
#35. f and f owen, dees it follow that git onto?
Tui you answer
@eind fo and» f, wher fe
x2, ae functions from R (oR
+ Land g(a) =
37. Find f + and fe for the functions f and g given in
Exercise 36.
38 Let f(a) = ax $b and gx) = ex +d, where a,b,
and d are constants. Determine necessary and suitic
cient conditions on the constants a, ¢, and d s0 that
Sos=sef
39. Show that the function f(x) = ax + from R to R is
invertible, where a and 6 are constants, with @ #0, and
find the inverse off.
40, Let f be a function from the set A to the set B. Let $ and
TT be subsets of A. Show that
a (SUT) = f(U FT)
b) SOT) E FHI FC).
41, 2) Give an example to show that he inclusion in pat (b)
in Exercise 40 may be proper.
1b) Show that if fis one-to-one, the inclusion in pat (6)
in Exercise 40 is an equality.
Let f be a function from the set A to the set B. Let $ be a
subset of B. We define the inverse image ofS to be the subset
‘of A whose elements are precisely all pre-images of all ele-
ments of S. We denote the inverse image of S by f~"(S), so
F7"S) = (ae A | fla) € 8). (Beware; The notation F-* s
‘used in two different ways. Do not confuse the notation intro-
duced here with the notation fy) for the value at y of the
inverse of the invertible function f. Notice also that f—'(),
thie mag ofthe st makes sense forall facto
sot jut vet fncons)
Let be tention fom RoR defined by
FQ) =? Find
a stay. by se O