STOICHIOMETRY TUTORIAL

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Instructions: This is a work along tutorial. Each time you click
the mouse or touch the space bar on your computer, one step of
the problem solving occurs. Pressing the PAGE UP key will
backup the steps.

Get a pencil and

paper, a periodic
table and a
calculator, and
let’s get to work.

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 (1-2-3) General Approach For Problem Solving:

1. Clearly identify the Goal or Goals and the UNITS involved. (What
are you trying to do?)

2. Determine what is given and the UNITS.

3. Use conversion factors (which are really ratios) and their UNITS to
CONVERT what is given into what is desired.

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 Table of Contents: Click on each tab to view problem types.

View Complete Slide Show

Sample problem 1

Sample problem 2

Converting grams to moles

Mole to Mole Conversions

Gram-Mole and Gram-Gram Problems

Solution Stoichiometry Problems

Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :

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 Sample problem for general problem solving.
Sam has entered into a 10 mile marathon. Use ALL of the following
conversions (ratios) to determine how many inches there are in the race.
5280 ft = 1 mile; 12 inches = 1 ft

1. What is the goal and what units are needed?

Goal = ______ inches

2. What is given and its units?

10 miles

3. Convert using factors (ratios). Units match

10 miles 5280 ft 12 inches = 633600 inches

1 mile 1 ft Goal
Given Convert
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Menu
 Sample problem #2 on problem solving.

A car is traveling at a speed of 45 miles per hr (45 miles/hr). Determine

its speed in kilometers per second using the following conversion
factors (ratios). 1 mile = 5280 ft; 1 ft = 12 in; 1 inch = 2.54 cm; k = 1 x
103; c = 1 x 10-2; 1 hr =60 min; 1 min = 60 s

Given Goal

-2
45 mi 5280 ft 12 in 2.54 cm 1 x 10 k hr min
= 0.020 km
hr mi 1 ft 1 in c 1 x 10 3 60 min 60 s s

c cancels c This is
m remains the
same as Units Match!
putting
k over k 6
 Converting grams to moles.

Determine how many moles there are in 5.17 grams of Fe(C5H5)2.

Given units match Goal

5.17 g Fe(C5H5)2 mol

= 0.0278 moles Fe(C5H5)2
185.97 g

Use the molar mass to

convert grams to Fe(C5H5)2
moles. 2 x 5 x 1.001 = 10.01
2 x 5 x 12.011 = 120.11
1 x 55.85 = 55.85
185.97 g
mol 7
 Stoichiometry (more working with ratios)

Ratios are found within a chemical equation.

2HCl + 1Ba(OH)2 → 2H2O + 1 BaCl2

coefficients give MOLAR RATIOS

2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 to form 2 moles of H2O

and 1 mole of BaCl2

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 Mole – Mole Conversions
When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

a. How many moles of NO2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
4.3 mol ? mol Units match
4.3 mol N2O5 4mol NO 2
= 8.6 moles NO2
2mol N 2O 5

b. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
4.3 mol ? mol

4.3 mol N2O5 1mol O 2

= 2.2 mole O2
2mol N 2O 5
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 gram ↔ mole and gram ↔ gram conversions

When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
a. How many moles of N2O5 were used if 210g of NO2 were produced?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
? moles 210g Units match

210 g NO2 mol NO 2 2mol N 2O 5

= 2.28 moles N2O5
46.0g NO 2 4mol NO 2
b. How many grams of N2O5 are needed to produce 75.0 grams of O2?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
? grams 75.0 g

75.0 g O2 mol O 2 2mol N 2O 5 108g N 2O 5

= 506 grams N2O5
32.0 g O 2 1mol O 2 mol N 2O 5
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 Gram to Gram Conversions
Aluminum is an active metal that when placed in hydrochloric acid produces
hydrogen gas and aluminum chloride. How many grams of aluminum
chloride can be produced when 3.45 grams of aluminum are reacted with an
excess of hydrochloric acid?

2 Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

First write a balanced

equation.

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 Gram to Gram Conversions
Aluminum is an active metal that when placed in hydrochloric acid produces
hydrogen gas and aluminum chloride. How many grams of aluminum
chloride can be produced when 3.45 grams of aluminum are reacted with an
excess of hydrochloric acid?

2 Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

3.45 g ? grams

Now let’s get organized.

Write the information
below the substances.
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 gram to gram conversions

Aluminum is an active metal that when placed in hydrochloric acid produces

hydrogen gas and aluminum chloride. How many grams of aluminum
chloride can be produced when 3.45 grams of aluminum are reacted with an
excess of hydrochloric acid?

