Microwave Lab

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE. Affiliated to Osmania University. Estd.2002.

Accredited ‘A’ grade by AAC Accredited by NBA

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MICROWAVE LAB
(Code PC461EC)

Manual and Observation Book

B.E (ECE) VII Semester (2023-2024)
PREPARED BY

Dr. NARSAIAH DOMALA,

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

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 Microwave Lab

MICROWAVE LAB
(Code PC461EC)

Name of the student : ___________________________________________

Class : ____________________________________________

Roll No : ____________________________________________

Semester : ____________________________________________

Academic Year : ____________________________________________

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department Of ECE LIET

 Microwave Lab

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to Osmania University)

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MICROWAVE LAB
Name of the student:

Class B.E:

Roll No: Academic Year:

INDEX

S.NO Name of the experiment Date Conducted Initials of the staff

Introduction to Microwave Bench Set up

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The Microwave bench available in the lab is designed to accommodate X –

band signals ranging from 8.2 to 12.4 Ghz. A typical Microwave bench consists of the
following blocks.

Fig: Microwave Test Bench Setup

Reflex Klystron oscillator

The Reflex klystron oscillator is a low power, low efficiency microwave

oscillator. The klystron tube 2k25 generates ‘X ‘band frequency signals. The schematic
diagram of Reflex klystron oscillator is shown below.

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Fig: Microwave Reflex Klystron oscillator

It consists of an electron gun. Electrons are liberated from the cathode

when the cathode is heated. By means of focusing electrodes the electrons are made
to form into a thin beam. The beam is accelerated towards the cavity which has a
high voltage applied to it. The electrons overshoot the Gap in this cavity and travel
towards the repeller, which they never reach, as the repeller is negative with respect to
the cathode. Electrons in the beam reach some point in the repeller space and are
then turned back, eventually be dissipated in the anode cavity. If the voltages are
adjusted the returning electrons give more energy to the gap than they took from
it on the out ward. It will be assumed that oscillations are able to start through
noise or switching transients. Let us see how these oscillations are maintained. This is
done by taking specific electrons passing the gap at the selected instants.

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Fig: Applegate Diagram

The reference electron ‘y‘ comes to the gap when the RF voltage is zero
and going negative. Electron ‘y’ as before passes the gap without being affected, travels
towards the repeller and eventually returned to the anode without having touched the
repeller.

The closeness of its approach is governed by its velocity when it emerged from
the gap. Thus fast electrons come closer to the repeller than slow ones and therefore
take a longer time to return to the resonator gap than electrons which did not
approach the repelller so closely. The electron’ x’ which passes the resonator gap
slightly before the reference electron encounters positive RF voltage. In the absence
of a gap voltage electron ‘x’ would then have returned to gap before the reference
electron ‘y’. But because of the positive RF voltage which is present in the gap, at
the time electron ‘x’ reaches the gap electron ‘x’ will be accelerated and so it goes to
the repeller more closely there by spends more time in the repelller before returns
to the anode. But because electron ‘x’ has started earlier than the reference electron
‘y’, there is every chance that it would catch up with electron ’y’ while returning.
Similarly electron ‘z’ which has started later than reference electron ‘y’, encounters
negative RF voltage. So its velocity will be less than reference electron ‘y’. So electron ‘z’
spends less time in the repeller space compared to reference electron ‘y’. As
electron ‘z’ has started later than the reference electron ‘y’, there is every

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possibility that it can catch up with electron y. In fact all the electrons which reach
the gap when the rf voltage is changing from maximum positive to maximum
negative voltage will catch up with one another and form into a bunch. For each RF
cycle one bunch will be formed.

TRANSIT TIME: For oscillations to be maintained, the transit time in the repeller
space or the time taken for the reference electron from the instant it leaves the
gap to the instant of its return, must have the correct value. The most suitable
departure time is obviously centered on the reference electron is at the 180 0
point of the sine wave voltage across the resonator gap. The best possible
time for electrons to return to the gap is when the voltage then existing across
the gasp will apply maximum retardation to them. This is the time when gap voltage is
maximum positive. As shown in the Applegate diagram in order to maintain the
oscillations the Transit time should be T = n + ¾ cycles (n integer)

MODES: The transit time obviously depends on the repeller and anode voltages and
so these voltages should be properly adjusted to give the correct value of transit time.
When the transit time satisfies the equation T = n + ¾ cycles the electron bunches will
be retarded maximum so the power will be maximum. When this equation is
not satisfied the oscillator oscillates with less power.
Fig: Reflex klystron mode characteristics

A combination of Anode and Repeller voltages determines the transit time.

Instead of changing both anode and Repeller voltages, we keep the anode voltage
constant and vary the Repeller voltage. When the transit time T = n + ¾ cycles
is satisfied, the power will be maximum otherwise the klystron oscillates with less

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power as shown in the figure. Each value of ‘n’ is said to correspond to a different
reflex Klystron mode. The earlier the mode,the larger the output power. Voltages
required are high to operate the Klystron in earlier modes. This leads to higher power
dissipation and hence lowered efficiency. If the cavity is correctly tuned and a suitable
voltage is applied to the anode, any one of the available modes may be produced by
adjusting the repeller voltage as shown in the fig. It is seen that maximum output is
obtained when ‘n’ = 2. Also for any mode in a reflex klystron maximum power is
obtained when the repeller voltage gives the exact required value of transit time (
together with the anode voltage which is kept constant). When the repeller is on
either side of the correct value , the output power is less than the maximum.

A change in the repeller voltage changes the frequency of oscillations slightly

as shown in the fig. Assume that the frequency of oscillations is 10 GHz. The period of
each cycle is 100psec.With mode 2 in use the transit time T = 2.75x 100 = 275 psec. If the
repeller voltage is slightly decreased, the transit time will be increased slightly. Let the
transit time T has become 275.25 psec. Instead of oscillating at 10Ghz,with a slightly
diminished power, the klystron will oscillate in such a way that 2 ¾ cycles of time
period will be increased slightly, and so the frequency will be decreased. The new
frequency will be 9.991 Hz.

Mechanical tuning:

The cavity dimensions determine the frequency of oscillations of the klystron.

The cavity dimensions are varied by flexing a portion of the cavity wall or by changing
the space of the cavity grids. This type of frequency tuning is known as mechanical
tuning.

Electronic tuning:

As discussed earlier when the repeller voltage is varied in any mode the
frequency of oscillations varies slightly. This is known as electronic tuning. Electronic
tuning sensitivity is given by

ETS = (f2 – f1) / (v2 – v1) MHz / volt

Where f2 and f1 are the frequencies in MHz. At which mode power falls to half of its
value at the top.

Modulation in klystron:
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A simple type of modulation is a square wave Amplitude modulation (internal

knob provided in klystron power supply) produced by modulating the reflector
voltage. The internal modulation is usually a square wave modulation of frequency
about 800-2000 Hz. The amplitude and frequency can be varied. When the Reflex
klystron is operated in INT modulation mode, VSWR meter is used as the output meter.
When the klystron is operated in CW (continuous Wave) mode a dc micro ammeter of
range 0 to 100 mA is used as the output meter.

Repeller protection:

It is essential to make sure that the repeller of a klystron never draws current by
becoming positive with respect to cathode. Otherwise it will very rapidly be destroyed by
the impact of high velocity electrons. A cathode resistor is used to ensure that repeller
cannot be more positive than the cathode.

Klystron Power Supply:

Klystron power supply is somewhat different from ordinary dc power supply

owing to specific operation of the klystron tube. The desirable features are:

1. The supply must be more stable and regulated as compared to usual amplifier
or oscillator power supply at lower frequencies because small variations in
accelerating potential may result in de tuning of the klystron.

2. Since klystron frequency is a function of the repeller voltage, it should be well

regulated and free from ripples.

3. It should supply modulation as per requirements.

Klystron tube requires three different voltages to generate microwave power.

The 6.3 V ac supply is given to the heater of the electron gun. The beam voltage is
adjustable from 200 to 400 Volts with negligible ripple voltage. This voltage can be read
from front panel meter calibrated into voltage and current. By changing the indicator
switch we can find the current drawn by the klystron tube which is between 20 to 40
mA. The reflector voltage is applied to the repeller, which can be varied from –20 to –
210 V dc with respect to cathode. The internal modulation is usually a square wave
modulation of frequency about 800 to 2000 Hz. The amplitude and frequency can be
varied from the front panel knob provided in klystron power supply. Resonator (cavity)
itself is maintained at ground potential and becomes the reference for measuring all

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other voltages. Knob is provided to operate the klystron in CW mode or AM mode. In

CW mode we use micro ammeter as the output meter.

Fig: Klystron Power Supply

Isolator:

It often happens at microwave frequencies that coupling must be strictly a

one way affair. This applies for most microwave generators whose output amplitude
and frequency tend to fluctuate very significantly with changes in load impedance.
As a result some means must be found to join a generator to the load in such a way that
the coupling is unidirectional from generator to load. Isolator allows the signal in one
direction only and does not allow the reflections to reach the generator. Ferrites are
used in isolators and circulators.

A ferrite is a non-metallic material, which has magnetic properties similar to

those of ferrous metals but resistivity so high as to make it an insulator.
Manganese ferrite and Zinc ferrite are some of the ferrites, which are commonly used. As
all these materials are insulators EM waves can propagate through them. Because the
ferrites have strong magnetic properties, external magnetic fields can be applied to
them, with several interesting results, including the Faraday rotation. When an EM
wave travels through a ferrite, an RF magnetic field is applied to the material, at
right angles to the direction of propagation if the mode of propagation is correctly

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chosen. If an axial magnetic field from a permanent magnet is applied as well, a

complex interaction takes place in the ferrite.

