Guía de estudio

de Inglés
David Araiza Delgado
 Topics\temas Topics\temas
Grammar Grammar
idenifying and non-idenifying Be supposed to
relative clauses Future Contiunuos
Reduced relative clauses Past perfect Contiunuos
Subject and object in Relative Infinitives as subject
Clauses complement
Pronouns in relative Clauses You, they, can\can´t, could
\couldn´t for general truths

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 Relative Clauses
Introduction to relative clauses: Definitions
When you mention What are relative clauses? Clauses
someone or something in a beginning with question words (e.g.
sentence, you often want to who, which, where) are often used to
give further information modify nouns and some pronouns - to
about them. One way to do identify people and things, or to give
more information about them. These
this is to use a relative
are called 'relative c la u se s’.
clause.

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 Relative Clauses

Defining Relative Clauses

Introduction to relative clauses
Extra information is essential.
without the defining R.C the
You use a relative clause to give more information
meaning of the main clause can
about a noun in the main clause of the sentence. the
be unclear.
relative clause always follows the noun it is referring A clause of this kind is essential to
to: the clear understanding of the
That´s the man who I saw noun.
The one that´s wearing a T-shirt stole my handbag

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 Relative Clauses

Non-idefining Relative Clauses

Introduction to relative clauses
Extra information is essential.
without the defining R.C the
You use a relative clause to give more information
meaning of the main clause can
about a noun in the main clause of the sentence. the
be unclear.
relative clause always follows the noun it is referring A clause of this kind is essential to
to: the clear understanding of the
That´s the man who I saw noun.
The one that´s wearing a T-shirt stole my handbag

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The grammatical function of relative
clauses

Function
The main function of a relative clause is to modify a noun phrase (see
595): They read every BOOK that they could borrow in the village. Here
the relative clause is that they could borrow in the village. The relative
pronoun that points back to the head of the noun phrase (book), which
is called the antecedent (printed in small capitals).

A communicative grammar of english

The grammatical function of relative
clauses

Examples
The RECORDS which he owns are mostly classical. [The relative
pronoun which functions as object of owns] ∼ The RECORDS he owns
are mostly classical. [The zero relative pronoun functions as object of
owns]

A communicative grammar of english

The grammatical function of relative
clauses

Examples
The RECORDS which he owns are mostly classical. [The relative
pronoun which functions as object of owns] ∼ The RECORDS he owns
are mostly classical. [The zero relative pronoun functions as object of
owns]

A communicative grammar of english

 Para Comprender la Lección
who, whom for
people Concepto y Definición
That as subject cannot be left out: The
who, whom for personal:
POLICE OFFICER that caught the thief
There’s a MAN outside who received a commendation for bravery. •
wants to see you. But that as object or prepositional
complement can be left out:
which for non-personal: I
want a WATCH which is (prepositional complement)The MAN
absolutely waterproof. (that) he caught received a jail sentence.

(object)This is the kind of PROBLEM (that)

I can live with.

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Reduced restrictive relative clauses

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Para Comprender la Lección

Concepto y Definición
Tip: Puedes omitir un
pronombre relativo cuando
hay otro pronombre delante
de el, pero no cuando hay un
verbo.
Ejemplo: The man (who\that)I
saw
puedes dejarlo o quitarlo y el
signidicado es el mismo

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Be supposed to

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Future Contiunuos

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Future Contiunuos

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Past perfect Contiunuos

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 Past perfect continuos

Ejemplo 1
Usas el past perfect continuos para
decir acciones que estabanen en
proceso antes de otra acción en el
pasado, algo así como un pasado del have + been + -ing (present
pasado o un "superpasado". Ejemplo 2 participle)
Tom had been studying for t friends The perfect progressive tenses give
The house had been empty for several
came. wo hours before his friend the idea that one event is in progress
months (when we bought it).
came. immediately before, up to, until
another time or event. The tenses are
The past perfect (simple or
used to express the duration of the
progressive) means ‘past in the past’;
first event.
that is, a time further in the past as
seen from a definite time in the past:
(page 87, comunicative grammar)

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 Need with gerund and passive infinitives

Ejemplo 1 Ejemplo 2
En esto caso "need" puede seguido por un gerundio o un Tip: simpres usa (-s) = needs despues de los pronombres
infinitivo. ambos intercambiables y sin cambios en el it, he, she o alguna frase que denote el singular.
significado. ejemplos:
this room needs cleaning\ brightening up a bit.
solo que al usar el gerundio te refieres a la idea de la this room needs to be cleaned\ brighted up a bit.
acción en general y al usar el infinitivo te refieres a la this room = actua como el sujeto y es singular por eso se
acción en especifico. pone needs y no need.
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 Past perfect continuos

ordinary verb: Everybody

needs to rest. need.. .ing: The sofa needs A structure with object + ..
cleaning. .ing or past participle is also
Need most often has ordinary verb
possible in some cases.
forms: the third person singular has -s, After need an -ing form can be used
and questions and negatives are with the same meaning as a passive You need your head examining. (BrE)
made with do. Need is usually infinitive, especially in British English. (or . . . examined.)
followed by an infinitive with to. That sofa needs cleaning again. (= . . .
Everybody needs to rest sometimes. needs to be cleaned . . .)
Do we need to reserve seats on the
train?

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Infinitives as subject complement

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Infinitives as subject complement

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 Infinitives as subject
complement

Ejemplo 1
Infinitive as subject complement
An infinitive can function as a
Ejemplo 2 Ejemplo 3
subject complement after the be
verb. It can thus be used to describe Maya’s dream is to travel the Poco’s job was to manage the
the subject. world. project.
Rita’s favorite activity is to ride her
TIP: Usa el verbo infinitivo = to +
The subject complement follows motorcycle.
"verbo" despues del verbo "be". Our plan is to get schools to adopt
the be verb (is) to describe the
tambien puede ser con cualquier these programs nationwide
subject (Maya’s dream).
forma de "be" como; be, was, were, Our plan is to stop their project.
has been, have been, had bee, will be, Our plan is to find and bring him
will have been. back home.
The idea is to make them weaker.
Our plan is to be more productive.

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You, they, can\can´t, could \couldn´t for
general truths

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 Gracias por asistir
a la clase de hoy.
Utiliza este espacio para cualquier tipo de comentario que quieras compartir, mandar deberes o
indicar cómo los estudiantes podrían ponerse en contacto contigo en caso de tener alguna duda.

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