2 Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

3.45 g ? grams
Units match
3.45 g Al mol Al 2 mol AlCl 3 133.3 g AlCl 3
= 17.0 g AlCl3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al mol AlCl 3

Now Let’s
We must
Now
use work
the thethe
always
usemolar problem.
convert
molar
mass ratio.
to
toconvert
moles.
to grams. 13
 Molarity

Molarity is a term used to express concentration. The units of molarity are

moles per liter (It is abbreviated as a capital M)

When working problems, it

is a good idea to change M
into its units.

moles moles
M= =
Liter 1000 mL
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 Solutions
A solution is prepared by dissolving 3.73 grams of AlCl3 in
water to form 200.0 mL solution. A 10.0 mL portion of the
solution is then used to prepare 100.0 mL of solution.
Determine the molarity of the final solution.

What type of
problem(s) is
this?

Molarity
followed by
dilution.

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 Solutions
A solution is prepared by dissolving 3.73 grams of AlCl3 in
water to form 200.0 mL solution. A 10.0 mL portion of the
solution is then used to prepare 100.0 mL of solution.
Determine the molarity of the final solution.

1st:
3.73 g mol
-3
= 0.140 mol
133.4 g 200.0 x 10 L L

molar mass of AlCl3

M1V1 = M2V2 dilution formula

2nd:
(0.140 M)(10.0 mL) = (? M)(100.0 mL)
0.0140 M = M2 final concentration
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 Solution Stoichiometry
50.0 mL of 6.0 M H2SO4 (battery acid) were spilled and
solid NaHCO3 (baking soda) is to be used to neutralize the
acid. How many grams of NaHCO3 must be used?
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3 → 2H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2CO2(g)

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 Solution Stoichiometry
50.0 mL of 6.0 M H2SO4 (battery acid) were spilled and
solid NaHCO3 (baking soda) is to be used to neutralize the
acid. How many grams of NaHCO3 must be used?
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3 → 2H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2CO2(g)
50.0 mL ? g Our Goal
6.0 M
Look!
=

6.0 mol A conversion

L factor!

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 Solution Stoichiometry
50.0 mL of 6.0 M H2SO4 (battery acid) were spilled and
solid NaHCO3 (baking soda) is to be used to neutralize the
acid. How many grams of NaHCO3 must be used?
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3 → 2H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2CO2(g)
50.0 mL ? g Our Goal
6.0 M
=

6.0 mol
L
H2SO4 NaHCO3 NaHCO3
50.0 mL 6.0 mol H 2SO 4 2 mol 84.0 g
= 50.4 g NaHCO3
1000mL 1 mol mol
H 2SO 4
H2SO4 NaHCO3
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Solution Stoichiometry:

Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution are needed to

neutralize 35.0 mL of 0.125 M H2SO4 solution.

2
____NaOH 1 2SO4 →
+ ____H 2 2O
____H 1 2SO4
+ ____Na

First write a balanced

Equation.

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Solution Stoichiometry:

Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution is needed to neutralize

35.0 mL of 0.125 M H2SO4 solution.

2
____NaOH 1 2SO4 →
+ ____H 2 2O
____H 1 2SO4
+ ____Na
0.102 M mol 35.0 mL
L 0.125 mol 0.125 mol
? mL =
L 1000 mL
Our Goal
Since 1 L = 1000 mL, we can use
this to save on the number of conversions

Now, let’s get organized. Place

numerical Information and
accompanying UNITS below each
compound.
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 Solution Stoichiometry:

Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution is needed to neutralize

35.0 mL of 0.125 M H2SO4 solution.

2
____NaOH 1 2SO4 →
+ ____H 2 2O
____H 1 2SO4
+ ____Na
0.102 M mol 35.0 mL
L 0.125 mol 0.125 mol
? mL =
L 1000mL
Units Match
H2SO4 H2SO4 NaOH
35.0 mL 0.125 mol 2 mol 1000 mL NaOH = 85.8 mL NaOH
1000 mL 1 mol 0.102 mol NaOH
H2SO4 H2SO4

Now let’s get to work

converting. 22
 Solution Stoichiometry

What volume of 0.40 M HCl solution is needed to

completely neutralize 47.1 mL of 0.75 M Ba(OH)2?

1st write out

a balanced chemical
equation

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 Solution Stoichiometry

What volume of 0.40 M HCl solution is needed to

completely neutralize 47.1 mL of 0.75 M Ba(OH)2?

2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + BaCl2

0.40 M 47.1 mL
? mL 0.75 M
Units match

Ba(OH)2 HCl HCl

47.1 mL 0.75mol Ba(OH)2 2 mol 1000 mL
0.40 mol
= 176 mL HCl
1000 mL Ba(OH)2 1 mol
Ba(OH)2 HCl

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 Solution Stochiometry Problem:

A chemist performed a titration to standardize a barium hydroxide solution.