With only the axial dc magnetic field present the spin axes of the spinning
electrons align themselves along the lines of force . When the RF magnetic field due
to the propagating EM waves is also applied , it is perpendicular to the axial dc
magnetic field so that electrons process about their original spin axis. This has the
effect of rotating the plane of polarization of the waves propagating through the ferrite.
The amount by which the plane of polarization of the waves will be rotated depends on
the length and thickness of the ferrite material and on the strength of the dc magnetic
field.

The isolator consists of a piece of circular wave guide carrying the TE 11 mode ,
with transitions to a standard rectangular guide and TE 10 mode at both ends(the
output end transitions being twisted through 45 0 ). A thin pencil of ferrite is located
inside the circular guide, and the wave guide is supported by a permanent magnet
generates a magnetic field in the ferrite.

Because the dc magnetic field is applied , a wave passing through the ferrite in
the forward direction will have its plane of polarization shifted clockwise through
45o, by the time it reaches the output end. This was then passed through the
suitably rotated output , and it emerges with an insertion loss between 0.5 to 1 dB. A
wave that tries to propagate through the isolator in the reverse direction is also
rotated clockwise , because the direction of Faraday rotation depends only on the
dc magnetic field. Thus when the wave emerges out from the input transition, it

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is absorbed by the resistive vane but also it can not propagate through the input
rectangular wave guide because of its dimensions.

CIRCULATOR

It also makes use of ferrite device and often having four ports. It has the property
that each terminal is connected only to the next clockwise terminal. Thus port 1 is
connected to port 2 but not to ports 3 or 4. Port 2 is connected to port 3 but not to ports
1 and 4 and so on.

Fig: Circulator Fig: T, Y type of Circulator

Attenuators

Attenuators are used to provide suitable power level. End tapered resistive
cards are placed parallel to the electric field to attenuate it in case of fixed
attenuators, while in variable, either the pad area is reduced or orientation of the
card is changed. The attenuators use cards or loss dielectric materials. Attenuators are
of two types.

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1. Fixed Attenuators 2. Variable Attenuators

Fig: Fixed Attenuator Fig: Variable Attenuator

Matched Load

The device which has an excellent match(zero reflection) and complete

absorption of al l the power incident on it, is called a matched load. A simple
form of matched load in wave guide is a piece of resistance card placed in the wave
guide parallel to the electric field as shown in fig.

Fig: Matched Load

The front of the card must be tapered so that it presents no discontinuity to

the microwave signal. If the card is long enough to absorb almost all of the power, the
reflections from the far end will be sufficiently small so that the net reflection is
negligible. If the card has a 20dB of attenuation in one direction and so there is a two
way attenuation of 40dB. Any lossy material can be used as a matched load in a
wave guide as long as provision is made to avoid reflections from the front end.
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Materials commonly used for solid loads are lossy dielectrics, dielectrics loaded
with carbon or powdered metal, wood, sand etc.

Cavity Meter

Cavity meters are used to measure or to standardize the frequency of

oscillations of a microwave system. There are three types of wave meters.

1. Transmission type: These pass the signal to which they are tuned.

2. Absorption type: These attenuate only the resonant frequency of the signal.

3. Reaction type: These absorb energy from the transmission line resonant Frequency.

In an absorption type cavity meter, which we have in our lab, if the signal

frequency equals the resonant frequency, a portion of the signal will be absorbed
and we observe a dip in the output meter. When the signal frequency is not equal to
the resonant frequency the signal will not be attenuated.

Rectangular wave guide

A rectangular wave guide consists of four conducting walls. The distance between
the two side walls is designated as ‘a’, which is the broader dimension. The distance
between the top and bottom walls is the smaller dimension and is designated as ‘b’. In a
standard rectangular wave guide b = a/2.In a rectangular wave guide either TE or
TM modes are possible. TEM wave does not exist. In case of TE there will not be
electric field along the direction of propagation and for TM there won’t be
magnetic field along the direction of propagation. Depending on the type of
mode used a wave is represented as TE m,n or TM m,n. Integer ’ m’ represents the
number of half waves of electric field intensity variations along the broader
dimension of the rectangular wave guide and the integer ‘n’ represents number of
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half wave intensity variations along the narrow wall. A rectangular wave guide
acts as a high pass filter allowing high frequency signals and attenuating the low
frequency signals.

2
λ c=

√( ) ()
m 2 n 2
+
The cutoff wave length a b

If the free space wave length l is less than c , that signal will propagate. If 
equal to or greater than c that signal will not propagate.

The cutoff frequency fc is equal to vc /c , where vc = 3x1010 cm/sec

Fig: Rectangular wave guide

Dominant mode

Dominant mode is the mode for which the cutoff wavelength is Maximum

TE10 is the dominant mode in rectangular wave guide.

For TE10 mode c =2a ; where ‘a’ is the broader dimension of the wave guide

For ‘X’ band rectangular wave guide (WR90) ‘a’ = 0.9’’ = 0.9 x 2.54 cms.

So the cutoff wavelength c = 2 x 0.9 x 2.54 = 4.572cms.

The relationship among the three s is given by

1 / 02 = 1 / g2 + 1 / c2

Slotted Section
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To sample the field ( standing waves in wave guide), a narrow longitudinal

slot with ends tapered to provide smoother impedance transformation and there by
providing minimum mismatch, is milled on the top of broader wall. Such section is
known as Slotted wave guide section. The slot is generally so many wavelengths
long to allow many minima of standing wave pattern to be covered. The slot is such
that it does not much influence the field configuration. On this section a probe ( a small
metallic rod for providing electric coupling) inserted within a holder is mounted
on a movable carriage. The output is connected to a detector and indicating meter.

The slot in a slotted section must be cut in such a way that no

appreciable power leaks out of the line. In a wave guide the slot is cut in
the center of the broader wall and is parallel to the line of propagation
( parallel to the current lines at the center ) and so it causes negligible interference
with the current lines and hence there will not be any radiation from the slot.

Fig: Slotted Section

VSWR METER

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Direct reading VSWR meter is a low noise tuned amplifier volt meter calibrated in
db and VSWR for use with Square law detectors. A typical VSWR meter has a
standard tuned frequency of 1000Hz, which is adjustable over a range of 5 to 10
% for exactly matching in the source modulation frequency. The bandwidth of
the amplifier is also adjustable from 15 to 130 Hz. Both crystal and bolometer may be
used in conjunction with the VSWR meter. There is a provision for high ( 2500 to
10000 ohms) and low ( 50 to 200 ohms) impedance crystal inputs.

Fig: VSWR Meter

Apart From Hardware Experiments we have Simulation Experiments. In Microwave lab

we use HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) Software for Design & Simulation of
Different Antennas

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Introduction to High Frequency Structural Simulator

(HFSS)
HFSS is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic
structures from Ansys. The acronym originally stood for High Frequency Structural
Simulator. It is one of several commercial tools used for antenna design, and the design
of complex RF electronic circuit elements including filters, transmission lines, and
packaging. It was originally developed by Professor Zoltan Cendes and his students at
Carnegie Mellon University. Prof. Cendes and his brother Nicholas Cendes founded
Ansoft and sold HFSS stand-alone under a 1989 marketing relationship with Hewlett-
Packard, and bundled into Ansoft products.

After various business relationships over the period 1996-2006, HP (which

became Agilent EEs of EDA division) and Ansoft went their separate ways: Agilent with
the critically acclaimed FEM Element and Ansoft with their HFSS products, respectively.
Ansoft was later acquired by Ansys.

HFSS is a high performance full wave electromagnetic (EM) field simulator for
arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device modelling that takes advantage of the familiar
Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. It integrates simulation, visualization, solid
modelling, and automation in an easy to learn environment where solutions to your 3D
EM problems are quickly and accurate obtained.

Ansoft HFSS employs the Finite Element Method (FEM), adaptive meshing, and
brilliant graphics to give you unparalleled performance and insight to all of your 3D EM
problems. Ansoft HFSS can be used to calculate parameters such as S-Parameters,
Resonant Frequency, and Fields. Typical uses include:

 Package Modelling – BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip.

 PCB Board Modelling – Power/ Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds,
Backplanes.
 Silicon/GaAs-Spiral Inductors, Transformers.
 EMC/EMI – Mobile Communications – Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal Cell
Phone Antennas, Quadrafilar Helix, Specific Absorption Rate ( SAR), Infinite
Arrays, Radar Section (RCS), Frequency Selective Surface (FSS).
 Connectors – Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions.
 Waveguide – Filters, Resonators, Transitions, Couplers.
 Filters – Cavity Filters, Micro strip, Dielectric.
 HFSS is an interactive simulation system whose basic mesh element is a
tetrahedron. This allows you to solve any arbitrary 3D geometry, especially
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those with complex curves and shapes, in a fraction of time it would take
using other techniques.
 The name HFSS stands for High Frequency Structure Simulator. Ansoft
pioneered the use of the Finite Element Method (FEM) for EM simulation by
developing / implementing technologies such as tangential vector finite
elements, adaptive meshing, and Adaptive Lancozos - pade Sweep (ALPS).
Today, HFSS continues to lead the industry with innovations such as Modes to
Nodes and Full wave Spice.
 Ansoft HFSS has evolved over a period of years with input from many users
and industries. In industry, Ansoft HFSS is the tool of choice for High
productivity research, development, and virtual prototyping.

