13-540 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

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V JC 2V6 . mm)
Water motor E
9

< I
in ( 65 x 214* in. ( 65 mm ) x 4 in. (100 mm) fire dept, connection

JOHN DOE CO.

1
alarm Curb line 22-32 N. SECOND STREET
steel joists down to center of CM 2
SMITHVILLE, NY
pipe.
City gate valve —C CO
0
CD 0
-G
8 in.
(200 mm)
Surveyed
Drawn
10- 01 - 06
10-3-06
By: H. T.
By: H. T.
By: R .J.
Contract no.

N- 4341
75 psi (5.2 bar) static pressure Checked 10-10-06
city main
70 psi (4.8 bar) residual Approved 10-12-06 By: T. E.P.
500 gpm (1900 Ipm) flowing N. Second Street Degree of sprinkler 160° 212° 280 c 360°
Sheet no. 1 of 1
This sheet 72 4 8
72 4 8
wet wet wet K -factor of sprinkler 5.6 5.6 5.6 Scale W= r 0"
J 60 y 212
^ . 28O
^
/
Total on contract 84 ( 3 mm to 300 mm)
Upright sprinklers XYZ AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER CO.
NEWARK, OHIO

FIGURE A.28.1.1 Typical Working Plans.

A.28.1.3( 15) ( b ) ( ii ) Examples of such configurations include , a specific velocity limit applied to all pipe sizes is not appropri-
but are not limited to, solid piled, rack, shelf , and palletized . ate .

A. 28.2.1 When additional sprinkler piping is added to an A.28.2.4 See Figure A. 28.2. 4.
existing system , the existing piping does not have to be
increased in size to compensate for the additional sprinklers , A.28.2.4.1 See Figure A.28.2. 4.1 ( a ) , Figure A. 28.2. 4.1 ( b ) , and
provided the new work is calculated and the calculations Figure A.28.2. 4.1 (c ) .
include that portion of the existing system that can be required A.28.2.4.2.1 The word “rectangular ” in this section is not
to carry water to the new work. meant to imply that the design area always has to be a rectan-
A. 28.2.1.4 NFPA 13 does not provide a specific velocity limita- gle. Instead , the intent is to require a design area with sides
tion for the use of the Hazen -W illiams formula. This is, in part, that meet at right angles and the longer side parallel to the
due to an expectation that excessive friction loss values will branch lines. In many cases, this will be a perfect rectangle with
result in increasing pipe sizes , thereby serving as an inherent four sides. However, in some cases with multiple sprinklers on
limit on velocity. However, the fact that NFPA 13 does not multiple branch lines within the design area , the design area
can be satisfied with fewer sprinklers on the last branch line
provide a specific limit should not be taken as an endorsement
that the formula can be used for any velocity of water flow. The than on the first , resulting in a design area that is a rectangle
formula was empirically determined using " normal" conditions . with the corner cut out as shown in Figure A. 28.2.4.2.1 .
When the velocity in the pipe exceeds that which was used to A.28.2.4.2.4 The following steps outline the procedure for
determine the formula , the formula might no longer be valid . calculation in accordance with 28.2.4.2. 4:
There has been some research performed ( Huggins 1996 ) in
which results using the Hazen -Williams formula and the Darcy- (1 ) Calculate the hydraulic design discharge including those
Weisbach formula were compared , and the conclusion was that sprinklers within the available floor area .

2022 Edition
 ANNEX A 13-541

Calculated area A 2 • 12 ft 1 between sprinklers 11

/ *! <- 1
/ !( 3.7 m)

— r _
1 1
1
1 * x X
* 1 L

] between
10 ft (3 m)
lines
Y Y Y X Y
2

3 X X X X X X
«4 i
r t i
Y Y | Y Y Y Y
4
I
L t r*j
I
r+ L -
1 J
4 > B C D E F
Notes:
1. For gridded systems, the extra sprinkler ( or sprinklers) on branch
line 4 can be placed in any adjacent location from B to E at the B_9
designer’s option.
2. For tree and looped systems, the extra sprinkler on line 4
should be placed closest to the cross main.
Assume a remote area of 1500 ft 2 (139 m2) with sprinkler coverage of
120 ft2 ( 11.1 m2)
Design area T
o0 kD —
Total sprinklers to calculate
Area per sprinkler t

