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EXPERIMENT 11 (Preparation of Solution)

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29 views17 pages

EXPERIMENT 11 (Preparation of Solution)

Uploaded by

Cha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ARTS AND SCIENCES DEPARTMENT

Preparation of Solution
Experiment 6
CHEM 101 LAB
OBJECTIVES of the Experiment

▪ Prepare a solution from a solid solute and to prepare by

dilution.

▪ Calculate the needed amounts of solute to be dissolved

and the amount stock solution to be diluted.


Units of Concentration

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of one substance (the solute) dissolved in


another substance (the solvent).
• Concentration is a ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solvent.
• Molarity is an expression of moles/Liter of the solute.
• A mole is the SI unit of number of particles and can be used as an expression of
the molecular weight of a substance.

The formula weight of an


element is expressed as
grams/mole
Molarity Concentration Unit
❑Molarity is the moles of solute in a solution divided by the liters of
solution. The mathematical equation for molarity

❑ Note that the abbreviation for molarity is a capital M. A solution


containing 1 mole of KBr in 1 L of solution has a molarity of 1 and is said
to be a 1 M (1 molar) solution.
❑ The molarity concentration unit is often used in laboratories where
chemical reactions are being studied.
Molarity Concentration Unit
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Determine the molarities of 4.35 moles of KMnO4 are
dissolved in enough water to give 750 mL of solution.
Normality Concentration Unit
Normality is a unit of concentration of a chemical solution expressed as gram
equivalent weight of solute per liter of solution. A defined equivalence factor must
be used to express concentration.

equivalent weight of solute


Normality =
liters of soln
Equivalent. The quantity of acid in an acid base reaction that yields 1 mol of H+ ions or The quantity of base
that reacts with 1 mol H+ ions.
1 equivalent of acid reacts with 1 equivalent of base.
Note: To find the equivalent
Equiv = mol/replaceable H
= m/(mw/repH)
Typical situations when you might use normality include acid-base chemistry, redox reactions, or
precipitation reactions.
Replaceable H+ or Hydrogen/ Replaceable -OH or Hydroxides

Identify the number of replaceable hydrogen ions (H+) in the following acids:
(i) HCl =1 (iii) H2SO4 =2
(ii) CH3COOH =1 (iv) H3PO4 =3
Identify the number of replaceable hydroxide ions (OH-) in the following bases:

(i) KOH =1 (iv) Ca(OH)2 =2


(iii) NaOH =1 (ii) NH4OH =1
Identify the number of replaceable hydroxide ions (H+) in the following salts
(i) K2CO3 =2
(ii)CaCO3 =2
(iii) Na2CO3 =2
Relationship between Normality and Molarity
Normality = # of eq. of solute x molarity of solution
Convert the following Molarities to Normality.

a. 2.5 M HCl = 2.5


____________N 2.8
b. 1.4 M H2SO4 = ____________N

SAMPLE PROBLEM:

What is the normality for a solution with 0.587 g of NaOH in 25.7 mL?

N = g / (molar mass / eq. wt.)


L

N = (0.587 g/ 40 g/mol / 1) N = 0.572


0.0257 L
Parts per Million
❑Sometimes we need to deal with very dilute solutions—for example, 0.0001%.

❑In such cases, it is more convenient to use the unit parts per million (ppm) to express
concentration.

❑For example, if drinking water is polluted with lead ions to the extent of 1 ppm, it
means that there is 1 mg of lead ions in 1 kg (1 L) of water.

❑When reporting concentration in ppm, the units must be the same for both solute and
solvent—for example, mg of solute per 106 mg of solution, or g solute per g of solution.

ppm = (kg analyte/kg sample) x 106


= (kg analyte/L soln) x 106
= (g analyte/mL soln) x 106
= mg analyte/L soln
Making Solutions

• You just calculated the molar mass of sodium chloride to be 58.44 g/mol.
• To determine how to make a stock solution of sodium chloride, use the formula:

g = M x L x molar mass
HOW MUCH SOLUTE IS NEEDED FOR A SOLUTION OF A PARTICULAR MOLARITY
AND VOLUME?
(g solute ) X (mole) X (L) = g solute needed
1 mole L
Or
FW X molarity x volume = g solute needed
Making Solutions

SAMPLE PROBLEM: How many


grams of NaCl would you need to
prepare 200.0 mL of a 5 M solution?

g = M x L x molar mass
g = (5mol/L) (0.2L) (58.44g/mol)
g = 58.44 g
ACTIVITY 2: Calculations
Making Dilutions
• Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume, but the total number of
moles of solute in solution does not change.
• Often once you have made a stock solution, you need to dilute it to a working concentration.
• To determine how to dilute the stock solution, use the formula:

C1V1 = C2V2
C1 – concentration of stock
C2 - concentration of diluted solution
V1 – volume needed of stock
V2 – final volume of dilution
Making Dilutions

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Assume that the 0.80M sodium chloride

solution prepared in the example above is in the stockroom, but for

another experiment, 100mL of a 0.20M sodium chloride solution is

needed.

V1=M2V2 V1=0.20M * 100mL = V1=25mL


M1 0.80M
Making Dilutions
To prepare 100mL
of a 0.20M sodium
chloride solution
from a stock
solution of 0.80M She then
sodium chloride transfers
solution, a student the 25 mL
first measures 25 to a 100-
mL of the stock mL
solution with a volumetric
pipet. flask.
Making Dilutions

Finally she carefully adds


water to the mark to make
100 mL of solution.
ACTIVITY 2: Calculations

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