maaan STR = | 1. Fupetion genertor = A diode behaves as a low impedance device when we connect it in the forward bias direction. ‘When we connect a diode in the reverse bias ditection it behavemas a very high impedance device = |A diode is to-terminal PIN junction device. Biodes have two active electrodes between ‘which the curreat may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional electric current Property ‘Anode cathode —>t+——_ ‘The ideal diode rs: |TT Laboratory tay Reverse Biased: {Fa negative voltge is applied to the deal diode, no current flows andthe diode behaves as an open circuit (cut aff) Forward Biased: Ifa positive voltage is a plied to the ideal diode, current flows and the diode behaves as a short circuit (turned on). The real diode Real diodes do not display ‘such a perfect on-off directionality but have a more complex non- linear electrical characteris tic, which depends on the particular type of diode technology. {n the reverse bias region fora normal P-N rectifier diode, the curent through the device is ‘ery low (in the WA range). At very lage reverse bias a process caled reverse breakdown ‘occurs which causes a large increase in current, In the diode is forward biased but with a small potential difference, then only a small forward SUNET is Conducted. As the potentil difference is increased above an arbitrarily defined “atin voltage” or “on-voltage” or “diode forward voltage drop (V)" the diode presente a very low resistance. Forward Conpreced Sole | Mp Breakdownes! Laboratory Manual Half-wave rectifier Ve hE jhe During the postive half eycle the diode is forward biased and the AC voltage appeats across the load. During the negative half cycle ofthe AC input the diode is reverse biased blocking any cutrent from passing through the load. Therefore the current through Ry is always in the fane direction, giving a DC output across the load. The output across the load is pulsating DC and we can smooth this out using a filter circuit, Full-wave rectifier In the full-wave rectifier current flows through the load in the same direction for both Positive and negative half cycles of the AC input voltage. This can be achieved with two ‘iodes working altemately. Full-wave bridge rectifier circuit shown below is commonly used for full-wave rectification: The full-wave bridge rectifier contains four diodes Dy, Da, Ds and Ds. During the positive half cycle D; and Ds are forward biased while D2 and Ds are reverse biased. Since D, and Dy are conducting, the current flows through these two diodes and Ry. The two diodes are in series with load and the current flow through the lad isin the AB direction, During the negative half cycle D; and Dg are forward biased, which will be in series with Rt, Current flows through these two diodes and the load and the current through the load is in the AB direction, Therefore a DC output is obtained through the load, Department of science for Technology | 3Laboratory May Procedure Experiment 1 SER sv 3302 301 = ws 1N4007 Cui 1. Construct the circuit 1 shown above. 2. Observe whether the bulb is illuminated. 3. Construct the citeuit 2 shown above. Experiment 2 1. Construct the circuit shown above. 2, Measure the V and I values by varying the voltage between 0 0 5 V. 3. Draw the graph of I vs V forthe given diode. Department of science for Technology | |—_—_ - % %, 4 j Laboratory Manual Experiment 3 Construct the ciruit shown above Observe the output wave pattern using oscilloscope ‘Measure the output voltage Experiment 4 °} — an a |. Construct the cireuit shown above using 4 diodes. Observe the output wave pattern using oscilloscope. 1 2. 3. Measure the output voltage. 4, Construct the same circuit using 4 LEDs and observe the patter of lightning of LEDs. Discussi In the discussion include the following areas. ‘+ The accuracy of the method with possible errors and precautions taken. > Discuss the difference between circuit 1 and circuit 2in experiment 1 > What isthe usage of the capacitor in experiment 3 and 4. a Department of science for Technology ls]Laboratory Man OBSERVATION SHEET Experiment 9 Student Name Index Number Experiment Title Date ie Group No Instructor Experiment 1 — WSS Observation Circuit 1 Circuit 2 Experiment 2 Department of science for Technology ys]% i Laboratory Manual Do ‘xperime Input voltage pattem: Input voltage Output voltage patter: Output voltage: Experiment 4 Input voltage pattem: Input voltage Ourpat voltage pater Ourput voltage: Observations when LEDs are used: Instructor's Signature Department of science for Technology | 7f