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN THE LAB

1. Before you switch on the klystron Power supply, keep the repeller voltage
knob in its maximum position. First you apply the repeller voltage and then
only the beam voltage. If the repeller voltage is kept minimum, there is
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every chance that the electron beam can hit the repeller leading to
instability of frequency of oscillations. Though necessary precaution is taken
to see that the repeller will always be negative with respect to cathode, it
is advisable to keep the repeller voltage maximum negative when you
switch on the klystron power supply.
2. Do not apply the beam voltage prior to the repeller voltage.
3. Switch on the cooling fan before switching on the klystron power supply.
4. Put an isolator always between klystron oscillator and rest of the set up. This
isolates klystron tube from reflections.
5. There should not be any air gap at the junction of two wave guide
components as there will be loss of microwave power.
6. All the readings should be taken under maximum power conditions. That is
after switching on the klystron power supply keep the repeller voltage
constant to around 300 Volts. Decrease the repeller voltage (making less
negative) and observe the deflection in the output meter. Vary the reflector
voltage till the deflection reads maximum. When VSWR meter is used as
the output meter the signal should be modulated around 1000Hz. In this
case we have to vary the amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal
till the deflection reads maximum in the output meter.
7. The beam current should not exceed 30 mA. If the beam current is greater
than 30mA, turn off the supply and check the voltages.
8. For accurate measurements of VSWR use expanded scale in VSWR meter.
9. Perform the experiments with in the square law response of the crystal diode.
10. When the frequency of oscillations of the klystron is changed tune the
repeller voltage every time for maximum response.
11. When an ammeter is used as the output meter we have to operate the
klystron in CW mode. When VSWR meter is used as the output meter we
have to operate it in INT.MOD mode only.

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Experiment no: 1.
Reflex Klystron Mode Characteristics

AIM : To determine the mode characteristic of Reflex Klystron oscillator i.e., Repeller
voltage Vs output current.and Repeller voltage Vs frequency of oscillations.

APPARATUS: Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron oscillator, Isolator, Variable

Attenuator, Frequency meter, dc micro ammeter (0-50A), wave guide detector.

Block Diagram of the Circuit:

THEORY:

The reflex klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous

electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are
accelerated and the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and
finally reflects the electrons towards the resonator.
The accelerated electrons have the resonator with increased velocity and the
retarded
Electrons leave at reduced velocity. As the electrons bunch pass through resonator,
they interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid, at such time,
that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage, energy will be delivered to the
resonator and the
Klystron will oscillate

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Procedure:

1. When ammeter is used to measure the deflection, the klystron has to be operated in
CW mode without any modulation.

2. Keep the beam voltage constant (say 300 V) and adjust the repeller voltage to get the
maximum deflection in the ammeter. Also keep the attenuation to a desired level.

3. Change the reflector voltage in steps of 20 V and note down the output current. Also
measure the frequency of the signal using the cavity meter.

4. Plot the mode characteristics as shown in figure.

Figure: Klystron Mode Characteristics

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Table: Repeller Voltage vs Output Power

Repeller Voltage vs Frequency

Repeller voltage Output Power Frequency

Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. Explain the operation of the reflex klystron tube.
ii. What is the basic principle involved in microwave tubes.
iii. What is the difference between velocity modulation and current density modulation?
iv. What happens to the power output as the repeller voltage increases?
v. What are the various modes of operation in the reflex klystron?
vi. How electronic tuning is achievable in klystron.
vii. What changes occurs in the frequency due to the repeller voltage variation.
viii. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency, frequency range of the reflex klystron?
ix. How bunching is achieved in reflex klystron.
x. What is the advantage of reflex klystron over two cavity klystron?

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Experiment no: 2.

Characteristics of Gunn Oscillator

Aim: To study the following characteristic of Gunn Diode.

1. V-I Characteristic

2. Output power and frequency as a function of voltage.

3. Square wave modulation through PIN diode.

APPARATUS: Gunn oscillator, Gun power supply, Pin Modulator, Isolator Frequency
Meter, Variable Attenuator, Detector Mount, Waveguide Stands, Meter, Cables and
accessories.

Theory:

The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk

semiconductors which has two conductions bands separated by an energy gap (greater
than thermal agitation energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high region
which travels towards the anode. When this high field domain reaches the anode, it
disappears and another domain is formed at cathode and starts moving towards anode
and so on. The time required for domain to travel from cathode to anode (transit time)
oscillation frequency.

In a Gunn oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the
frequency is determined by cavity dimension than by diode itself. Although Gunn diode
can be amplitude-modulated with the voltage. We have used separate PIN modulator
through PIN diode in square wave modulation. A measure of the square wave
modulation capability is the modulation depth i.e. the output ratio between 'ON' and
'OFF' state.

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Block Diagram of the Circuit:

V – I characteristics of Gunn Oscillator:

Procedure:

Set the components and equipment as shown in the figure initially set the variable
attenuator for maximum attenuation.

Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as below:

Meter Switch - 'OFF'

Gunn bias knob - Fully anticlockwise

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Pin bias knob - Fully anti-clockwise

Pin Mod frequency - Any position

Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below:

Meter Switch - 'Normal'

Input Switch - Low Impedance
Range db Switch - 40 dB
Gain Control knob - Fully clockwise

Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation.'ON' the Gunn
Power supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling Fan.

A. Voltage - Current Characteristic

1. Turn the meter switch of Gunn power supply to voltage position.

2. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltages controlled
by Gunn bias knob though the panel meter and meter witch. Do not exceed the bias
voltage above 10 volts.
3. Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph as shown in figure.
4. Measure the threshold voltage which corresponds to maximum current.
Note:

DO NOT KEEP GUNN BIAS KNOB POSITION AT THRESHOLD POSITION FOR

MORE THAN 10-15 SECONDS. READING SHOULD BE OBTAINED AS FAST AS
POSSIBLE. OTHERWISE, DUE TO EXCESSIVE HEATING, GUNN DIODE MAY BURN.

B. Output Power and Frequency as a Function of Bias Voltage:

1. Turn the meter witch of Gunn power supply to voltage position.

2. Increase the Gunn bias control knob.
3. Rotate PIN bias knob to around maximum position.
4. Tune the output in the VSWR meter through frequency control knob of modulation.
5. If necessary change the range dB switch of VSWR meter to higher or lower dB
position to get deflection on VSWR meter. Any level can be set through variable
attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.
6. Measure the frequency by frequency meter and detune it.

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7. Reduce the Gunn bias voltage in the interval of 0.5 V or 1.0 V and note down
corresponding reading of output at VSWR meter and frequency by frequency
meter.
8. Use the reading to drawn the Power vs Voltage curve and frequency vs voltage and
plot the graph.
9. Measure the pushing factor (in MHz.Volt) which is frequency sensitivity against
variation in bias voltage. The pushing factor should be measured around 8 volt
bias.
C. Square Wave Modulation:

1. Keep the meter switch of Gunn Power Supply to volt position and rotate Gunn bias
voltage slowly so that panel meter of Gunn Power Supply reads 10 V.
2. Tune the PIN modulator bias voltage and frequency knob for maximum output on
the oscilloscope.
3. Coincide the bottom of square wave in Oscilloscopes to some reference level and
note down the micrometer reading of variable attenuator.
4. Now with help of variable attenuator coincide the top of square wave to same
reference level and note down the micrometer reading.
5. Connect VSWR to detector mount and note down the dB.

Observations:

Bias Voltage (V) Current (mA) Frequency(GHz)

Department Of ECE LIET

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Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:

i. What is the principle involved in Gunn diode?

ii. What are the various characteristics of Gunn diode?
iii. How negative resistance region is achieved in Gunn diode?
iv. Explain about the two valley theory.
v. Compare TEDS with the microwave transistors.
vi. What are the various modes of operation possible in Gunn diode?
vii. How domain is formed in Gunn diode?
viii. When the transit time domain mode is formed?
ix. What is the principle involved in TEDS?
x. In which mode of operation the power output and efficiency is high.

Department Of ECE LIET

 Microwave Lab

Experiment no: 3.

Measurement of Frequency and Wave Length

Aim : To measure the frequency and wavelength of the microwave signal generated by
Reflex Klystron oscillator and to verify the equation

Equipment: Klystron power supply, klystron mount with Reflex Klystron, Isolator,
circulator, cavity meter, Variable attenuator, Slotted section, short circuit, VSWR meter.

Block Diagram of the Circuit:

Theory:

The relationship among the free space wave length λ, guide wavelength λ g and
the cut off wavelength λc is given by

1 / o2 = 1 / g2 + 1 / c2

2
λ c=

√( ) ()
m 2 n 2
+
The cut off wavelength λc is given by a b

For the dominant TE10 mode m=1, n=0.

λc = 2a; where 'a' is the broader dimension of wave guide.

For 'X' band Rectangular wave guide (WR90)

Department Of ECE LIET
 Microwave Lab

a = 0.9'' x 2.54 = 2.286 cm; λc = 2a = 2x2.286 = 4.572 cm.

The guide wavelength λg varies with respect to free space wavelength λand which is
governed by frequency of oscillations. Though the guide wavelength λ g doesn't depend
upon the type of termination, we use short circuit as load for getting a clear standing
wave pattern.