_ 1500 (139 m2) _ 12.5, calculate 13

120 (11.1 m2)

Number of sprinklers on branch line = 1

S
Where: E
A = design area
Q-
S = distance between sprinklers on branch line 1 This sprinkler is not in the selected area of operation.
1.2 /1500
Number of sprinklers on branch line = = 3.87 FIGURE A.28.2.4.1 (a ) Example of Hydraulically Most
12
Demanding Area.
For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2.

based on the actual piping configuration and consideration for

FIGURE A.28.2.4 Example of Determining the Number of
the use of the building.
Sprinklers to Be Calculated.
A.28.2.4.5 See Figure A. 28.2. 4.5.
A.28.2.4.6.1 When listed with antifreeze solution, sprinklers
( 2) Calculate the minimum required discharge by multiply- should be hydraulically calculated in accordance with the list-
ing the required design density times the required mini- ing and manufacturer 's instructions.
mum design area .
( 3) Subtract the discharge calculated in Step 1 from the A.28.2.4.6.2 See Figure A.28.2.4.6.2.
discharge calculate in Step 2. A.28.2.4.6.5 Where the slope is parallel with the branch lines,
( 4) Where the discharge calculated in Step 3 is greater than the area per sprinkler for hydraulic calculation purposes would
0, the hydraulic design discharge is recalculated includ- be found as
ing an additional flow equal to that calculated in Step 3.
The additional flow is added at the point of connection
of the branch line to the cross main furthest from the . . .
[A 28.2 4.6 5]
source. = S' XL
(5) Where the discharge calculated in Step 3 is less than or
equal to 0, the hydraulic design discharge is as calculated where:
in Step 1. S / = ( cos 0)S
A.28.2.4.2.5 See Figure A.28.2.4.2.5. 6 = angle of slope
S = distance between sprinklers on branch line per 9.5.2.1.2
A. 28.2.4.2.6 When determining the hydraulic design area ,
walls and physical barriers that can impact water distribution , See Figure A. 28.2.4.6.5.
as well as fire load , and growth of radiant heat need to be A.28.2.4.7 When it is not obvious by comparison that the
considered. Extending the hydraulic design area beyond a wall design selected is the hydraulically most remote, additional
should not be done and spacing directly between sprinklers calculations should be submitted. The most distant area is not
should not be used for hydraulic advantage. All areas of oper-
ation should represent the most demanding area of operation ^ necessarily the hydraulically most remote .

2022 Edition
13-542 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

should be used for the calculation of equivalent pipe length in

accordance with 28.2.3.
i A.28.2.4.9.3 The use of sprinklers with differing K-factors in
i
situations where different protection areas are needed is not
i
i ij .
considered balancing. An example would be a room that could
be protected with sprinklers having different K-factors in clos-
ets, foyers, and room areas. However, this procedure introduces
difficulties when restoring a system to service after operation
since it is not always clear which sprinklers go where.
A.28.2.4.10 Where the normal pressure ( PJ is used to calcu-
late the flow from an orifice, the following assumptions should
6 be used:
A
(1) At any flowing outlet along a pipe , except the end outlet,
I only the normal pressure ( PJ can act on the outlet. At the
I end outlet , the total pressure ( Pt ) can act . The following
l I should be considered end outlets:
l J 2J
(a ) The last flowing sprinkler on a dead-end branch
line
( b ) The last flowing branch line on a dead-end cross
main
i ( c ) Any sprinkler where a flow split occurs on a gridded
4 branch line
.
(d ) Any branch line where a flow split occurs on a
looped system
(2) At any flowing outlet along a pipe , except the end outlet,
l l the pressure acting to cause flow from the outlet is equal
i l to the total pressure ( Pt ) minus the velocity pressure ( PJ
l l
on the upstream ( supply ) side.
L l
( 3) To find the normal pressure ( PJ at any flowing outlet,
B except the end outlet , assume a flow' from the outlet in
question and determine the velocity pressure ( Pv ) for the
total flow on the upstream side. Because normal pressure
( PJ equals total pressure ( P, ) minus velocity pressure ( PJ ,
the value of the normal pressure ( PJ so found should
result in an outlet flow approximately equal to the
7

assumed flow; if not , a new value should be assumed , and

l l the calculations should be repeated .
l I
l
A.28.4.2 See Figure A. 28.4. 2 ( a ) through Figure A. 28.4. 2 ( d ) .
l

B
A.28.4.3 See Figure A. 28.4.3.
A.28.4.3 (15) See Figure A.28.4.3( 15 ) .
A.28.4.4 See Figure A. 28.4. 4.