If it took 23.28 mL of 0.135 M hydrochloric acid to neutralize 25.00 mL of
the barium hydroxide solution, what was the concentration of the barium
hydroxide solution in moles per liter (M)?

2
____HCl(aq) 1
+ ____Ba(OH) 2(aq) → ____H
2 2O(l) + ____BaCl
1 2(aq)
23.28 mL 25.00 mL
0.135 mol ? mol
L L

First write a balanced

chemical reaction.
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 Solution Stochiometry Problem:

A chemist performed a titration to standardize a barium hydroxide solution.

If it took 23.28 mL of 0.135 M hydrochloric acid to neutralize 25.00 mL of
the barium hydroxide solution, what was the concentration of the barium
hydroxide solution in moles per liter (M)?

2
____HCl(aq) 1
+ ____Ba(OH) 2(aq) → ____H
2 2O(l) + ____BaCl
1 2(aq)
23.28 mL 25.00 mL
? mol Units match on top!
0.135 mol
L L

23.28 mL HCl 0.135 mol HCl l mol Ba(OH)2

= 0.0629 mol Ba(OH)2
25.00 x 10-3 L 1000 mL HCl 2 mol HCl L Ba(OH) 2
Ba(OH)2

Units Already Match on Bottom!

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 Solution Stochiometry Problem:

48.0 mL of Ca(OH)2 solution was titrated with 19.2

mL of 0.385 M HNO3. Determine the molarity of
the Ca(OH)2 solution.

We must first
write a balanced
equation.

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 Solution Stochiometry Problem:

48.0 mL of Ca(OH)2 solution was titrated with 19.2

mL of 0.385 M HNO3. Determine the molarity of
the Ca(OH)2 solution.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2 HNO3(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
48.0 mL 19.2 mL
0.385 mol
?M 0.385 M =
L
HNO3 HNO 3
19.2 mL 0.385 mol 1mol Ca(OH) 2
=0.0770 mol(Ca(OH) 2)

1000 mL 2mol HNO 3 48.0 x 10-3L L (Ca(OH) )

2
HNO 3

units match!
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 Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

Nowthe
First copy down place
numerical the
the BALANCED
information below
equation!
the compounds.

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 Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol ? moles
Hide
one
Two starting
amounts?
Where do we
start?
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 Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol
Hide ? moles
Based on: 3mol O 2
0.15 mol KO2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2

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 Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol
Hide 0.10 mol ? moles
Based on: 3mol O 2
0.15 mol KO2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2

Based on: 0.10 mol H2O 3mol O 2 = 0.150 mol O2

H2 O 2mol H O 2

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 Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol ? moles
Based on: 3mol O 2
0.15 mol KO2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2 It was limited by the
amount of KO2.
Based on: 0.10 mol H2O 3mol O 2
= 0.150 mol O2
H2O 2mol H 2O
H2O = excess (XS) reactant!

What is the theoretical yield?

Hint: Which is the smallest
amount? The is based upon the
limiting reactant? 33
 Theoretical yield vs. Actual yield

Suppose the theoretical yield for an

experiment was calculated to be
19.5 grams, and the experiment was
performed, but only 12.3 grams of
product were recovered. Determine
the % yield.

Theoretical yield = 19.5 g based on limiting reactant

Actual yield = 12.3 g experimentally recovered
actual yield
% yield = x 100
theoretical yield
12.3
% yield = x 100 = 63.1% yield
19.5 34
 Limiting/Excess Reactant Problem with % Yield

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

If a reaction vessel contains 120.0 g of KO2 and 47.0 g of H2O,
how many grams of O2 can be produced?
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0 g 47.0 one
Hide g ?g

Based on: 120.0 g KO2 mol 3mol O 2 32.0g O 2 = 40.51 g O2

KO2
71.1g 4mol KO 2 mol O 2

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 Limiting/Excess Reactant Problem with % Yield

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

If a reaction vessel contains 120.0 g of KO2 and 47.0 g of H2O,
how many grams of O2 can be produced?
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0
Hideg 47.0 g ?g

Based on: 120.0 g KO2 mol 3mol O 2 32.0g O 2 = 40.51 g O2

KO2
71.1g 4mol KO 2 mol O 2
Based on: 47.0 g H2O
mol H 2O 3 mol O 2 32.0g O 2
= 125.3 g O2
H2 O 18.02 g H 2O 2 mol H 2O mol O 2

Question if only 35.2 g of O2 were recovered, what was the percent yield?

actual 35.2
x 100 = x 100 = 86.9% yield
theoretical 40.51
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 If a reaction vessel contains 120.0 g of KO2 and 47.0 g of H2O,
how many grams of O2 can be produced?
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0 g 47.0 g ?g

Based on: 120.0 g KO2 mol 3mol O 2 32.0g O 2 = 40.51 g O2

KO2
71.1g 4mol KO 2 mol O 2
Based on: 47.0 g H2O
mol H 2O 3 mol O 2 32.0g O 2
= 125.3 g O2
H2 O 18.02 g H 2O 2 mol H 2O mol O 2
Determine how many grams of Water were left over.
The Difference between the above amounts is directly RELATED to the XS H2O.
125.3 - 40.51 = 84.79 g of O2 that could have been formed from the XS water.