Procedure:

1. Arrange the Microwave bench as shown in the diagram. Though the values of λ and λ g
doesn't depend upon the type of termination, to get a clear standing wave pattern short
circuit is used as the load.
2. When S/C is used as the load because of the mismatch between wave guide and the
load, standing waves are formed as shown below.

3. Move the probe along the slotted section and observe the standing wave pattern.
When the probe is at voltage maximum position it couples maximum rf energy which is
converted into dc current by the crystal diode. As this current is maximum we can see
maximum deflection in the SWR meter. Similarly when the probe is at voltage minimum
position it couples minimum rf energy and the corresponding deflection in SWR meter
will be minimum.

4. Fix the probe at voltage minimum position (minimum deflection in SWR meter) and
note down the probe position (say d 1). Move the probe to the next minimum position
and note down the probe position (say d 2). The distance between successive minimum
points will be equal to λg/2.
λg /2 = (d2-d1) λg = 2(d2-d1)

5. By using the expression 1/ λ2 = 1/ λg2 + 1/λc2

The free space wavelength λ can be obtained. λc = 4.572 cm.
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After calculating the value of λ frequency can be obtained by using the expression
f = c/ λ = 3x1010/ λ (cm)

6. Frequency of the signal can also be measured using the cavity meter. The resonant
frequency of a cavity depends upon the dimensions of the cavity. As the cavity is designed for
x band frequency, its resonant frequency can be varied between 8.2 to 12.4 GHz. In an
absorption type cavity meter if the resonant frequency f r doesn't equal the signal frequency
fs, no power will be absorbed by the cavity meter and the signal will be passed on to the next
section without any attenuation. If the resonant frequency f r equals the signal frequency fs,
most of the signal will be absorbed by the cavity itself and the power available to SWR meter
will be quite low. So a dip (minimum deflection) can be observed in SWR meter. When a dip
is observed the resonant frequency f r and the signal frequency f s will be equal. The
resonant frequency can be measured by finding the micrometer reading and the
corresponding frequency can be obtained using the graph (micrometer reading Vs
frequency).To find the frequency of the signal generated using the cavity meter, change the
resonant frequency slowly and observe the deflection is SWR meter. If a dip is observed it
means that fr and fs are equal. Find the resonant frequency. That is nothing but the signal
frequency. Compare the frequency measured using the cavity meter with the value of
frequency obtained earlier.

7. Now change the frequency of the signal and repeat the steps to find out λ g, λ and
frequency f of the signal. Each time measure the frequency using cavity meter also.

8. Draw a graph between 1/ λc2 and 1/λg2 and verify the equation 1/ λ2 = 1/ λg2 + 1/
λc2 is satisfied or not.
Expected graph:

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 Microwave Lab

Observations:

Free space Wave Guide wave length

length (λo) (λg)

Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. How slotted line technique is used to measure frequency and wavelength?
ii. What is the purpose of slotted line in the microwave bench?
iii. What type of wave is propagating in the wave guide?
iv. What is meant by guide wavelength?
v. Bring out a relationship between the guide wave length and cut of wavelength?
vi. How the guide wavelength can be determined by using the slotted line?
vii. What is the purpose of crystal detector probe?
viii. Which technique is preferable for the measurement of frequency?
ix. What is the cut of wavelength of the dominant mode in the wave guide?
x. How waveguide acts as a high pass filter?

Department Of ECE LIET

 Microwave Lab

Experiment no: 4.

Measurement of SWR

Aim : To measure the standing wave Ratio for the given load at a specified frequency
using direct method.

Equipment : Klystron power supply, klystron mount with reflex klystron oscillator,
Isolator, Cavity meter, Variable Attenuator, Slotted Section, Loads (Horn antenna,
Matched load etc. for which SWR<10), SWR meter.

Block diagram of the circuit:

Theory

The reflex klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous

electron beam into microwave power. The electromagnetic field at any point of
transmission line may be considered as the sum of two traveling waves the instant wave
propagates from generator and the reflected wave propagates towards the generator.
The reflected wave is set up by the reflection of instant wave from a discontinuity on the
line or from the load impedance. The magnitude and face of the reflector wave depends
up on amplitude and face of the reflecting impedance. The maximum field strength is
found were two waves are in face and minimum were the two waves adds in opposite
face. The distance between two successive minimum (and maximum) is half the guide
wave length on the line.
The ratio electrical field strengths of reflected and incidents wave is called reflection
coefficient. VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) is defined as the ratio between maximum and
minimum field strength along the line.

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Procedure:

1. Before switching on the klystron power supply, the reflector voltage knob should be
put at its maximum position (full clock wise) to give maximum reflector voltage).

2. Keep the beam voltage constant around 300 V and vary the reflector voltage to get
maximum deflection in SWR meter. Similarly amplitude and frequency of the modulating
signal has to be varied for setting maximum deflection. Also tune the probe of the slotted
section to get maximum deflection.

3. If there is a mismatch between the slotted section (a wave guide basically with a slot)
and load, standing waves will be formed. The standing waves can be observed by
moving the probe along the slotted section.

4. Fix the probe at voltage maximum (max. deflection) point. With the help of the
attenuator make the deflection to read SWR = 1. That is the maximum deflection is now
set to read SWR of 1.

5. Now move the probe along the slotted section and fix the probe at voltage minimum
point (minimum deflection). The reading on the SWR scale for the voltage minimum
point gives SWR of the given load.

6. Repeat the above process for various loads whose SWR value doesn't exceed 10. For
loads whose SWR exceeds 10, we use 3 dB method (Double minimum method) for
finding standing wave Ratio.

7. Since SWR of a load is a function of a frequency, we have to measure the frequency of

the signal by using cavity meter.

Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. Define VSWR.
ii. Define reflection coefficient
iii. What are the maxima and minima values of reflection coefficient?
iv. What are the maxima and minima values of VSWR?
v. Mention the different techniques in measuring the VSWR.
vi. Which method is used to measure VSWR>10.
vii. What is the relation between VSWR and guided wavelength.
viii. Explain about SS tuner.

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ix. Why standing waves are obtaining from transmission.

x. How to reduce standing waves?

Department Of ECE LIET

 Microwave Lab

Experiment no: 5.

Impedance Measurement

Aim : To study the method of measuring unknown load impedance by measuring

VSWR and the position of voltage minimum.

Equipment : Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron oscillator with mount, isolator,
variable attenuator, Frequency meter, slotted section with movable probe, SWR meter,
Short circuit, load whose impedance is to be measured.

THEORY:

The waveform from generator incident on the load is reflected (if the load is
not characteristic impedance). The magnitude and hence VSWR, the phase and
hence the relative position (with respect to short-circuit) of the SWR minimum, are
characteristic properties of the load. Determining these, load can be determined.

The input impedance of a transmission line is given by

Zm = Vs / Is = [ ( VR cosh γ l + Zo I R sinh g l ) / ( IR cosh g l + VR / Zo sinh g l) ]

For lossless line γ = α + jβ (α=0) of ' ∆ l’ length

So, Zm = Zo [ (ZR + jZo tan β∆ l) / (Zo + jZR tan β∆ l) ]

Where ZR is, the impedance at the receiving end, Zo is the characteristic impedance

and Zin is the impedance at the input of the transmission line. β∆ l, being the electrical

distance, is measured in wavelengths between position of termination and

standing wave minimum or ZR = Zo [ (Zin – jZo tan β∆l) / (Zo – jZin tan β∆l) ]

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STANDING WAVE PATTERNS FOR DIFFERENT LOADS:

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

Department Of ECE LIET

PROCEDURE:

1. Set the components and equipment^ as shown in figure above.

2. Initially set the vat table attenuator for maximum attenuation.

3. Terminate the receiving end with unknown load.

4. Keep the control knob of Klystron power supply as

follows: Beam voltage : Off

Mod-switch : Am

Beam voltage knob : Full anticlockwise

Reflector voltage knob : Full clockwise

Am-amplitude knob : Full clockwise
Am frequency & amplitude knob : Mid position

Switch On the klystron power supply, VSWR meter & cooling

fan Switch On the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage
at 300V rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in
VSWR meter

Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of
AM Modulation
Tune plunger of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in VSWR
Meter
5. Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below:

i. Switch : normal

ii. Input switch : Low impedance

iii. Range db switch : 40db

iv. Gain control knob : Fully clockwise

6. Connect detector output to SWR meter.

7. Adjust the square wave modulation frequency to approximately 1 KHz.

8. Tune the detector by adjusting short plunger for maximum meter deflection.

9. Move the probe along slotted line; adjust it at standing wave minimum.
Record the probe position as X1 (this is the position of reference
minimum) and next successive minimum position as X2.

10. Replace load by short circuit termination and move the probe carriage to new
 Microwave Lab

Standing wave minimum and record the probe position as Xs (This is

known as position of reference plane)

11. Find the shift minima (Xs-X2 or Xs-X1). It will be positive if minimum is
shifted towards load (i.e., for inductive load) and negative if minimum is
shifted towards generator (for capacitive load). Shift in minimum for
different loads can be easily known from the standing wave patterns given
below.

12. Convert the shift in wavelength units, i.e., (Xs - X1)/I. Wavelengths.

13. Position on minimum can be known more accurately if it is taken as midpoint

of positions of equal responses on either side of minimum.

