MATH I

Ms. Sarah Al Ali

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SECTION P.1 : THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
The Real Number System

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 P.1THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

• Sets
• Union and Intersection of Sets
• Interval Notation
• Absolute Value and Distance
• Exponential Expression
• Simplifying Variable Expressions

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 SETS

❖Set is a collection of objects.

❖The objects are called elements of the set.
❖Sets are denoted by placing braces around the
elements in the set.

❖The empty set, or null set is the set that contains no

element. It is denoted by the Greek letter Ø (phi ) 4
 NOTES

❖Each number of a set is called an element of the set. For

instance, if 𝐶 =
2,3,5 , then the elements of C are 2,3, and 5.

❖The notation 2𝜖𝐶 is read 2 is an element of C

❖Set A is a subset of set B if every element of A is also an

element of B. We write the notation 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵

❖The empty set is a subset of any set. 5

 NATURAL NUMBERS
The numbers that we use to count things, such as the number of books
in a library .
Natural Numbers =𝑵 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, … … … .

Natural Numbers greater than one

2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9………..

Prime Composite
Divisible evenly only by (not a prime number)
1 and itself
For example:
for example:
2,3,5,7,11,13,17 4,6,8,9,10,12 6
Which of the following numbers are prime numbers?
i. 39
ii. 53
iii. 102
iv. 97

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 WHOLE NUMBERS

The Whole numbers include zero and the natural

numbers.

𝑊 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, … … … .

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 INTEGERS

We also need numbers to measure temperature below zero

or , in accounting, when a company incurs a loss.
Integers included negative integers, zero and positive
integers(natural numbers).

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 INTEGERS

𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 = 𝒁 = … … … . . , −𝟒, −𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, … … … . .

Why we call it Z ?
Zahlen

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 RATIONAL NUMBERS

𝑝
Rational Numbers = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 ≠ 0
𝑞
Examples:
3 5 8 2
, − , 𝑎𝑛𝑑
4 9 1 7
A rational number written as a fraction can be written as a decimal
by dividing the numerator by the denominator. The result is either a
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terminating decimal such as 0.45 = or a repeating decimal such
20
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as = 0.218181818…= 0.218
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 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

Numbers that are not rational numbers are called

irrational numbers. In decimal form, an irrational
numbers has a decimal representation that never
terminates nor repeats.
Examples:
𝜋 = 3.145926 … …
11 = 3.316 … . .
2.13113111311113 … …
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 EXERCISE

Determine whether each number is an integer, a rational

number, an irrational number, a prime numbers, or a real
number.

𝟓 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑𝟏 𝟒. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟑 𝟓𝟏 𝝅 0.888…..
−𝟐
𝟕 𝟕 𝟐

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 EXERCISE

Determine whether each number is an integer, a rational

number, an irrational number, a prime numbers, or a real
number.
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟒𝟒 𝝅
𝟓
3.14 5.05005000500005 … … 81 3

−3 52 −27 𝑒
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2. 76 −1 97 −0.88888 … . .

3.9745618 … … . . −44 2
3
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 SET-BUILDER NOTATION

can be used to describe almost any set, but it is especially

useful when writing infinite sets. It is a method of writing
sets that has the form {variable | condition on the variable}.
• Example: {2n | n ∈ natural numbers} is read as “the set
of elements 2n such that n is a natural number.”
• By replacing n with each of the natural numbers, we obtain
the set of positive even integers: {2, 4, 6, 8, …} .
• Thus, {2n | n ∈ natural numbers} = {2, 4, 6, 8, …}

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 EXERCISES

List the four smallest elements of each set.

𝑦|𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠

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List the four smallest elements of each set.

𝑦|𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥 ∈ integers

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List the four smallest elements of each set.

2𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠

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UNION AND INTERSECTION OF TWO
SETS

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 EXERCISES

Perform the operations given that

𝑨={−𝟑,−𝟐,−𝟏,𝟎,𝟏,𝟐,𝟑}, 𝑩={−𝟐,𝟎,𝟐,𝟒,𝟔}
𝑪={𝟎,𝟏,𝟐,𝟑,𝟒,𝟓,𝟔}, and 𝑫={−𝟑,−𝟏,𝟏,𝟑}.

𝐴∪𝐵=

(𝐴∩𝐵)∪(𝐴∩𝐶)=
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INTERVAL NOTATION

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 EXERCISES

Graph each set. Write sets given in interval notation in

set-builder notation, and write sets given in set-builder
notation in interval notation.
(−𝟐, 𝟑)

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Graph each set. Write sets given in interval notation in
set-builder notation, and write sets given in set-builder
notation in interval notation.

[𝟐, +∞)

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Graph each set. Write sets given in interval notation in
set-builder notation, and write sets given in set-builder
notation in interval notation.

(−∞, −𝟐)

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Graph each set. Write sets given in interval notation in
set-builder notation, and write sets given in set-builder
notation in interval notation.

[−𝟑, 𝟓)

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Graph each set. Write sets given in interval notation in
set-builder notation, and write sets given in set-builder
notation in interval notation.

(−𝟐, 𝟒]

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Graph each set. Write sets given in interval notation in
set-builder notation, and write sets given in set-builder
notation in interval notation.
{𝑥| 𝑥 < −1}

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Graph each set.
(−3, 1) ∪ (3, 5)

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Graph each set.
(−∞, 1] ∩ [1, ∞)

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Graph each set.

𝑥|𝑥 < −3 ∪ 𝑥|𝑥 < 2

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ABSOLUTE VALUE AND DISTANCE

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EXERCISES

Use the numbers −12, −5, 0, 3, 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9.

a. Which number has the greatest absolute value?

b. Which number has the least absolute value?

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Write each expression without absolute value symbols.

− −𝟓

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Write each expression without absolute value symbols.

−| − 𝟒|𝟐

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Write each expression without absolute value symbols.

𝟑 . −𝟒

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Write each expression without absolute value symbols.

𝟑 − −𝟕

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Write each expression without absolute value symbols.

𝝅𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎

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Write each expression without absolute value symbols.
|2𝑥| − |𝑥 − 1|, given 0 < 𝑥 < 1

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 EXERCISE

Simplify 𝑥 + 4 − 2𝑥 − 6 given that −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2

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EXERCISE

Use absolute value notation to describe the given

situation.
➢The distance between 𝑥 and −2 is 4.

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Use absolute value notation to describe the given
situation.
➢The distance between 𝑧 and 5 is 1.

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EXPONENTIAL EXPRESSION

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 EXERCISES

Evaluate the expression.

−𝟐. 𝟑𝟒 − (𝟔 − 𝟕)𝟔

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Evaluate the expression.
−𝟔𝟑
−
(−𝟑)𝟒

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Evaluate the expression.

𝟐𝟖 ÷ (−𝟕 + 𝟓)𝟐

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 EXERCISES

Simplify the variable expression.

2 + 3(2𝑥 − 5)

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Simplify the variable expression.

5(4𝑟 − 7𝑡) − 2(10𝑟 + 3𝑡)

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Simplify the variable expression.
−𝟐 𝟑
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 + (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕)
𝟓 𝟒

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Simplify the variable expression.

𝟔 + 𝟑[𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 ]

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Simplify the variable expression.

𝟑 𝟏
𝟓𝒂 + 𝟐 − (𝟑𝒂 − 𝟓)
𝟒 𝟐

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 EXERCISES

Use the order of operations agreement to evaluate :

𝟑. 𝟓𝟐 − 𝟔(−𝟑𝟐 − 𝟒𝟐 ) ÷ (−𝟏𝟓)

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Evaluate the variable expression:
𝑥 3 −𝑦 3
when 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −3
𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2

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Evaluate the variable expression:
(𝑥 + 2𝑦)2 −4𝑧 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = −4

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