84.79 g O2 mol O 2 2 mol H 2O 18.02 g H 2O

= 31.83 g XS H2O
32.0 g O 2 3 mol O 2 1 mol H 2O
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 Try this problem (then check your answer):

Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 25.6 grams of

Al(NO3)3 in 455 mL of solution.

After you have

worked the
problem, click here 25.6 g mole mol
to see -3
= 0.264
setup answer 213 g 455 x 10 L L

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 Chemistry: Stoichiometry
Unifying Theme: Constancy, Change, and Measurement
Why What How

Enduring Essential Questions Major Indicators, Prioritized Assessment Examples

Understandings
•The mole is basic unit of •How is the mole used in Essential • Pre-assessment
measurement in chemistry chemical calculations? •HS4.4.5.1 use the coefficients of a balanced -Brainstorm the collective terms such as
contains 6.02 x 1023 •How is quantity of materials equation to predict amounts of reactants and dozen, pairs, gross, etc, and conversions
particles. predicted in a chemical products. between the terms and their numerical
•The mole is the bridge reaction? •HS4.4.5 demonstrate that adjusting values.
between microscopic and •How do available materials quantities of reactants will affect the amounts • Formative Assessment
macroscopic world and is limit the amount of products? of products formed. -Develop a creative concept map to
used in unit analysis. •How is molar mass calculated •HS4.4.A.A identify and define Avogadro’s illustrate the relationships among mole,
•Stoichiometry is used to number and the mole concept operationally mass, volume and number of particles.
predict quantities in and conceptually. • Summative Assessment
chemical reactions. •HS4.4.A.B utilize dimensional analysis to -Competition: Students are given a
•Products are limited by the perform mole to mole, mass to mass, particle specific amount of iron filing and copper
amount of reactants such as to mole, and mole to particle calculations. sulfate. They are required to return exact
natural resources and the •HS4.4.A.D use formula mass to calculate one gram of elemental copper after the
limitation can be predicted. percent composition of a compound. reaction is completed.
•Mass of 1 mole substance •HS.4.4A.F solve problems involving -Write an article for your school paper
can be determined based on quantitative relationships in equations about the air pollution in your
the atomic mass in the including stoichiometric concepts of mole to community. Be sure to include the
Periodic Table. mole, particle to particle, mass to mass, mole stoichiometric analysis.
to volume and volume to mole.
•HS4.4.A.G manipulate the limiting reagent
concept qualitatively to conclude that the
starting materials of the chemical industry
such as petroleum, are limited resources and
decisions must be made about their wise
consumption.
•HS1.6.4 manipulate quantities and/or
numerical values in algebraic equations.
•HS1.7.4 recognize mathematics as an
integral part of the scientific process.
•HS4.4.1.5 calculate the molecular weight of
a compound given in the Periodic Table.
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Chemistry: Stoichiometry
How

Differentiation Examples
Suggested Instructional Sequence
•Introduction of mole concept. •Challenge
- What is mole? -Design a lab to synthesize a
- Determine the number of rice grains in a given container. quantitative product when given
•Guided practice in calculation of atomic mass, molar mass, and formula mass. a variety of reactants
•Utilize dimensional analysis to convert among mole, gram, volume and number of particles. -Design a lab to determine the
- Lab Galvanized Iron: determine number of atoms of Zn coated on a piece of galvanized iron. empirical formula for a given
- Guided practice: mole conversions using mole concept map. hydrate compound.
•Percent of composition; •Adjust
- Lab percent of water in popcorn •Predict the volume of carbon
- Lab determining an Empirical formula – such as copper sulfate hydrates. dioxide that would be produced
•Introduction of Stoichiometry by adding specified amounts of
- Demonstration: electrolysis of water to illustrate the mole ratio. vinegar to various teaspoons of
- Lab Use stoichiometric relationship to analyze the amount of silver replaced from silver nitric baking soda. Carry out the
solution with the copper. activity and compare the
•Introduction of limiting reagent experimental results with your
- Using manipulation to demonstrate limiting reagents (cake recipe) prediction. Account for any
- A research project about the limitation of a natural resource, such as petroleum, copper. differences in volume.
•ESOL
•Create a PowerPoint
presentation to explain
stoichiometry

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