OBSERVATIONS:

Frequency of Load Position of minimum Shift in Direction of shift

excited wave towards
Sr. VSWR Load Short Minima < λ/4 load/generator

CALCULATIONS:
(A)

Guide wavelength, λg / 2 = 2 * distance between two successive minima’s

= 2 *(X2-X1)

Calculate free space wavelength λo using relation 1 / λo 2 = 1/ λg2 + 1 /λc2

Compute load, using, Zo [(1 – JP tan β∆l) / (P – J tan β∆l)]

β∆l = 2π (X2 – X1)/λ)

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(B) Using smith chart:

’
1. Note VSWR and shift in minima ‘X in terms of wavelength.
2. Use smith chart and draw a VSWR circle with radius I / VSWR
3. Locate a point at a distance X from 0.0 (short circuit) moving in anti-
clockwise direction (shift towards load) at the circumference. Join this
point to the center of smith chart.
4. Point of intersection of VSWR circle and this line gives load; reactive component
on reactive circle and resistive component on real circles.
5. This normalized impedance multiplied by characteristic impedance of the
guide gives load impedance. Characteristic impedance of guide is given by
relation,
Zo = 120π / √ (1 – (λc / λo) 2)

Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. What are the various methods used for the measurement of impedance?
ii. How impedance can measured by using slotted line?
iii. How can you determine whether the impedance is inductive or capacitive?
iv. How impedance can be measured by using magic tee?
v. What is the purpose of slotted line for the measurement of impedance?
vi. How impedance can be measured by using reflectometer?
vii. What is the purpose of variable attenuator?
viii. How impedance can be determined by using directional couplers?
ix. Why standing waves are produced in the wave guide?
x. What is meant by reflection coefficient and how impedance can be determined?

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Experiment no: 6.

DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

Aim : To study the characteristics of the given direction coupler.

Equipment: Klystron power supply, Reflex Klystron oscillator with mount, isolator,
Variable attenuator, Frequency meter, directional coupler, waveguide detector, SWR
meter and matched load.

Block diagram of the circuit:

Theory:

Directional coupler is a 4 port reciprocal device. It samples energy in one

direction only. A two hole directional coupler consists of a piece of transmission line to
be connected in series with the main line, together with a piece of auxiliary line
coupled to the main line via two probes through slots in the joined outer walls of the
two coaxial lines as shown in figure.

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The probes do not actually touch the inner conductor of the auxiliary line. The
distance between the probes is λ/4. The auxiliary line is terminated at one end by a
matched load.

If a signal is fed to port 1 (Input port) it travels along the main line and reaches port
2 (direct port). When the signal travels along the main line it is coupled by theprobes A and
B each of length 'l'. The signals coupled by the probes A and B travel the same distance of
(l+λ/4) before reaching port 3. So both the signals of in phase will be added at port 3.

In a 10 dB directional coupler 1/10 in of the input signal reaches port 3. Signal

available at port 4 in an ideal directional coupler should be zero because the signals
coupled by probes A and B will have a path difference of λ/2 (phase difference of 180 0)
before they reach port 4 and hence the get cancelled.

Coupling coefficient C = 10 log P1/P3

Directivity D = 10 log P3/P4

Isolation V = 10 log P1/P4

Insertion loss IL = 10 log P1/P2

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Procedure:

1. Set the microwave bench as shown in the figure without the directional coupler
being connected.

2. Operate the klystron oscillator ininternal modulation mode.

3. Keep the Beam voltage constant (say 300 V) and adjust the repeller voltage,
amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal to get maximum deflection in SWR
meter.

4. Now with the help of variable attenuator adjust the deflection to read 0 dB in SWR
meter. This will be taken as a reference level for measuring the power at the other
ports.

5. Now the directional to be characterized should be inserted as shown in the figure.

The signal of 0 dB reference has to be given as the input to port 1. Measure the power
(in dB) at ports 3 and 2 and obtain the coupling coefficient and insertion loss.

C = 10 log P1/P3

IL = 10 log P1/P2

6. As port 4 is terminated with a matched, this port is not accessible to measure the
power at that port. As a directional coupler is a symmetrical and reciprocal device,
feeding port 1 and measuring the signal at port 4 is equivalent to feeding the
directional coupler at port 2 and measuring it at port 3. So, now give the signal of 0
dB reference to port 2 and measure the power at port 3 (This is equal to P 4)

Isolation = 10 log P1/P4

Directivity = 10 log P3/P4

Typical readings: Signal of 0 dB level (is taken as a reference level) is applied to port 1
P1 = 0 dB

Power at port 3 = -10 dB Power at port 2 = -0.8 dB

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Now give the signal of 0 dB reference to port 2 and measure the signal at port 3 (This is
equal to giving the signal at port 1 and measuring it at port 4). P4 = -41 dB.

C = 10 log P1/P3 = 10 dB

IL = 10 log P1/P2 = 0.8 dB

Directivity D = 10 log P3/P4 = 31 dB

Isolation I = 10 log P1/P4 = 41 dB

Observations: Input Power = 0 dB (reference)

When Input is given to Port 1

Power at Port 2 i.e. P2 =

Power at Port 3 i.e. P3 =

When Input is given to Port 2

Power at Port 3 i.e. P4 =

Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. What is the purpose of employing directional couplers?
ii. What are the desirable operations that can be performed by the directional coupler?
iii. What is coupling factor?
iv. What is significance of directivity?
v. What are the scattering parameters of directional coupler?
vi. What should be the distance between the holes in the multi-hole directional coupler?
vii. How high amount of directivity can be achieved in with directional coupler?
viii. List out different types of directional couplers?
ix. What is the main advantage of using directional coupler?
x. Explain briefly the operation of directional coupler.

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Experiment no: 7.
E PLANE, H PLANE AND MAGIC TEE.

Aim: To measure isolation between E and Harms of the magic tee & Demonstrate
3dB power division in the side arm of the magic tee

Equipment: Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Mount, Isolator, Attenuator,

frequency meter, VSWR meter, Magic tee and matched terminations.

THEORY

A four port junction which is a combination of an E-plane and H-plane

Tees is called Hybrid Tee, when matching elements are introduced to reduce
the reflections; it is called a Magic Tee.

It has four arms or ports which have the names indicated as

follows.

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The arm which makes an H-plane tee with the collinear arms is called H-
arm or shunt arm. The fourth arm which makes E-plane tee with the collinear arms
is called E-arm or series arm. The shunt and series arms are cross polarized, i.e.,
the voltage vectors in these two arms are perpendicular to each other. Therefore
as long as there is nothing within the junction to rotate the polarization, there can
be no coupling between the two arms. The E and H arms are matched by
employing posts and irises to minimize reflections from these two ports. The
magic associated with the hybrid junction is the way in which the power is
divided in the various arms. The signal fed into the shunt or H-arm divides its - If
equally and in phase in the two side arms with no coupling in the F- arm. When the
signal is fed into the series or E-arm it also divides itself equally in the two arms,
but this time the two halves are 180° out of phase and there is no coupling to the
H-arm. If the power is fed into one of the side arms, it divides equally in the
shunt and series arm and there is no coupling in the other side arm. That is to say
finally that' in a magic tee, opposite arms are isolated ‘.

A magic tee can also be used as a signal combiner. If the signals are fed to
both the side arms, they will combine in phase in H-arm and 180° out of phase in
E-arm.

A magic tee is normally characterized by two quantities 1. Isolation between

E and H arms 2. Power division in collinear arms

Isolation between E and H arms:

If the power flowing into E arm is taken as PE and power flowing out of
H-arm as PH then, Isolation (dB) = -10 Iog10 PH/PE. This assumes that both
the collinear arms are match terminated.

Power division:

The power fed in either the E or H arm should divide itself equally in both the
side arms, when the opposite port is match terminated. If we designate the
power entering the E arm as PE and power in side arms as PC1 and P C1 then the
ratio of the power coupled in side arms to that entering in the E-arm is given by
the relation.

Coupling (dB = -10log10PC1 / PH = -10logloPC2/ PH

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EXPERIMENTAL S E T U P

For Input Power measurement:

For coupled/isolated Power measurement:

PROCEDUE:

1. Set up the equipment as shown in fig

2. Keep the control knobs of klystron Power Supply as below

Mode Switch : AM

Beam Voltage Knob : Fully Anti Clockwise

Repeller Voltage Knob : Fully Clockwise

Meter Switch : Cathode Voltage Position

3. Measurement or isolation between E and H arms

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3.1 Set the attenuator around 20dB. Let this setting be (A1) dB

3.2 Achieve a state reference reading on the SWR meter, preferably in 40dB
range of the SWR meter.

3.3 Disconnect and setup as shown in fig.

3.4 Reduce the attenuation till the SWR meter reads the value obtained in step
3.5 Note the attenuation setting (A2) dB. The difference in the attenuator settings
(A1 -A2) dB gives the isolation in dB.

4. Experimental setup for demonstrating the 3dB power division in the collinear

Arms.