FIGURE A.28.2.4.1( b) Example of Hydraulically Most A.28.4.5.1 Additional data can be added to any of the forms,
Demanding Area for Various Piping Arrangements. provided that the format and order of the original information
shown in Figure 28.4.5.1. 2 (a ) , Figure 28.4.5.1. 2 ( b ) , Figure
28.4.5.1 .2 ( c) , and Figure 28.4.5.1. 2 ( d ) is followed.
A.28.2.4.7.2 The intent of this section is not to allow the omis-
sion of discharge from sprinklers in small compartments where A.28.5.1 The demonstrated effectiveness of pipe schedule
the design area has been reduced below the values in Table systems is limited to their use with Z> in. ( 15 mm ) orifice sprin -
28.2.4.7. 2 for situations such as quick- response sprinklers. klers. The use of other size orifices can require hydraulic calcu -
Where quick-response sprinklers are used, the discharge from lations to prove their ability to deliver the required amount of
sprinklers in small compartments in the design area can be water within the available water supply.
omitted as long as the design area meets the size required by A.28.5.1.4 Where the construction or conditions introduce
Table 28.2.4.7. 2. unusually long runs of pipe or many angles in risers or feed or
A. 28.2.4.7.3 Examples of obstructions are wide ducts or tables. cross mains, an increase in pipe size over that called for in the
schedules can be required to compensate for increased friction
A.28.2.4.8.2 See Figure A.28.2. 4.8. 2 for a Moody diagram and losses.
Table A.28.2. 4.8. 2 for £-factors that correspond to Hazen-
Williams C factors. The corresponding Hazen -W illiams C factor

2022 Edition
 ANNEX A 13-543

<- -15 ft ( 4.6 m> > Area of coverage

Area of discharge
r® r® r® r®

Exterior
36 ft ( 11 m)
E
* i
wall

CD
3 ft * > ^

3, (900 m n) ' r
> k

LD 10 ft 6 in.
( 3.2 m)

''
15 ft 10 ft 6 in.
>
( 4.6 m) (3.2 m)

) y

Design area =
1594 ft2 (148 m2) E
15 ft CO
E
( 4.6 m) * CD
LD

Typical full C\|

height — > LO

interior
wall r1 CD
> *

15 ft
( 4.6 m)

>
'
j I
4 ft (1.2 m) —

Exterior wall '' k \

' ''

<T ’ < 15 ft ( 4.6 m) -> 15 ft ( 4.6 m)

*
3 ft
* 3 ft
(900 mm) (900 mm)
Notes:
(1 ) Full height walls impact the design area boundaries.
(2) Sprinkler spacing: 15 ft x 15 ft ( 4.6 m x 4.6 m)
Mimimum area of operations: 1500 ft2 (140 m2)
(3 ) Number of sprinklers on a branch line: (1.2 A/1500) /15 = 3.09 (calculate 4)
Mimimum length of design area (parallel to branch lines): 1.2 V1500 = 46.47 ft (14.16 m)

FIGURE A.28.2.4.1( c) Example of Hydraulically Most Demanding Area Boimdary When

Interior Walls are Present.

2022 Edition
13-544 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

10 ft (3 m)

Jl 0 ft (3 m)

O —O—O—O—O—o- -o—o- o—O -

Design area

Discharge criteria: 0.45 gpm2/ 2000 ft2 (18.3 mm/min/ rn2) /185 m2
20 sprinklers in design area 1.2(2000)0.5/10 (185 m2) = 5.3 rounded
up to 6 sprinklers per branch line.
Note that the design area is not a perfect rectangle.
The 2000 ft2 ( 185 m2) requirement can be met with fewer sprinklers on the
fourth branch line back, so there is no need to include the additional four
sprinklers on the fourth branch line.

FIGURE A.28.2.4.2.1 Example of Nonsymmetrical Hydraulically Most Demanding Area.