4.1 Now the power input is either at E or Harms.

4.2 Set the attenuator to get reference reading on the SWR meter
without the component under test. Note the attenuator setting (A1)
dB

4.3 Connect the component under test (Magic tee)

4.4 Reduce the attenuation to get the reference reading obtained in step 4.2

4.5 Note down the attenuator setting (A2) dB

The difference in the attenuator settings gives the ratio of the power coupled
to the collinear to that in the main arm, in dB. This value should be around
3dB

OBSERVATION:

Input port Matched ports Output port ObservedReading Ideal Readings

s

1 E ,H 2 -∞

E,2 H -3 dB

H,2 E -3 dB

2 E,H 1 -∞

1,H E -3 dB

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1,E H -3 dB

H E,2 1 -3 dB

E,1 2 -3 dB

1,2 E -∞

E H,2 1 -3 dB

H,1 2 -3 dB

1,2 H -∞

Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. Why E-H Plane Tee is called as a Magic Tee.
ii. How magic tee acts as a duplexer?
iii. What are the properties of magic tee?
iv. Which ports are isolated ports in the magic tee?
v. At what port (Arm) the powers can be added.
vi. Why all the ports are perfectly matched in the magic tee?
vii. How magic tee acts as a mixer?
viii. In the E-plane tee what port is perfectly matched to the junction?
ix. Explain about the properties of the E-plane tee.
x. What is the difference between E-plane tee and H-plane tee?

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Experiment no: 8.

Characteristics of Circulator

Aim: To determine the characteristics of the given circulator and to obtain its
Scattering matrix.

Equipment: Klystron power supply, klystron Mount with Reflex Klystron oscillator,
Isolator, Variable Attenuator, Cavity meter, wave guide detector, VSWR meter, Matched
load, circulator.

Fig: Block diagram of the circuit

Procedure:

1. Connect the above circuit without the circulator that is wave guide detector is to be
connected to cavity meter.

2. Adjust the Reflector Voltage, Amplitude of the Modulating signal Frequency of the
Modulating signal to get maximum deflection in the VSWR meter. Note down the
readings of Beam voltage and Reflector voltage.

3. The maximum deflection now may not be reading 0 dB with the help of variable
Attenuator make the deflection to read 0 dB (on dB scale) in the SWR meter. That is
the maximum deflection is now adjusted to read 0 dB (reference level).

4. Now insert the circulator between cavity meter and the wave guide detector as
shown in the figure. That is we are giving a signal of 0 dB reference to port 1 of the
circulator and measuring the signal strength in dB at port 2 by connecting a detector
with port 3 terminated in Matched load.
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5. Inter change the port 2 and 3 (i.e. connect the detector to port 3 and Matched load to
port 2 and measure the deflection.

6. Repeat the above process by giving the signal of 0 dB reference to port 2 and 3 and
note down the readings as shown below.

Observations:

Input signal = 0 dB reference.

Input Port Matched Port OutputPort Readings (dB) Ideal readings

(dB)

Port 1 3 2 0 dB

2 3 -∞ dB

Port 2 1 3 0 dB

3 1 -∞ dB

Port 3 1 2 -∞ dB

2 1 0 dB

Conclusion:

There is coupling from port 1 to port 2; from port 2 to 3; and from port 3 to port 1.
Typical readings:
When port 1 is fed (reference 0 dB)
Power measured at port 2 = -0.5 dB
Power measured at port 3 = -30 dB.

10 log S212 = -0.5

20 log S21 = -0.5 S21 = 0.944
10 log S312 = -30
20 log S31 = -30 S31 = 0.0316

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When port 2 is fed (reference 0 dB)

Power measured at port 3 = -0.5 dB
Power measured at port 1 = 0.0316 S32 = 0.944, S12 = 0.0316

When port 3 is fed (reference 0 dB)

Power measured at port 1 = -0.5 dB
Power measured at port 2 = -30 dB S13 = 0.944,S23 = 0.0316

Assume that all the ports are matched S11 = S22 = S33 = 0

[0 0.0316 0.94 ¿][0.944 0 0.316 ¿]¿¿¿

Scattering Matrix S = ¿
Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. What is the principle involved in circulators?
ii. What is Faraday rotation?
iii. Why the power applied at one port is given to the next clockwise port only but not to
other ports?
iv. Explain briefly the construction of circulator?
v. Where circulators are extensively used?
vi. What is the peculiar property of ferrites?
vii. What are the types of polarized waves present in circulators?
viii. Given expression for angle of rotation.
ix. What are the microwave devices that make use of Faraday rotation?
x. What are the differences between circulator and isolator?

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Experiment no: 9.

HORN ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS

Aim: To obtain the radiation pattern of a Horn antenna

Equipment: Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Mount, Isolator, Variable Attenuator,

Frequency Meter, VSWR Meter, Coupling Probes, Two Pyramidal Horn, Radiation
Pattern Turn Table

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the power supply keeping the switch on the front panel in beam
OFF Position.
2. Wait for few minutes and then change the switch to Beam ON position.
3. Set the Beam voltage to 300V by varying beam voltage control knob.
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4. Check the beam current whether it is less than 30mA.

5. Set the variable attenuator to max attenuation level.
6. Change the modulating voltage control knob from minimum to maximum
range and find the modulating voltage for which maximum deflection in
VSWR meter.
7. Adjust the modulating frequency control knob from 0Hz to 1 KHz until to
get more deflection in on VSWR meter. If we are getting 2 or 3 maximum
deflections choose the least one.
8. Now change the repeller voltage and measure power in db from VSWR meter.
9. For measurement of power in VSWR meter, we have to detune the
frequency meter every time.
10. Mount the Horn antennas, one to microwave bench and another towards
the VSWR end.
11. Adjusts the two horn antennas to be exactly in line with each other i.e.
perfectly aligned condition i.e. angular difference is 0.
12. Now note the deflection in the VSWR meter.
13. Now Rotate the Horn antenna HZ through 100. The power output
increases in the VSWR meter. Note the reading.
14. Similar procedure is carried out to get readings in steps of 10 in
anticlockwise and clockwise directions.
15. The same process is carried out by keeping the Horn 2 in opposite position
i.e. For E plane and readings are taken.

OBSERVATION (SAMPLE):

Angle of deviation in Output voltage in Output voltage in

degrees clockwise direction anticlockwise

10

20

30

40

50

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MODEL GRAPH:

Output voltage (V)

Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. What are different types of Horn Antennas?
ii. Explain applications of Horn Antenna
iii. Which type of Horn Antenna is mostly used?
iv. What is meant by Gain?

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Experiment no: 10.

Simulation of Dipole Antenna Using EM Software

Aim: To observe the radiation pattern, return loss and gain of a dipole antenna for 900
MHz by doing simulation in HFSS software.

Apparatus required:

1) One PC

2) HFSS Software

The Dipole Antenna Design Equations

λ
r =Dipoleradius=
200

L=Lengthofdipole=0.475 λ

Lg =Gaplength=0.125 mm

Expected Plots:

Return loss Gain pattern

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Procedure:

1) Open HFSS software and click on ‘insert HFSS design’.

2) Create a monopole with dimensions r =2.5 mm,h=73.745 mm, by drawing a

cylinder and apply the following.
Material : PEC (i.e, perfect electrical conductor)

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Center position: (0,0,1.25), Radius=2.5mm,Height=73.745mm.

Create arm_1

This command is essential when building symmetric structures. Right-click the

drawing area and select Edit -> Duplicate -> Around Axis.

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3) For Port Setup

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Change the orientation (i.e, plane) to YZ to create port. Now, draw a sheet and
apply the followings.

Position: (0,-2.5,-1.25), dy=5mm,dz=2.5mm

4) For Excitation of lumped port
Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Lumped Port
• Name: port • Click the Next button, add new line and click the Finish
button

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5) Create radiation box to find far field pattern with the following dimensions.
Material : Vaccum
Center position: (-113.5,-113.5,-186.5)

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6) Apply radiation boundary to radiation box by selecting all the faces.

7) Create far field radiation.

8) Give solution frequency 0.9GHz in analysis setup and apply frequency sweep
from 0.45GHz to 1.35GHz.
9) Click on validate to check model.
10)Click on alalyze all to run the model.
11)Create reports for radiation pattern,gain and return loss S11 in results
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Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. what are the applications of Patch antenna
ii. Explain Feeding Mechanisim of Patch antenna
iii.what are the Advanges & Dis advantges of co axial feeding
iv.whaich shape of patch antenna is mostly used
v. what are the Advanges & Dis advantges of Patch antenna
vi. Explain how we design Patch Antenna

Experiment no: 11.

Simulation of Micro-strip Patch Antenna Using EM Software

Aim: To observe the radiation pattern, Gain and return loss of a microstrip line
rectangular patch antenna for 10 GHz by doing simulation in HFSS software.

Apparatus required:

1. One PC

2. HFSS Software

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The Micro-strip Patch

Antenna Design Equations:

Step 1: Calculation of the Width (W) -

Step 2: Calculation of the Effective Dielectric Constant. This is based on the height,
dielectric constant of the dielectric and the calculated width of the patch antenna.
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Step 3: Calculation of the Effective length

Step 4: Calculation of the length extension ΔL

Step 5: Calculation of actual length of the patch

Step 6: Calculate the length and width of ground and substrate.

Ls =Lg=6 h+ L

W s=W g=6 h+ W

Where the following parameters are used

f0 is the Resonance Frequency ,W is the Width of the Patch, L is the Length of the Patch
h is the thickness, εr is the relative Permittivity of the dielectric substrate, c is the Speed
of light: 3 x 108

Expected plots:

Return loss Radiation pattern

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Procedure:

1) Open HFSS software and click on ‘insert HFSS design’.