Exterior projection

» fl

B Assign flow at the

branch line connection
to the main

B B

o o Q O

0 0 Q 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

Source

FIGURE A.28.2.4.2.5 Point of Connection for Additional Flow.

2022 Edition
 ANNEX A 13-545

Table A. 28.2.4.8.2 Suggested £-Factor for Aged Pipe

x—h-*
* F*— -
1
* * Hazen-Williams £-Factor
2 * * * * * * Pipe C Factor .
[in ( mm) ]
Steel ( new) 143 0.0018 ( 0.045 )
3
* X X * * * Steel 120 0.004 (0.100 )
J
J 0.015 (0.375 )
4 '—X
A
L
X

B
I
x
C
—f —X
D
*
E F
Steel
Copper
Plastic
100
150
150
0.000084 ( 0.0021 )
0.000084 ( 0.0021)
For SI units, 1 in . = 25 mm.
*A 1
2
A3 A.28.5.2.6 For example, a 2!4 in . (65 mm ) steel pipe, which is
permitted to supply 30 sprinklers, can supply a total of 50 sprin-
FIGURE A.28.2.4.5 Example of Determining the Most klers where not more than 30 sprinklers are above or below a
Remote Area for Gridded System. ceiling.
A.28.5.3.9 For example, a 3 in . ( 80 mm ) steel pipe, which is
permitted to supply 40 sprinklers in an ordinary hazard area ,
can supply a total of 60 sprinklers where not more than 40
sprinklers protect the occupied space below the ceiling.
A
2 ft (600 mm)
i 1
Q- A.28.5.4 The piping schedule shown in Table A. 28.5. 4 is
reprinted only as a guide for existing systems. New systems for
extra hazard occupancies should be hydraulically calculated as
required in 28.5. 4.
As = Sx L
10 ft (3 m) = 10 ft ( 3 m) x 12 ft ( 3.7 m) A.29.1 See Figure A. 29.1 .
= 120.0 ft2 (11.1 m2)
see 9.5.2 A.29.2.1 The use of noncombustible compressed gas to
increase the pressure in a water-filled system is an acceptable
<- >
test procedure.
' ’
TJ XT
2 ft (600 mm) A.29.2.1.6 As an example , in a system that had piping at an
elevation that was 25 ft ( 7.6 m ) higher than the test gauge, an
acceptable pressure during the hydrostatic test is 189 psi
12 ft (3.7 m) ( 13 bar ) at the top of the system due to the loss of 11 psi ( 0.8
bar ) in elevation pressure [ 25 ft x 0.433 psi / ft = 11 psi ( 0.8
bar ) 1.

X X X A.29.2.1.7 Bacterial inhibitors and other chemicals that are

approved and used for the prevention and mitigation of MIC
FIGURE A.28.2.4.6.2 Sprinkler Spacing. and that do not adversely affect the fire-fighting properties of
the water or the performance of the fire sprinkler system
components are not prohibited .
A.29.2.1.12 Valves isolating the section to be tested might not
be “drop-tight.” When such leakage is suspected , test blanks of
the type required in 29.2.1.12 should be used in a manner that
Slope of 4 in 12 includes the valve in the section being tested .
A.29.2.3.2 When the acceptance test is being performed
10.5 ft during freezing conditions, a partial flow trip test should be
(3.2 m) Figure conducted at that time and the full flow trip test specified
shows actual should be conducted as soon as conditions permit.
2.1 ft dimension
(630 mm )
^ parallel to A.29.2.3.2.3 The test criteria are based on the first evidence of
slope.
.
waterflow to the inspector's test. Air can be mixed with the
water for several minutes until the air is completely flushed
Calculation floor area = 10 ft x 12 ft (3.0 m x 3.7 m) ( see Figure A.27.2.4.6.2 ) from the system .
FIGURE A.28.2.4.6.5 Determination of Floor Area Under A.29.2.3.2.3.2 Although the time criteria for calculated
Sloped Ceiling / Roof . systems is not required to be verified, a test is still required to
document the initial water delivery for comparison to future
inspection test requirements. If the time of a single sprinkler
test outlet exceeds 70 seconds, evaluation of the calculations
and the system installation might be necessary.

2022 Edition