Initial Setup
Unit Change
1. Open the project
2. In the PM Right Click on the Project 1. Click Modeler Tab > Select
3. Select Solution Type > Terminal 2. Change the Unit to Millimeter (mm)
(Driven Terminal)

2) Create a substrate,ground with dimensions

Substrate Ground

1. Draw Cylinder = Rename = Sub 1. Draw Rectangle = Rename =

2. Center Position = -13.6 ,- Ground
21.26 ,0mm 2. Center Position = -13.6 ,-
3. X Size = 27.2mm 21.26 ,0mm
4. Y Size = 40.52mm 3. Axis = Z
5. Z Size = 62mils 4. X Size = 27.2mm
5. Y Size = 40.52mm
3) Create a patch with dimensions
Patch

1. Draw Rectangle = Rename = Patch

2. Center Position = -5.93 ,-4.535 ,62mils
3. Axis = Z
4. X Size = 11.86 mm
5. Y Size = 9.07mm

4) For assign Edge Feeding Follow the given steps

Edge feed

1. Draw Rectangle = Rename = Edge feed

2. Center Position = -0.9425 ,0 ,62mils
3. Axis = Z

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4. X Size = 1.885 mm
5. Y Size = 10.155mm

Feed

1. Draw Rectangle = Rename = Feed

Center Position = -2.426 ,10.12 , 62mils
2. Axis = Z
3. X Size = 4.852mm
4. Y Size = 9.138mm
5. Select together > Patch > Edge feed > Feed
6. Click Unite Button
7. Save the Project

5) For assign Port to patch Follow the given steps

Port

1. Change the Grid ZX

2. Draw Rectangle = Rename = Port
3. Position = -2.426 ,19.258 ,1.5748mm
4. Axis = Y
5. X Size = 4.826mm
6. Z Size = -1.5748mm

6) For assign Matrial Assignment Follow the given steps

Assign the Material Patch: (or HFSS Tab>Boundaries>Assign>PerfectE)

1. Right Click on the Patch

2. Drop Down Menu > Click Properties
3. Click > Material (Value) > Copper
4. Check the Model Checkbox
Assign the Material Ground: (or HFSS Tab>Boundaries>Assign>PerfectE)

1. Right Click on the Antenna_1

2. Drop Down Menu > Click Properties
3. Click > Material (Value) > Copper
Check the Model Checkbox
7) For Create & Assign the Radiation Boundaries Follow the given steps
1. Select the Whole Geometry
2. Click HFSS Tab > Model > Create Open Region
3. Assign material = Vacuum (default)
4. Check the Solve Inside Checkbox
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5. Check the Model Checkbox

6. In the Open Region window
7. Assign the Operating Frequency = 0.9GHz
8. Select Boundaries = Radiation Box
9. Click OK

8) For Create & Assign the Port Excitations Follow the given steps
Assign the Port Excitation:

1. Click & Select the Port

2. Right Click on Port
3. Assign Excitation > Select Lumped Port
4. Check Box Use Ground conductor as Reference Plane
5. Click OK
6. If required Change impedance 50 Ohms
7. Click Next and
8. Save the Project

9) For Create Solution Setup Follow the given steps

Add Solution Setup: Add Sweep:

1. Click Analyze 1. Click Sweep

2. Double Setup 2. Sweep Type = Interpolating
3. Solution Frequency = 10GHz 3. Assign Start Frequency = 8GHz
4. Number of Pass = 15 4. Assign Stop Frequency = 12GHz
5. Maximum Delta Pass = 0.02 5. Assign Points = 200
6. Click Ok

Infinite Sphere Setup:

1. Click on Radiation (in Project Manager)

2. Select Infinite Sphere
3. Assign Phi
a. Start = 0
b. Stop = 180
c. Step Size = 2 Deg
4. Assign Theta
a. Start = -180
b. Stop = 180
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c. Step Size = 2 Deg

d. Click OK
e. Save the Project

Validate:

1. Click Simulation Tab

2. Click Validate
3. Save the Project
4. Click Analyze All

Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. what are the applications of Patch antenna
ii. Explain Feeding Mechanisim of Patch antenna
iii.what are the Advanges & Dis advantges of co axial feeding
iv.whaich shape of patch antenna is mostly used
v. what are the Advanges & Dis advantges of Patch antenna
vi. Explain how we design Patch Antenna

Experiment no: 12.

Simulation of Probe Feed Patch Antenna Using EM Software
Aim: To observe the radiation pattern and return loss of a Probe Feed Patch Antenna
by doing simulation in HFSS software.

Apparatus required:

1. One PC

2. HFSS Software

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The Probe Feed Patch

Expected Plots: Return Loss Gain Patteren

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Procedure:

1) Open HFSS software and click on ‘insert HFSS design’.

Initial Setup

1. Open the project

2. In the PM Right Click on the Project
3. Select Solution Type > Terminal
(Driven Terminal)

Unit Change

1. Click Modeler Tab > Select

2. Change the Unit to Millimeter (mm)

2) To Create a substrate,ground with dimensions

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Assign Perfect E boundary to the Ground

1. Click Edit>Select>By Name

The Select Object dialog box appears.
2. Select the object Inf_GND and click OK.
3. Right click Assign Boundary>Perfect E

The Perfect E Boundary dialog box appears.

4. Edit the fields as shown in "Perfect E Boundary dialog box" below. and click OK.

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3. To Create Infinite Ground Cut Out Follow the given steps

To create the cut out perform the following steps.

1. Click Draw>Circle

2. Click in the modeler window to establish the x,y axes and drag the cursor to draw
the circle

And click OK on the Properties dialog box when it appears.

3. Double-click Create Circle to open the Command dialog box and edit the fields as
shown in "Ground Cut out Command dialog" on the next page. And click OK.

4. Double-click Circle from the history tree and enter Cut _Out in the Name field and
click OK.

4. For Complete the Infinite Ground Follow the given steps

To select the objects Inf_GND and Cut_Out:

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1. Click Edit>Select>By Name

The Select Object dialog box appears.

2. Select Inf_GND and Cut_Out and click OK.

Figure

5. For Complete the Ring Follow the given steps

1. Click Modeler>Boolean>Subtract

The Subtract dialog box appears.

2. Set the fields as in "Subtract dialog box" on the facing page. and click OK.

6. For Create the Patch Follow the given steps

1. Click Draw>Rectangle
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2. Use the fields on the status bar, and enter the co-ordinates of the center as follows:
X:-2.0, Y:-1.5, Z: 0.32 and press Enter.
3. Use the fields and enter the opposite corner of the rectangle as follows:
dX: 4.0, dY: 3.0, dZ:0.0 and press Enter.
The Properties dialog box appears.
4. Click Attribute and enter Patch in the Name field and click OK.

7. Assign a Perfect E boundary to the Patch

8. Create the Coaxial Feeding & give Excitation

9. Create Air Box and assign Radiation Boundary

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10. Add Solution Setup, Add Frequency Sweep and Analyze the Model

Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. what are the applications of Patch antenna
ii. Explain Feeding Mechanisim of Patch antenna
iii.what are the Advanges & Dis advantges of co axial feeding
iv.whaich shape of patch antenna is mostly used
v. what are the Advanges & Dis advantges of Patch antenna
vi. Explain how we design Patch Antenna

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Experiment no: 13.

Simulation of Triangular Micro-strip Patch Antenna Using EM

Software
Aim: To observe the radiation pattern, Gain and return loss of a microstrip line
Triangular patch antenna for 10 GHz by doing simulation in HFSS software.
Apparatus required:
1. One PC
2. HFSS Software
The Micro-strip Patch

Antenna Design Equations:

Step 1: Calculation of the Width (W) -

Step 2: Calculation of the Effective Dielectric Constant. This is based on the height,
dielectric constant of the dielectric and the calculated width of the patch antenna.

Step 3: Calculation of the Effective length

Step 4: Calculation of the length extension ΔL

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Step 5: Calculation of actual length of the patch

Step 6: Calculate the length and width of ground and substrate.

Ls =Lg=6 h+ L
W s=W g=6 h+ W
Where the following parameters are used
f0 is the Resonance Frequency ,W is the Width of the Patch, L is the Length of the Patch
h is the thickness, εr is the relative Permittivity of the dielectric substrate, c is the Speed
of light: 3 x 108

Expected plots:

Return loss Radiation pattern

Procedure:

1) Open HFSS software and click on ‘insert HFSS design’.

Initial Setup
Unit Change
1. Open the project
2. In the PM Right Click on the Project 1. Click Modeler Tab > Select
3. Select Solution Type > Terminal 2. Change the Unit to Millimeter (mm)
(Driven Terminal)

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2) Create a substrate,ground with dimensions

Substrate

1. Draw Cylinder = Rename = Sub

2. Center Position = -13.6 ,-21.26 ,0mm
3. X Size = 27.2mm
4. Y Size = 40.52mm
5. Z Size = 62mils
Ground

1. Draw Rectangle = Rename = Ground

2. Center Position = -13.6 ,-21.26 ,0mm
3. Axis = Z
4. X Size = 27.2mm
5. Size = 40.52mm
3) Create a Triangular patch with given dimensions
4) Assign Co axial Feeding
5) For assign Port to patch Follow the given steps
Port

1. Change the Grid ZX

2. Draw Rectangle = Rename = Port
3. Position = -2.426 ,19.258 ,1.5748mm
4. Axis = Y
5. X Size = 4.826mm
6. Z Size = -1.5748mm

6) For assign Matrial Assignment Follow the given steps

Assign the Material Patch: (or HFSS Tab>Boundaries>Assign>PerfectE)

1. Right Click on the Patch

2. Drop Down Menu > Click Properties
3. Click > Material (Value) > Copper
4. Check the Model Checkbox
Assign the Material Ground: (or HFSS Tab>Boundaries>Assign>PerfectE)

1. Right Click on the Antenna_1

2. Drop Down Menu > Click Properties
3. Click > Material (Value) > Copper
Check the Model Checkbox
7) For Create & Assign the Radiation Boundaries Follow the given steps
1. Select the Whole Geometry
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2. Click HFSS Tab > Model > Create Open Region

3. Assign material = Vacuum (default)
4. Check the Solve Inside Checkbox
5. Check the Model Checkbox
6. In the Open Region window
7. Assign the Operating Frequency = 0.9GHz
8. Select Boundaries = Radiation Box
9. Click OK

8) For Create & Assign the Port Excitations Follow the given steps
Assign the Port Excitation:

1. Click & Select the Port

2. Right Click on Port
3. Assign Excitation > Select Lumped Port
4. Check Box Use Ground conductor as Reference Plane
5. Click OK
6. If required Change impedance 50 Ohms
7. Click Next and
8. Save the Project
9) For Create Solution Setup Follow the given steps
Add Solution Setup:

1. Click Analyze
2. Double Setup
3. Solution Frequency = 10GHz
4. Number of Pass = 15
5. Maximum Delta Pass = 0.02
6. Click Ok
Add Sweep:

1. Click Sweep
2. Sweep Type = Interpolating
3. Assign Start Frequency = 8GHz
4. Assign Stop Frequency = 12GHz
5. Assign Points = 200
Infinite Sphere Setup:

1. Click on Radiation (in Project Manager)

2. Select Infinite Sphere
3. Assign Phi

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a. Start = 0
b. Stop = 180
c. Step Size = 2 Deg
4. Assign Theta
a. Start = -180
b. Stop = 180
c. Step Size = 2 Deg
d. Click OK
e. Save the Project

Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. what are the applications of Patch antenna
ii. Explain Feeding Mechanisim of Patch antenna
iii.what are the Advanges & Dis advantges of co axial feeding
iv.whaich shape of patch antenna is mostly used
v. what are the Advanges & Dis advantges of Patch antenna
vi. Explain how we design Patch Antenna

Additional Experiment -1

Attenuators

Aim: To measure the insertion loss of the given attenuator.

Equipment: Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron oscillator with mount, isolator,
Variable attenuator, Frequency meter, wave guide detector, SWR meter and given
attenuator

Block diagram of the circuit:

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Theory:

1. Attenuators are reciprocal devices.

2. Attenuators are categorized as fixed attenuators and variable attenuators based on

the fact whether attenuation is fixed or variable. In variable attenuators the variation
in attenuation is achieved by changing the position of the resistive vanes.

3. Attenuation i.e., power loss during transmission through the device is represented in
dBs.

4. Attenuators are used to reduce the power level of the incoming microwave signal.

Procedure:

1. Setup the bench as shown in the figure

2. Without connectingthe attenuator to be characterised, energize the source by

applying a beam voltage of 300 V and repeller voltage for mode maximum condition.

3. Set the klystron power supply to operate in Internal modulation mode.

4. Adjust the amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal to obtain maximum
deflection in SWR meter.

5. By adjusting the frequency meter determine the operating frequency of the signal.

6. Adjust the variable attenuator such that the deflection reads 0 dB in SWR meter.
That is input power of 0 dB acts as a reference level for measuring the powers at the
other port.
7. Now connect the attenuator which is required to be characterized at the appropriate
peace as shown in figure.

8. Note the output power (in dB) level.

9. Repeat steps 7 and 8 by interchanging input and output ports of the given
attenuator. As an attenuator is a reciprocal device, the readings should be same as
earlier.

Observations: Beam voltage = Beam current =

Repeller voltage = Frequency =

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Power in port 1(dB) Power in port 2(dB)

0 dB

0 dB

Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. what is meant by Attenuation
ii. Explain Different types of Attenuators
iii. What is the use of Attenuator?

Experiment -2

Characteristics of Isolator

Aim : To determine the characteristics of the given Isolator.

Equipment : Klystron power supply, klystron mount with Reflex Klystron oscillator,
Isolator, variable Attenuator, Cavity meter, wave guide detector, VSWR meter,
Matched load.

Block Diagram of the circuit:

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Procedure:

1. First connect the above circuit without the Isolator B , that is wave guide detector is
to be connected after the cavity meter.

2. Adjust the reflector voltage, Amplitude of the Modulating signal, Frequency of

the Modulating signal to set maximum deflection in the VSWR meter. Also note
down the reading of Beam voltage and Reflector voltages.

3. This maximum deflection in the VSWR need not read 0 dB. With the help of the
variable attenuator make the deflection to read 0 dB (on dB scale) in the SWR meter.
That is the maximum deflection is now adjusted to read 0 dB (reference level).

4. Now insert the isolator B between cavity meter and Detector as shown in the figure.
That is we are giving the signal (set to 0 dB reference level) to port 1 of isolator and
measure the deflection on dB scale of VSWR meter.

5. Interchange the ports of Isolator B , that is given the signal of 0 dB reference to port
2 and connect the detector to port 1 of the isolator B and measure the deflection.

Results: Input signal: 0 dB reference level

Isolator I/port O/port Observed Ideal Readings

Readings

1 2 0 dB

2 1 - ∞ dB

An isolator allows signal in only one direction that is from port 1 to port 2 and
doesn’t allow the signal in the reverse direction that is from port 2 to port 1.

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Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. What is the principle involved in Isolator?
ii. What is Faraday rotation?
iv. Explain briefly the construction of Isolator?
v. Where Isolators are extensively used?
vi. What is the peculiar property of ferrites?
x. What are the differences between circulator and isolator?

Experiment no: 3.

Study of Various Antennas

Aim: To Plot the radiation pattern of given antenna and observe its parameters.

Apparatus: Antenna Measurement System, Personal Computer and different antennas.

Description: This system consists of a wide band PLL based source and detector
module working up to 3GHz, a very sturdy nonmagnetic Transmitter and Receiver
stand, Universal Antenna Mount with plug and fit assembly and radiation pattern
plottingsoftware.
This system can be interface with PC for remote access of the system and supplied
software enables to plot the radiation pattern and perform measurement.

TRAINER SET UP:

SPECIFICATIONS

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RF Source

Source types : PLL Synthesized with integrated VCO

Frequency range : 100MHz to 3GHz
Frequency resolution : 1MHz
Transmitted power min : -50dBm
Transmitted power max : +5dBm
Impedance : 50 Ohm / SMA
RF Detector
Detector type : Logarithmic Detector
Frequency range : 1MHz to 8GHz
Resolution : 0.1dB
Dynamic range : 65dB (±3dB)
Noise level : <-120dbm
Impedance : 50 Ohm /SMA
Representation of RF level : dBm

Display
128x64 Graphic LCD Display with backlit.

Keypad
15 Key Membrane Keypad for user entry.

Stepper motor controller

1.8 Degree to 5.4 resolutions

List of Antennas

Antennas Microstrip Antenna Aperture Array Reflector

Antenna Antenna Antenna

Monopole Plane Planar Dipole E- Horn Broadside Corner

base ground Array reflector

Dipole -2 Nos Planar Monopole Open Collinear

ended Array
Waveguide
Rectangular
Yagi RMSA- Circular Polarized
Folded Dipole
CMSA

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Vee Dipole TMSA

Rectangular 2X1 Array
Loop
Helical Annular Ring
Chip Antenna
RMSA

Antennas:

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ANTENNA SELECTION LIST AS PER USER REQUIREMENT

WIRE ANTENNA

Monopole - Wire Dipole-Wire Yagi-Uda

Monopole - wire base ground Monopole with loading 3 λ /2 linear dipole

Folded dipole Cross dipole V dipole

Logperodic Circular loop Rectangular loop

Helical

PLANNER ANTENNA

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Monopole - Planner Dipole planner RMSA - Shorting pin

RMSA –Circular polarize RMSA- Shorting plate Yagi-Uda

RMSA- Stubloaded RMSA- Dual stub and Slot loaded CMSA

TMSA Insert Feed 2X1 ARRAY

Annular ring RMSA

APERTURE ANTENNA

Dipole - SLOT E-Horn H-Horn

Open Ended Waveguide Rectangular

REFLECTOR ANTENNA

DIPOLE - Plane reflector Corner reflector Parabolic

ARRAY ANTENNA

Broadside End fire Collinear

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Procedure:

1.Set the experimental system as shown in the diagram.

2.Set the distance between the antennas to be around 2meters

3.Turn On the module,Select the control mode.

4.Open the AMS-A exe file ,select the corresponding COM port and click on RUN,now
the software will be in running mode.

5.GO in FAR FIELD PATTERN ,select Co-Polarization,select Rx antenna then click on

START.

6.Then readings from 0o to 360o will be plotted in the software.

7.Repaet the same for Cross Polarization of antenna and oberve the plot.

8.From save option ,save the plot and print.

Tabular Column:

Angle of Deviation in degrees Out Power in DB

Radiation Pattern:

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Results & Conclusions:

VIVA VOCE:
i. What is the Purpose of Antenna?
ii. How Antennas are classified
iii. What is the Advantages of Patch Antenna?
Iv. What are the parameters calculated from Polar Chart

END

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